甘蔗细平象的研究

甘蔗细平象Trockorhopalus humeralis Chevrolat是云南甘蔗上的一种毁灭性地下害虫,以幼虫和成虫在地下蔗头内为害,为害期8-10个月。据1989年调查,受害蔗每亩损失500-3000kg,严重的无收。此虫1年发生1代,以成虫在蔗头内越冬,有喜湿性,不能飞翔,主要通过沟河流水传播。在河川坝地,沙壤土中虫口较多;宿根年限越长的甘蔗受害越重。建议蔗稻轮作;缩短甘蔗宿根年限;早春翻挖有虫蔗蔸烧毁;结合新植蔗下种,宿根蔗松蔸培土施用甲基异柳磷或铁灭克等颗粒杀虫剂进行防治。     

甘蔗赭色鸟喙象生物学及防治研究

甘蔗赭色鸟喙象 Otidognathus rubriceps Chevrolat是云南甘蔗上一种新的严重蛀食蔗茎的害虫 ,主要以成虫和幼虫危害蔗茎 ,使蔗株枯死 ,造成减产 ,严重的无收。此虫 1年发生 1代 ,以成虫在土中越冬 ,成虫有假死性 ,会飞翔。 5月底 6月初成虫出土 ,交尾产卵 ,9月下旬终见 ;7～ 9月幼虫危害最盛 ,9月上旬至 11月上旬老熟幼虫入土 8～ 15cm做茧化蛹。在胶泥土中虫口较多 ;宿根年限越长受害越重 ;不同甘蔗品种受害差异大。防治措施蔗稻轮作 ;缩短宿根年限 ;选种抗虫品种 ;人工捕杀 ;10月上中旬用水淹灌蔗地 ;6月中下旬结合培土每公顷用 3%甲拌磷或呋甲颗粒剂 75kg,到 7月上旬末和 8月上旬初再结合其它害虫的防治 ,用 4 0 %水胺硫磷乳油 10 0 0倍稀释液喷雾 ,防治效果达 90 %左右     

云南主要蔗龟的生物学研究

蔗龟是云南甘蔗上的1种主要地下害虫。经1987～1991年系统研究,大等鳃金龟、暗褐鳃角金龟、突背蔗金龟是云南危害甘蔗的优势种。前两种主要以幼虫为害根部,造成减产,严重的无收;第三种主要以成虫咬食蔗苗基部,造成枯心死亡。3种均1年发生1代。成虫有趋光性,初孵幼虫喜食已腐烂的有机质。在沙壤土、粘土较重土壤虫口较多;宿根年限越长受害愈重。蔗稻轮作;7～8月雨季用水淹灌蔗地;结合松、培土每亩施用3％甲基异柳磷颗粒剂4～5kg,防治效果达90％左右。     

云南甘蔗产区赭色鸟喙象大发生原因探讨

赭色鸟喙象Ｏｔｉｄｏｇｎａｔｈｕｓ　ｒｕｂｒｉｃｅｐｓ　Ｃｈｅｖｒｏｌａｔ是云南蔗区近年发生的一类严重蛀食蔗茎的害虫,已给甘蔗生产造成严重威胁。１９９２年首次在云南励海蔗区发现,仅零星发生,１９９５年则已连片为害,目前发生面积达４０００ｈｍ２,其中严重受害约１０００ｈｍ２。新植、宿根甘蔗均可受害,１株甘蔗仅１头幼虫蛀食就可使其枯死。据调查受害蔗每１／１５ｈｍ２损失２６．２％～３８．４％,重害达４８．２％以上,并趋加重势态。此虫发生蔓延之快,危害损失之重,实属罕见。本文就其大发生原因探讨如下。１寄…     

长牙土天牛的研究

长牙土天牛Dorysthenes(Baladeva)walkeri Waterhouse是甘蔗害虫的新纪录;分布于我国的福建、江西、广东和广西以及国外的印度、缅甸。这一害虫在广东的湛江地区及海南岛各地发生普遍,局部蔗田受害严重,以多年生宿根性甘蔗受害尤著,越冬蔗地下茎受害后不能抽芽造成缺株断垄,生长期蔗茎基部受害使植株枯黄并导致风折。 长牙土天牛除为害甘蔗外,还为害油棕、椰子、竹类、竹芋(Maranta arundinacea L.)并取食大芒、白茅等禾本科植物。     

