土壤来源的五个苏云金芽孢杆菌新亚种的鉴定

从中国土壤中分离的大量苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株中鉴定出H42、H43、H56、H60及H62等5种新H血清型,并进行了形态、培养特征、生化反应、晶体蛋白质成分及毒力特性等项检测鉴定,鉴定了5个苏云金芽孢杆菌新亚种： Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. jinghongiensis (H42), B.thuringiensis subsp. guiyangiensis (H43),B.thuringiensis subsp. rongseni(H56),B.thuringiensis subsp. pingluonsis(H60)及B.thuringiensis subsp. zhaodongensis(H62) 。毒力生物测定证明5个新亚种的代表菌株对棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera)\,小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)\,柳蓝叶甲(Plagiodera versicolora)幼虫均无毒力。H42、H43、H56、H60对埃及伊蚊(Aedes aegypti)\,斑须按蚊(Anopheles stephensi)及尖音库蚊(Culex pipiens)亦均无毒;H62对埃及伊蚊无毒,但对尖音库蚊与斑须按蚊有低毒。     

两株产生免疫抑制剂的小双孢菌分离株的鉴定

从江苏无锡土壤中分离到两株玫瑰小双孢菌SIPI226和SIPI207,经形态、化学分析、Ribotyping及16S rRNA分析,两菌株细胞壁含meso\|DAP、磷酸类脂PIV、无枝菌酸,醌为MK9(H0,H2,H4),G+C mol%分别为683和694。经初步鉴定为玫瑰小双孢菌的两个新亚种：玫瑰小双孢菌无锡亚种(Microbispora rosea subsp. wuxiensis)和玫瑰小双孢菌鼋头渚亚种(Microbispora rosea subsp. yuantouzhuensis)。菌株SIPI226和SIPI207分别为玫瑰小双孢菌无锡亚种和玫瑰小双孢菌鼋头渚亚种的典型菌株。     

一株多菌灵降解细菌的分离、鉴定及系统发育分析

从被多菌灵污染的湖南红壤土中分离到一株能以多菌灵为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株1_1,该菌在含酵母膏多菌灵(500mg/L)的无机盐培养基中与无酵母膏的多菌灵(500mg/L)无机盐培养基中,24d对多菌灵的降解率分别为95.56％和19.6％。根据表型特征、G+C含量及16S rDNA序列分析将菌株1-1鉴定为β-Proteobacteria中的Ralstonia sp.（罗尔斯通氏菌）。     

抗反馈抑制的天冬氨酸激酶基因在钝齿棒杆菌中的表达

将来自钝齿棒杆菌（Corynebacterium crenatum）CD945具有AEC抗性的天冬氨酸激酶(AKfbr)基因克隆到穿梭载体pJC1上,构建重组质粒pLY153。用电击法将质粒pLY153转化到野生型菌株C. crenatum AS1.542及其突变株C. crenatum CD945中。携带AKfbr基因的C. crenatum AS1.542菌株能抗浓度皆为12mg/mL的AEC和苏氨酸。AKfbr基因在C. crenatum CD945中得到表达,天冬氨酸激酶活性提高4倍。摇瓶发酵实验结果表明,重组菌在对数前期和中期生长正常,不受抑制;与对照菌相比,赖氨酸终产量提高22％,赖氨酸生产率提高23％。     

一株高毒力致病杆菌CB6的鉴定

从北京郊区果园采集的小卷蛾斯氏线虫（Steinernema carpocapsae）肠道内分离到一株具有较强杀虫和抑菌活性的致病杆菌菌株CB6。形态特征及生理生化特征测定结果表明,CB6菌株与致病杆菌属（Xenorhabdus）中的嗜线虫致病杆菌（X. nematophila）种的特征基本一致。测定了该菌株的16S rRNA序列并根据16S rRNA序列构建了系统发育树;在系统发育树中,CB6菌株与嗜线虫致病杆菌其他4个菌株形成一个类群,序列同源性大于99%。但CB6菌株的酪氨酸酶、脂酶（蛋黄）的产生、核糖产酸等生化特征与嗜线虫致病杆菌种内的其他菌株存在一定的差异,且具有更强的杀虫和抑菌活性。因此认为CB6菌株是嗜线虫致病杆菌的一个变种,命名为嗜线虫致病杆菌北京变种（X. nematophila var. pekingensis）。     

