传染病医院住院部医院感染管理现状及对策

目的：对传染病医院住院部感染管理的现状进行探讨分析,并研究相应的对策。方法：根据卫生部颁布的《医院感染诊断标准》对我院患者进行调查统计,重点对2009、2010、2011年的住院患者的感染率以及患者感染部位进行回顾性统计分析。结果：2009、2010、2011年医院感染率分别为3.07%、2.94%、3.05%。且这三年中,患者感染部位以呼吸道与腹腔为主。结论：通过切实加强传染病医院的医院感染的管理、监督以及控制,有效阻断了医院的院内所存在与潜在的传染源,从而有效降低了患者因医源性感染而患病的几率。     

广州市农业可持续发展问题与对策

近２０年来,广州农业发展很快,粮食、蔬菜、水果和肉、蛋、奶等产量迅速提高,农业结构和基础设施较好,但是也面临着耕地不断减少,农业环境污染,服务体系滞后,农业生产不适应现代化水平要求等,为此,必须推进农村土地股份制,发展可持续农业科技,改善农业生态环境等对策。     

环境工程管理现状与对策

随着人们环境意识的不断觉醒,环境污染问题日益受到关注。环境保护和坚持可持续发展战略已成为我国的基本国策,环境工程管理也正是基于这样的观念开展工作的。但环境污染治理是一项长期的工程,需要全社会的共同努力才能从根本上得到解决。鉴于环境工程管理中存在的问题,本文探讨了环境工程管理的对策。     

固体废物的污染防治与综合利用

在固、液、气3种形态的污染（固体污染、水污染、大气污染）中，固体废物的污染问题较之大气、水污染是最后引起人们注意的，也是最少得到人们重视的污染问题。从固体废物的定义和来源入手，简要分析固体废物的污染防治与综合利用，以期进一步提高公众的环保意识。     

江西桃红岭野生梅花鹿保护现状及管理对策

江西桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区是梅花鹿华南亚种最大的野生种群分布区,也是目前全国唯一以保护梅花鹿华南亚种及其生态系统为主的保护区,本文分析了该保护区梅花鹿的生存与保护现状、存在的问题,并提出了具体的保护管理对策.     

我县民生档案现状及对策

在科学发展观的具体实践中,改善民生可以说是重中之重。作为一名档案工作者,怎样在工作中利用民生档案,服务于社会,服务于人民,并努力为通榆县"绿色能源名城、生态旅游名城、书法文化名城"的建设发挥积极的促进作用,是一个需要探索的课题。从通榆县民生档案工作的实际情况看,与民生档案工作的系统化、规范化、科学化管理和百姓的期望值尚有一定差距,整个态势并不令人乐观。     

刍议高中生物实验教学现状及对策

本文分析了高中生物实验教学的现况,指出要精减验证性实验的数量,增加探究性实验的比例,应引出问题,激发学生的学习兴趣,要重构实验考评体系等加强高中生物实验教学的对策。     

浅谈森林经营管理的现状及对策

改革开放以来,我国社会各方面事业都取得了举世瞩目的成就。近年来,随着工业化社会的到来,我国甚至全球都面临着严重的环境污染和植被破坏等问题。森林覆盖率的下降是环境问题最突出的表现,近年来由于社会发展的需要,大量森林被砍伐,而退耕还林的数量又极其有限,因此,解决森林的使用和养护成为亟待解决的问题。本文将针对森林管理经营的现状和相应的解决对策进行分析探讨,旨在促进我国森林覆盖率的增加,保护人类赖以生存的环境,社会主义的发展绝不以牺牲环境为代价。     

医学类高职院校医德教育现状及对策分析

目前在医德教育存在着医学生医德观念淡漠、学校教育内容单一、医德教育效果不理想等问题。本文从医学生医德信念的培养,加强师资队伍建设,教师改革教学方式,更新教学内容,学校改善校园文化环境,完善"校内校外一体"的医德教育体系等方面提出有效改善医德教育困境的对策。     

医院临床科室护理人力资源现状及对策思考

目的:我国目前医院临床科室护理人员配置普遍不足和护理人才的流失的问题日益突出,尤其是部队医院,由于受到军队编制调整的影响,护理人力资源的不足和人员流失更加严重。如何对护理人力资源进行合理配置以及如何提高现有护理人力资源利用率,已成为当前护理管理者急需解决的问题。护理人力资源与护理质量的水平有密切的关联,通过对护理人力资源情况的了解而相应地采取切实可行的对策。方法:调查某医院某临床科室病区床位数与护士之比,护理人员结构等。结果:人力资源配置不足,人力资源结构不合理,护理人员流失是护理人力资源中存在的主要问题。结论:针对目前状况,从人力资源管理角度出发进行对策思考:尽可能达到配置标准;重视人员招聘环节;提高护理工作的地位,激发从业人员的自豪感;认真进行岗位和人员能力特点分析,合理调配人力资源;善于利用激励和监督机制;建立后勤保障,提高员工福利;加强护理教育和人员培训等。     