甘蔗蓟马种群动态及其在不同品种甘蔗上为害情况

【目的】明确甘蔗蓟马Fulmekiola serrata的发生动态及其在不同品种甘蔗上的为害情况,为探讨该虫对不同甘蔗品种的选择性和采取有效的防治措施奠定基础。【方法】田间种群动态调查于2013年4月初到7月末进行,研究了12个品种在新植甘蔗和宿根甘蔗田块遭受甘蔗蓟马为害情况。【结果】甘蔗蓟马种群数量先逐渐上升后又下降,发生高峰期集中在6月中旬到7月上旬。12个甘蔗品种均受到甘蔗蓟马为害,其中,新植甘蔗中云瑞06-189甘蔗蓟马数量最多,平均有25.80头/株,闽糖01-77甘蔗蓟马数量最少,平均有7.80头/株;宿根甘蔗中ROC22甘蔗蓟马数量最多,平均有106.93头/株,云蔗06-80甘蔗蓟马数量最少,平均有33.60头/株。同一田块不同品种甘蔗蓟马若虫和成虫数量不等,同一品种宿根甘蔗蓟马数量多于新植甘蔗,株虫量差异范围为10.10~90.90头/株。【结论】甘蔗品种和植期影响甘蔗蓟马发生,不同品种甘蔗蓟马为害程度和抗性水平存在差异。     

保护地蔗田对土壤优先流与根系生物量及产量品质的影响

为探明保护性耕作对蔗田土壤及甘蔗生长的影响,该研究设置2种耕作方式(常规耕作、粉垄耕作)与2种施肥水平(减量施肥20%、常规施肥),并于甘蔗苗期后在甘蔗行间近根部覆盖豆科秸秆,以第二年宿根蔗为研究对象,采用染色示踪法测定秸秆覆盖下蔗田土壤优先流特征,同时测定分析甘蔗株高、茎围、地下根系生物量、产量及品质等重要农艺性状。结果表明:(1)粉垄耕作方式下蔗田土壤优先流发生速度快且活跃,添加秸秆覆盖降低了土壤优先流发生程度,增加了土壤水分在10～25 cm土层的横向运移能力,在一定程度上提高了土壤蓄水能力。(2)粉垄保护性耕作在秸秆覆盖下提高了甘蔗根系生物量和产量,秸秆覆盖下粉垄免耕宿根蔗根系生物量提高了8.97%～25.54%,并且减量施肥处理中秸秆覆盖宿根蔗伸长期地下根系生物量显著高于无秸秆覆盖,秸秆覆盖下甘蔗株高提高了4.2%～13.1%; 在减量施肥处理中,粉垄耕作添加秸秆覆盖甘蔗产量提高了16.27%,并且添加秸秆覆盖较常规施肥中无秸秆覆盖,产量提高了5.95%。(3)粉垄保护性耕作利于提高甘蔗品质,对比无秸秆覆盖处理,粉垄耕作下秸秆覆盖后显著提高了甘蔗蔗汁视纯度,并且宿根蔗纤维分、蔗汁锤度、转光度和蔗糖分均有提升。综上认为,免耕秸秆覆盖可作为粉垄红壤坡耕地蔗田保护性生产调控方式。     

广东蔗区草地贪夜蛾为害调查初报

在广东省蔗区普查了迁飞入侵性害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda发生情况,确认在广东省该虫除为害玉米外,也为害果蔗和糖蔗。粤北、粤西和珠三角蔗区均已发现危害,为害程度从大到小依次为玉米、果蔗、糖蔗。甘蔗受害主要集中在5～6片叶至拔节初期,而果蔗伸长期可能仍会受害。加强对草地贪夜蛾田间监测,掌握蔗区该虫发生与防控情况,对该虫监测预警及防控有重要的参考价值。     