滇重楼寄生菌的研究

从滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis)地下茎中分离和鉴定出两种细菌——蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes),以及三种真菌——黑团孢霉(Periconia sp.)、白色厚顶孢霉(Pachnocybe albida)和重楼索霉(Hormomyces paridiphilus)。对蜡状芽孢杆菌、产碱假单胞菌和重楼索霉进行了液体培养并测定了胞外多糖含量,结果表明重楼索霉可分泌大量胞外多糖,这可能是导致滇重楼地下茎胶质化和多糖含量增加的原因。     

一种短杆状耐辐射菌的分离与鉴定

从北京地区公园湖岸土壤中分离到一株橙红色杆状耐辐射菌,细胞壁革兰氏染色为阴性,电镜显示菌体大小为06μm～16μm,略大于日本学者报道的Deinobacter grandis菌,过氧化氢酶的含量和分子量不同于D.radiodurans R1菌,分离菌的(G+C)mol%含量为707%, 16S rDNA序列分析表明,分离到的杆状耐辐射菌(RR5332)16S rRNA基因序列与Deinobacter grandis菌高度同源,提示RR5332归于Deinobacter菌属,并可能是该菌属中的一个新种。     

爱德华氏菌产乳酸氧化酶的条件研究

在以前工作的基础上,对已获得的产乳酸氧化酶的5株菌进行复筛,对产酶量大的一株菌进行了分类鉴定,确定该菌株属迟钝爱德华氏菌生物群I(Edwardsiella tarda Biogroup I)。这与曾报道的产乳酸氧化酶分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium)和片球菌(Pediococcus)是不同的菌。分别研究了培养基中的培养初始pH、核黄素、乳酸钠以及硫酸铵对发酵产乳酸氧化酶的影响。这一酶源在酶法生产丙酮酸及医疗诊断和酶电极应用上有意义。     

恶臭假单胞菌NA_1菌株烟酸羟基化酶活性的诱导和转化条件的研究

恶臭假单胞菌NA_1菌株的培养和产酶特性与已报道的产酶菌株粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens) IFO 12648和荧光假单胞菌(Psudomonas fluorescens) TN5有所不同, 主要反映在最适碳源及浓度、最适诱导剂浓度和最适培养温度等方面。最适的转化条件是温度为30℃,pH为7.0, 烟酸的浓度为3％。采用初步优化后的条件和流加底物的方式进行4L上罐生产,恶臭假单胞菌NA_1菌株的6_羟基烟酸产率可达到108.39g/L。     

多功能降解菌Pseudomonas putida KT2440-DOP的构建与降解特性研究

三唑磷水解酶基因为研究发现的一个新的广谱有机磷水解酶基因,通过PCR从有机磷降解菌株Ochrobactrum sp. Mp4总DNA扩增了tpd,将tpd定向克隆到pBBRMCS5载体上,构建重组质粒pTPD,在辅助质粒pRK2013 的帮助下,通过三亲接合将pTPD转移到模式菌株Pseudomonas putida KT2440中,获得的工程菌Pseudomonas putida KT2440DOP可以降解多种有机磷农药及芳香烃化合物;KT2440DOP的有机磷水解酶活较出发菌株MP4提高了一倍左右,且遗传性状稳定。     