Vermicomposting: A management tool to mitigate solid waste

Solid waste management is a serious ecological problem in Saudi Arabia due to rapid industrialization, population growth and urbanization. Recycling and sorting are in their infancy in Saudi Arabia and huge amounts of mixed household and industrial wastes are still dumped without any pre-treatment. Solid waste management techniques such as incineration, pyrolysis and gasification have high investment costs. Composting and vermicomposting of solid organic waste have been considered as an economically viable and sustainable waste management technologies. However, wastes often contain pollutants, such as heavy metals that are toxic to decomposer micro-organisms. Thus, heavy metals are a challenge for the successful biological treatments. Waste may also contain a mixture of organic pollutants that certain microbes, such as micro-algae are known to degrade. The present review paper focuses on understanding the role of vermicomposting as a management tool in mitigating solid organic wastes. It is noteworthy to mention that the microbes also play a pivotal role in the degradation process, wherein the enzymes secreted during the process aid in decomposition of complex molecules into simpler compounds. Also, the extracellular polymeric substance secreted by the earthworm under metal stress serves a source of nutrient for the bacteria to flourish. Henceforth the goal of discussion in present review shows the way forward in using vermicomposting as a novel approach in dealing with solid organic waste.     

三级生物安全实验室感染性废弃物处理相关问题的探讨

在生物安全管理的各环节中,感染性废弃物的处理是控制实验室生物安全的关键环节.为此,我国制定了关于感染性废弃物处理的法律、法规,以避免污染实验室或环境.本三级生物安全实验室运行的3年中,在处理感染性废弃物时遇到了若干需要认真对待的细节,如固体感染性废弃物处理过程中的灭菌环节、消毒剂使用对压力蒸汽灭菌器的损伤、液体感染性废...     

有机固体废弃物堆肥的物质变化及腐熟度评价

堆肥是资源化处理有机固体废弃物的有效途径之一．有机固体废弃物的种类繁多,物科的性质差异很大,另外,由于堆肥条件的不同,也会引起堆肥的物质变化有很大差异．堆肥的稳定度和腐熟度是衡量堆肥产品质量的尺度,其评价对于安全农用有着重要意义．稳定度则重于堆肥施用对周围环境的影响,而腐熟度则重于堆肥施用对植物生长的影响,它们受堆肥物料,堆肥条件等诸多因素的综合影响,其评价指标因而多种多样．堆肥稳定度主要从堆肥的温度、颜色、CO2是最为简便的稳定度评价指标,当其趋于环境温度时,表明堆肥达到稳定．堆肥腐熟度的评价指标很多,包括化学指标、生物活性指标以及植物毒性指标3类,其中种子发芽系数作为植物毒性指标被认为是最可靠的评价指标之一。     

生命周期评价方法在城市生活垃圾管理中的应用研究述评

结合城市生活垃圾管理系统特征,系统归纳基于生命周期评价(Life cycle assessment,LCA)方法的城市生活垃圾管理模型的发展现状,并对LCA方法在城市生活垃圾管理中的实践以及在我国开展城市生活垃圾管理LCA研究的应用前景进行评述。分析表明,LCA是城市生活垃圾管理领域的重要工具之一,基于LCA方法的城市生活垃圾管理模型在全生命周期环境影响评价与识别、处置工艺选择与改进、可持续生活垃圾管理决策支持等方面具有十分重要的应用价值。中国在本地化生活垃圾管理系统LCA模型开发、清单数据库和评价指标体系构建以及与其他研究方法集成等方面面临挑战。     

The application of an life cycle inventory (LCI) model for solid waste disposal systems in malaysia

This paper discusses the application of an LCt model for solid waste management systems in Malaysia. The model was used to analyze the environmental and economic impacts of municipal waste management systems in Malaysia. In the first part of the study, the LCI model was adapted to analyze waste management systems of four selected cities: Kuala Lumpur and Penang to represent urban areas; Seremban to represent moderately urban areas and Muar to represent rural areas. The results have shown that Kuala Lumpur and Penang had greater Global Warming Potential (GWP) and the costs spent on the solid waste management were also higher as compared to that in suburban areas. In the second part of the study, a detailed evaluation was carried out by analyzing the implication of introducing incineration and composting into the solid waste management system, and the results were compared with the current system, i.e. 100 % landfilled. The relative GWP was lower for incineration, but the cost was extremely high. The results also showed that the final solid waste to be disposed to landfills and the impact due to water emissions could be reduced significantly when incineration and composting were introduced.     

Aerobic microbial activity in fresh and aged bottom ashes from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI)

Although mostly mineral, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ashes also contain organic matter that may support heterogeneous microbial activities. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential influence of such activities on the physico-chemical properties of the waste with respect to the release of contaminants into water. Fresh and aged MSWI bottom ashes originating from the same incineration plant were studied. Respirometry assays were carried out under various experimental conditions, where the microbial flora was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed before and after the incubations. The leaching behavior of the waste was studied before and after the incubations to determine the effects of microbial activities.Relatively high O₂ consumption and CO₂ production were observed during incubation, particularly with the fresh waste which contained more organic matter and was less carbonated than the aged one. Cell counts and DGGE molecular profiles indicated the presence of an abundant and diversified microbial biomass in both aged and fresh waste. Incubations resulted in a reduction of the dissolved fraction of organic carbon in the leaching tests and a modification of the leaching patterns of many metallic species (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn). This influence on the leaching behavior was particularly significant with the fresh waste. It was mostly explained by the pH decrease due to the carbonation of the bottom ash resulting from the CO₂ generated by the microbial respiration.     