多年宿根甘蔗的转录组分析及差异基因挖掘

甘蔗(Saccharum hybirds)宿根性直接关系到甘蔗生产成本和种植效益,品种、环境和栽培措施均会影响甘蔗宿根能力,但品种的种性是影响宿根性最关键因素。国内外从分子生物学层面解释甘蔗宿根性差异的文献鲜见报道,从转录水平分析不同宿根年限GR2号和ROC22号基因表达的差异。结果表明：转录组测序共得到100 558条转录本和25 582条Unigene。获得53 790条Unigene的注释结果,分别在NR、Swiss-Prot、KEGG、COG、KOG、GO和Pfam数据库进行比对。GO功能注释共分成三大类,51小类,6年宿根蔗注释到1 029个差异基因,3年宿根蔗注释到3 391个差异基因。主要KEGG代谢通路有8条,分别涉及植物激素信号转导,淀粉和蔗糖代谢,甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢,苯丙素生物合成,同源重组,DNA复制,错配修复及植物病原体相互作用。筛选出脱落酸(ABA)相关差异基因6个,分别为脱落酸不敏感蛋白2基因(ABI2)、bZIP转录因子超家族蛋白、碱性亮氨酸拉链型转录因子基因(ABI5)、aba响应元件结合因子1基因(ABF1)、G-box结合因子基因(GBFs)...     

低氮条件下甘蔗-大豆间作对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

为探究甘蔗-大豆间作对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响,在施用尿素150 kg·hm^-2条件下,选择3个甘蔗品种(B8、ROC22及GT21)进行了甘蔗单作、甘蔗-大豆间作两种种植模式的试验.结果表明： 甘蔗-大豆间作对甘蔗的有效茎数、茎径以及原料蔗、蔗糖产量均有显著影响,而对原料蔗品质影响不大;与单作相比,间作大豆处理的宿根蔗茎径大小、有效茎数、蔗茎产量和糖产量分别提高5.1%～8.7%、7.9%～31.0%、9.0%～40.5%和5.6%～39.5%;每公顷原料蔗+大豆、糖+大豆可分别增收5.89～7.93万元和5.83～7.72万元;3个品种中,ROC22间作大豆的经济收益最高,而宿根蔗B8和GT21的产量均高于ROC22.表明甘蔗-大豆间作是减少氮肥施用、提高经济收入的有效栽培措施.     

Hormonally active nontransformed human ovarian cell culture from oophorectomy specimens: methods of development and initial characterization

We repeatedly established a nontransformed steroidogenically active human ovarian cell culture derived from oophorectomy specimens. The cells maintained steroidogenic activity for 3-5 passages (6-8 weeks) and responded to stimulation by insulin and gonadotropin. With pregnenolone as substrate, LH stimulated progesterone production up to 124% and FSH up to 121%. Insulin alone stimulated progesterone production up to 135%, in the presence of LH up to 191%, and in the presence of FSH up to 170%. With dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA) as substrate, insulin alone stimulated testosterone production up to 117%, and in the presence of LH (but not FSH) up to 125%. With androstenedione as substrate, insulin alone stimulated estradiol production up to 133%, FSH alone up to 188%, and LH with insulin up to 217%. With progesterone as substrate and in the presence of LH (but not FSH), 17-alpha-hydroxylase activity was stimulated up to 131%. With DHA as substrate and in the presence of LH, 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-beta-HSD) activity was stimulated up to 139%. With androstenedione as substrate, insulin alone stimulated aromatase activity up to 202%, LH up to 208%, and FSH up to 251%. Under the same conditions, in the presence of LH and insulin, aromatase activity was stimulated up to 342%, and in the presence of FSH and insulin, up to 318%. With testosterone as substrate, insulin alone stimulated aromatase activity up to 122%. With testosterone as substrate, in the presence of LH and insulin, aromatase activity was stimulated up to 136%, and in the presence of FSH and insulin, up to 156%. Immunocytochemistry studies directly confirmed presence of aromatase and 3-beta-HSD in these cultured cells. We conclude that a steroidogenically active nontransformed long-term human ovarian cell culture can be repeatedly established from oophorectomy specimens, providing uninterrupted supply of cultured human ovarian cells for a variety of studies of ovarian physiology.     

Seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii, an energy-rich diet

The kernels of Trichosanthes kirilowii seeds contain a green oil which makes up for 62% of their dry matter. This oil consists up to 95% of triglycerides, 2% of glycolipids, 1.3% of phospholipids and 1.8% of chlorophylls. As fatty acid components the triglycerides, glycolipids and phospholipids contain the unsaturated fatty acids linoleic and oleic acid and the saturated palmitic acid. In the triglycerides 19% of the C18:3 acid occur with the configuration delta9 cis, delta11 trans, delta13 cis. This acid is called trichosanic acid and is absent in glycolipids and phospholipids which contain instead another C18:3 fatty acid, which has conjugated double bounds and occurs with an amount of 21% and 3%, respectively. Typically, these oil seeds contain in addition up to 30% of their dry matter proteins and up to 2.5% mono- and oligosaccharides. The monosaccharides consist of rhamnose, galactose and glucose and the oligosaccharides represent a mixture of tri- and tetrasaccharides.     

Sterol C-24 methyltransferase type 1 controls the flux of carbon into sterol biosynthesis in tobacco seed

The first committed step in the conversion of cycloartenol into Delta(5) C24-alkyl sterols in plants is catalyzed by an S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent sterol-C24-methyltransferase type 1 (SMT1). We report the consequences of overexpressing SMT1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), under control of either the constitutive carnation etched ring virus promoter or the seed-specific Brassica napus acyl-carrier protein promoter, on sterol biosynthesis in seed tissue. Overexpression of SMT1 with either promoter increased the amount of total sterols in seed tissue by up to 44%. The sterol composition was also perturbed with levels of sitosterol increased by up to 50% and levels of isofucosterol and campesterol increased by up to 80%, whereas levels of cycloartenol and cholesterol were decreased by up to 53% and 34%, respectively. Concomitant with the enhanced SMT1 activity was an increase in endogenous 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, from which one can speculate that reduced levels of cycloartenol feed back to up-regulate 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and thereby control the carbon flux into sterol biosynthesis. This potential regulatory role of SMT1 in seed sterol biosynthesis is discussed.     

Chemical variability of the wood essential oil of Cedrus atlantica Manetti from Corsica

The composition of 48 samples of essential oil isolated from the wood of Cedrus atlantica growing in Corsica was investigated by GC (in combination with retention indices), GC/MS, and (13) C-NMR. Twenty-three compounds accounting for 73.9-96.0% of the oil composition were identified. The oils consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpenes, in particular α-pinene (5; up to 79.4%), himachalol (4; up to 66.2%), β-pinene (up to 21.4%), β-himachalene (2; up to 19.3%), γ-himachalene (3; up to 11.0%), and α-himachalene (1; up to 10.9%). The 48 oil compositions were submitted to k-means partitioning and principal-component analysis, which allowed the distinction of two groups within the oil samples. The composition of Group I (44% of the samples) was dominated by 5, while the samples of Group II (56% of the samples) contained mainly 4.     

Asymmetric addition of phenylacetylene to aromatic ketones catalyzed by zinc or titanium complexes with chiral hydroxysulfonamide

Various new chiral hydroxysulfonamide ligands (3a-3n, 4a-4d) were prepared. Compounds 3a, 3g, 3i, 3k-3n, 4a-4d could accelerate the reaction and reduce reaction time, and 3a, 3g, 3i, 3k-3n catalyzed the reaction without titanium. The results obtained were promising in terms of yields and enantiomeric excesses (3k up to 85% ee, 4a up to 83% ee).     

Solubility and reactivity of caseins and β-lactoglobulin in protic solvents

The study of the solubility of unstructured proteins (α_S1-, β-, and κ-casein) and well-structured globulin (β-lactoglobulin) in low water binary solvent systems demonstrated the crucial importance of solvent polarity and neutralization of protein polar functions on the final outcome of solubility experiments. The solubilities up to 38, 56, and 96% in CHCl₃/CH₃OH (1/1, v/v) acidified with HCl and up to 5, 10, and 25% in CHCl₃/CH₃OH (1/1, v/v) in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) were obtained for κ-, α_S1-, and β-casein, respectively. The importance of protein charge neutralization was apparent when the solubilization was performed in basified CHCl₃/CH₃OH media, giving the optimal results when the studied proteins were brought before to their isoionic point. The maximum solubility of β-casein at its pI in 30–70% methanol in CHCl₃ was reaching 50–60% with triethylamine (TEA) added. β-lactoglobulin could be solubilized up to 70% in CHCl₃/CH₃OH (7/3, v/v) acidified with HCl and up to 40% in CHCl₃/CH₃OH (3/7, v/v) in the presence of TEA. The observed yield of reductive alkylation of β-lactoglobulin was much higher (98%) when performed in studied solvent system than in aqueous conditions (75%). Apparently, steric hindrance of the well-folded β-barrel (in aqueous conditions) structure masks the portion of ε-NH₂ groups. In the case of unstructured aqueous media β-casein, 90% alkylation yields were obained in organic and aqueous conditions.     