高效净水异养硝化细菌的筛选鉴定及固定化应用研究

本研究从海参养殖水体、泥土中筛选出4株具有硝化能力的异养硝化细菌。分别将其游离菌体细胞投入海参养殖水体,测定亚硝态氮、氨氮去除率,筛选出HS．NOB2为高效净化菌株,对HS-NOB2进行16SrDNA扩增及序列测定,初步鉴定为节杆菌（Arthrobactersp．）。利用海藻酸钠包埋法对高效净化菌体细胞进行固定化,将该固定化菌投入养殖水体及人工合成污水,研究其对水体中亚硝态氮、氨氮的处理效果,并与游离菌体细胞进行比较。结果表明,固定化后亚硝态氮去除率达到49．85％,氨氮去除率达到56．58％,均明显高于游离菌体细胞。上述研究为探寻水体净化提供了新思路,为水质改良剂的实际生产提供可选菌株。     

好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及特性研究

从土壤中分离到1株能以硝酸钠为氮源进行好氧反硝化作用的细菌,命名为Rhodococcussp.DN,分离菌株革兰氏染色为阳性,球状或杆状,菌落颜色为橙红色。该细菌能以乙酰胺为惟一碳源和氮源,能进行氨化和硝化作用并产生亚硝酸。部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,所分离的细菌与Rhodococcus ruber的16S rDNA序列具有99%相似性。     

Physiological and Molecular Biological Characterization of Ammonia Oxidation of the Heterotrophic Nitrifier Pseudomonas putida

The heterotrophic nitrifier Pseudomonas putida aerobically oxidized ammonia to hydroxylamine, nitrite, and nitrate. Product formation was accompanied by a small but significant release of NO, whereas N₂O evolution could not be detected under the assay conditions employed. The isolate reduced nitrate to nitrite and partially further to NO under anaerobic conditions. Aerobically grown cells utilized γ-aminobutyrate as a carbon source and as a N-source by ammonification. The physiological experiments, in particular the inhibition pattern by C₂H₂, indicated that P. putida expressed an ammonia monooxigenase. DNA-hybridization with an amoA gene probe coding for the smaller subunit of the ammonia monooxigenase of Nitrosomonas europaea allowed us to identify, to clone, and to sequence a region with an open reading frame showing distinct sequence similarities to the amoA gene of autotrophic ammonia oxidizers. Received: 9 April 1998 / Accepted: 15 May 1998     

异养硝化细菌的筛选、鉴定及其氨氮转化特性的研究

从巢湖湖底泥床中分离筛选出一株具有氨氮转化活性的异养型硝化菌株X5.经生理生化分析、16S rDNA序列测定及系统发育学比较,菌株X5为枯草芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.).菌株X5对氨氮的转化能力受温度、pH值以及接种量等条件的影响.实验结果表明,菌株X5的最适氨氮转化条件为:25～35℃,16 h,pH值7.0～8.0以及6%的接种量.将菌株X5扩大培养后接种于含蓝藻的发酵培养基中,分别测定总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)及硝态氮(NO-3-N)的含量.结果显示,菌株X5对蓝藻中的氮素具有一定的转化作用.     

Vigorous denitrification by a heterotrophic nitrifier of the genusAlcaligenes

A heterotrophic nitrifyingAlcaligenes sp., previously isolated from soil and shown to be very active in the aerobic oxidation of pyruvic oxime (and hydroxylamine) to nitrite, is now shown to be quite active as a denitrifier. The bacterium synthesized nitrite, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas from nitrate when grown anaerobically and could individually reduce nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide to nitrogen gas when these nitrogen-oxides were added to dense cell suspensions. No evidence was obtained for the release of nitric oxide during reduction of nitrate and nitrite. The specific rates of reduction of the nitrogen-oxide were similar to those of well-known laboratory strains of denitrifying bacteria. The induction of an entire set of denitrifying enzymes at normal levels in a heterotrophic nitrifier is novel. The nitrification-denitrification capability ofAlcaligenes sp. may confer certain advantages to this and analogous organisms in the environment.     