Utilisation of fruits waste for citric acid production by solid state fermentation

A solid state fermentation method was used to utilise pineapple, mixed fruit and maosmi waste as substrates for citric acid production using Aspergillus niger DS 1. Experiments were carried out in the presence and absence of methanol at different moisture levels. In the absence of methanol the maximum citric acid was obtained at 60% moisture level whereas in the presence of methanol the maximum citric acid was obtained at 70% moisture level. The stimulating effect of methanol was less at lower moisture level. The inhibitory effect of metal ions was also not observed and maximum citric acid yield of 51.4, 46.5 and 50% (based on sugar consumed) was obtained from pineapple, mixed fruit and maosmi residues, respectively.     

Biological disposal of hazardous waste

Hazardous wastes pose major disposal problems for all industrialized nations and a need exists to develop effective and permanent solutions. Biological technologies can assist in this regard. Biosystems can serve to recover, separate and destroy the toxic nature of hazardous waste at the source of generation, at abandoned landfills, in surface and ground waters and at the site of spills. When applying biotechnologies there are many physical, chemical and biological factors that must be considered when engineering an environment, with the biological component improved through the use of applied microbiology and genetic engineering. Biotreatment process systems include conventional aerobic and anaerobic technologies, land treatments similar to farming operations and composting, and novel techniques to treat surface and ground waters. Emerging techniques include free and immobilized cells and enzymes in batch and continuous systems, high-rate fermentations, and coupling of biotechnologies to physical/chemical methods. To develop an effective biological disposal option, research and development is required in a wide range of areas associated with microbiology and genetic engineering, and system design and testing.     

Developing a regional environmental information system based on macro-level waste indicators

Waste information is necessary for proper management planning. However, data on waste generation and management are sometimes not reliable enough, do not exist or are not useful for the sector. This is due to the high number of waste types and flows, and actors (producers, managers and administrations), which make data collection and treatment difficult. Furthermore, data loss occurs because some waste flows have economic value and return to the second-hand markets without monitoring.The development of a waste information system for a region is more than just about establishing a routine data collection on waste. It is a way to support the challenges of decision-making on waste management. These challenges range from strategic issues of waste management in the national government to the basic challenges of running local governments.In the Cantabrian region, three indicator sets were defined to constitute the waste information system: (a) a Basic Indicator Set, which provides an overview of the status of the generation and management of the main waste streams, giving a national and international comparative analysis of the situation; (b) a Specific Indicator Set, which monitors the objectives of the different waste policies, and (c) a Transverse Indicator Set, which analyses the influence of different economic and social variables on the generation of specific waste streams.The Waste Information System of the Cantabrian Region has been created using a specific methodology for developing indicator sets with multiple objectives. This methodology consists of seven steps: (i) the synthesis, selection of the indicators sets; (ii) analysis of the system under study and data sources; (iii) evaluation of the indicators proposed; (iv) application and interpretation; (v) public review, dissemination and updating protocol; (vi) improvement of indicators sets using SWOT analysis; and (vii) aggregation of all indicators in an aggregated index.These indicator sets with a total of 27 indicators allow tracking the evolution of generation and management of waste streams and the achievement of the policy objectives, establishing a data record, evaluating the data and sources of data, monitoring proposed action and its effectiveness summarizing large amounts of data on waste in order to spread it to the public and finally, aggregate all information in a single index that allows the evaluation of the evolution of all waste sectors in time.     

Leachates from municipal solid waste disposal sites harbor similar, novel nitrogen-cycling bacterial communities

High emissions of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) have recently been documented at municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. However, the biodiversity of the bacterial populations involved remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and denitrifying bacteria associated with the leachates from three MSW disposal sites by examining the diversity of the ammonia monooxygenase structural gene amoA and the nitrous oxide reductase gene nosZ, respectively. Cloning and phylogenetic analysis of the functional genes revealed novel and similar groups of prokaryotes involved in nitrogen cycling in the leachates with different chemical compositions. All amoA sequences recovered grouped within the Nitrosomonas europaea cluster in the Betaproteobacteria, with the vast majority showed only relatively moderate sequence similarities to known AOB but were exclusively most similar to environmental clones previously retrieved from wastewater treatment plants. All nosZ sequences retrieved did not cluster with any hitherto reported nosZ genes and were only remotely related to recognized denitrifiers from the Gammaproteobacteria and thus could not be affiliated. Significant overlap was found for the three denitrifying nosZ leachate communities. Our study suggests a significant selection of the novel N-cycling groups by the unique environment at these MSW disposal sites.