Repeatability of Cerebral Perfusion Using Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MRI in Glioblastoma Patients

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluates the repeatability of brain perfusion using dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC-MRI) with a variety of post-processing methods.

METHODS

Thirty-two patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma were recruited. On a 3-T MRI using a dual-echo, gradient-echo spin-echo DSC-MRI protocol, the patients were scanned twice 1 to 5 days apart. Perfusion maps including cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were generated using two contrast agent leakage correction methods, along with testing normalization to reference tissue, and application of arterial input function (AIF). Repeatability of CBV and CBF within tumor regions and healthy tissues, identified by structural images, was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and repeatability coefficients (RCs). Coefficients of variation (CVs) were reported for selected methods.

RESULTS

CBV and CBF were highly repeatable within tumor with ICC values up to 0.97. However, both CBV and CBF showed lower ICCs for healthy cortical tissues (up to 0.83), healthy gray matter (up to 0.95), and healthy white matter (WM; up to 0.93). The values of CV ranged from 6% to 10% in tumor and 3% to 11% in healthy tissues. The values of RC relative to the mean value of measurement within healthy WM ranged from 22% to 42% in tumor and 7% to 43% in healthy tissues. These percentages show how much variation in perfusion parameter, relative to that in healthy WM, we expect to observe to consider it statistically significant. We also found that normalization improved repeatability, but AIF deconvolution did not.

CONCLUSIONS

DSC-MRI is highly repeatable in high-grade glioma patients.     

Kinetics of uptake and distribution of arachidonic acid by rat alveolar macrophages

The time course of uptake and distribution of 3H-arachidonic acid (3H-AA) into rat alveolar macrophage phospholipid pools was examined. Macrophages incubated with exogenous 3H-AA in RPMI-1640 containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), incorporated this radiolabel into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol (PI) with plateaus reached within 2 to 4 hours, which remained relatively constant for up to 18 hours. Incorporation of 3H-AA into phosphatidylethanolamine was small, but continued to increase for 14 hours. Analysis of phosphate content in phospholipid pools revealed that treatment with exogenous 5 nM arachidonic acid had no effect upon pool sizes, but there was a selective incorporation of 3H-AA into PI. Cells were incubated with 3H-AA in RPMI alone or medium containing either 0.2% lactalbumin, fetal calf serum at variable concentrations, 10% Nu Serum, or 0.1% BSA. Incubation of macrophages with 3H-AA in RPMI alone or containing 0.2% lactalbumin, resulted in approximately 70% of the radiolabel taken up by the cells being incorporated into triglyceride. The addition of BSA to RPMI-1640 medium was found to facilitate selective uptake of 3H-AA into phospholipids. Approximately 70% of incorporated 3H-AA was releasable through the action of exogenous phospholipase A2.     

Pattern of dry-matter accumulation,and nitrogen concentration and uptake as influenced by levels and methods of nitrogen application in rainfed-upland rice

Summary Dry-matter accumulation, and concentration and uptake of nitrogen increased with increasing level of nitrogen at all the stages of crop growth. The differences in nitrogen concentration due to nitrogen levels were greatest at panicle initiation stage and started becoming narrower with the advancement in crop age. Split application of nitrogen with its heavier fractions at tillering and panicle initiation stages either through soil alone or soil+foliage (1/3+1/3+1/3) resulted in higher dry-matter accumulation, and higher nitrogen concentration and uptake than other methods. The crop, on an average, removed 61 kg N/ha. Plants accumulated nearly 15% of the total absorbed nitrogen, up to tillering, 50% up to panicle initiation and 85–90% up to heading. Proportionately lesser nitrogen uptake and dry-matter accumulation at post-heading stage is an indicative of a major constraint for production efficiency of rainfed-upland rice culture.