A mathematical description of the behaviour of mixed chemostat cultures of an autotrophic nitrifier and a heterotrophic nitrifier/aerobic denitrifier; a comparison with experimental data

Abstract A general, unstructed mathematical model has been used to describe the behaviour of nutrient-limited growth of two bacteria in a continuous co-culture. The experimental system consisted of a two-membered mixed culture of the heterotrophic nitrifier/aerobic denitrifier, Thiosphaera pantotropha , and the autotrophic nitrifier, Nitrosomonas europaea , competing for ammonia in chemostat culture. The outcome of competition was only dependent on the Monod constants and the growth yields of the two bacteria. The model shows that both bacteria will oxidize equal amounts of ammonia when the cell ratio of T. pantotropha/N. europaea is 260.     

Distinguishing nitrous oxide production from nitrification and denitrification on the basis of isotopomer abundances

The intramolecular distribution of nitrogen isotopes in N2O is an emerging tool for defining the relative importance of microbial sources of this greenhouse gas. The application of intramolecular isotopic distributions to evaluate the origins of N2O, however, requires a foundation in laboratory experiments in which individual production pathways can be isolated. Here we evaluate the site preferences of N2O produced during hydroxylamine oxidation by ammonia oxidizers and by a methanotroph, ammonia oxidation by a nitrifier, nitrite reduction during nitrifier denitrification, and nitrate and nitrite reduction by denitrifiers. The site preferences produced during hydroxylamine oxidation were 33.5 +/- 1.2 per thousand, 32.5 +/- 0.6 per thousand, and 35.6 +/- 1.4 per thousand for Nitrosomonas europaea, Nitrosospira multiformis, and Methylosinus trichosporium, respectively, indicating similar site preferences for methane and ammonia oxidizers. The site preference of N2O from ammonia oxidation by N. europaea (31.4 +/- 4.2 per thousand) was similar to that produced during hydroxylamine oxidation (33.5 +/- 1.2 per thousand) and distinct from that produced during nitrifier denitrification by N. multiformis (0.1 +/- 1.7 per thousand), indicating that isotopomers differentiate between nitrification and nitrifier denitrification. The site preferences of N2O produced during nitrite reduction by the denitrifiers Pseudomonas chlororaphis and Pseudomonas aureofaciens (-0.6 +/- 1.9 per thousand and -0.5 +/- 1.9 per thousand, respectively) were similar to those during nitrate reduction (-0.5 +/- 1.9 per thousand and -0.5 +/- 0.6 per thousand, respectively), indicating no influence of either substrate on site preference. Site preferences of approximately 33 per thousand and approximately 0 per thousand are characteristic of nitrification and denitrification, respectively, and provide a basis to quantitatively apportion N2O.     

一株异养硝化-好氧反硝化皱褶念珠菌(Diutina rugosa)的分离及脱氮特性

为了获得异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株,从养殖池塘污泥中分离筛选到一株具有异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的酵母菌,命名为DW-1。经形态学观察和26S rDNA序列分析后鉴定为皱褶念珠菌DW-1(Diutina rugosa DW-1)。以氨氮为唯一氮源,初步探讨了碳源、C/N、初始pH值、培养温度、摇床转速对菌株DW-1除氮性能的影响。结果表明,在以乙酸钠为唯一碳源,C/N为25,pH为6.0、适宜培养温度为32℃、转速为170 r/min的条件下,菌株DW-1氨氮降解率和总氮去除率分别为94.94%、48.69%,而整个过程中亚硝氮积累量仅为0.067 mg/L。皱褶念珠菌DW-1的异养硝化-好氧反硝化特性表明其在降解含氮废水方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Nitrite accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor during the aerobic phase of biological nitrogen removal

Accumulation of nitrite occurred during the aerobic phase of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operating to remove nitrogen from synthetic waste water. Although present, heterotrophic nitrifiers were not involved in the nitrification of the SBR. The activity of autotrophic nitrite oxidizers was reduced in the SBR where free ammonia was the main inhibitor for the nitrite oxidation. Nitrite build-up in the SBR was reduced when the aerobic phase was extended. All the ammonia could be oxidized when the aerobic phase was longer than four hours. The accumulated nitrite and nitrate were removed completely in the post-anoxic phase.