影响中华蜜蜂工蜂王浆腺活性的因素

王浆腺是一对位于工蜂头部的泡状腺体,是分泌王浆的主要腺体。青年工蜂的王浆腺在春夏肥大,分泌王浆,饲喂幼虫及蜂王。采集蜂的王浆腺呈可逆的萎缩状态(Free,1961)。越冬工蜂的王浆腺虽肥大,但无泌浆活性(Brouwers,1983)。本试验为了寻找诱发工蜂王浆腺活性的主要因素,为王浆生产提供理论依据,故研究了工蜂王浆腺活性与幼虫、蜂王、花粉、温度之间的关系。     

新书介绍

蜜蜂超微结构本书对中华蜜蜂工蜂咽下腺（王浆腺）、下唇腺、臭腺、蜡腺和上颚腺等的超微结构进行观察,并分析其腺体的分泌机制;对咽下腺不同龄期和不同季节的蜜蜂工蜂的分泌活性进行观察和研究i对三种不同品系的意大利蜂运用闭锁集团繁育工程的育种方法培育出王浆和蜂蜜高产的品种,对其进行超微结构观察,并分析其细胞生理机制,对蜜蜂     

中华蜜蜂工蜂咽下腺胚后发育过程中细胞的增殖和凋亡

【目的】咽下腺(hypopharyngeal gland)是蜜蜂重要的外分泌腺,是工蜂合成和分泌蜂王浆的主要腺体。本研究的目的在于了解中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana工蜂咽下腺的胚后发育特点。【方法】通过组织形态学、Brd U免疫组织化学和TUNEL细胞凋亡检测等技术,对中华蜜蜂工蜂咽下腺的胚后发育过程及组织结构特点进行了比较研究。【结果】中华蜜蜂工蜂的咽下腺起源自预蛹阶段口器内壁的陷入,细胞分裂活动的高峰期集中在蛹发育的前3 d,随后分裂细胞数减少,并一直持续到蛹发育的第7天左右结束;分泌腺泡的出现大约在蛹发育的第5天。到蛹发育的末期,咽下腺已基本形成,但是没有发育完全;哺育蜂的咽下腺高度发育,分泌活动旺盛;采集蜂的咽下腺中有许多分泌细胞凋亡。【结论】本研究揭示了中蜂工蜂咽下腺胚后发育过程中细胞增殖和凋亡的模式,为昆虫咽下腺的发育和功能研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

西方蜜蜂采集蜂上颚腺中高表达基因的筛选与表达分析

【目的】本研究旨在筛选西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera采集蜂上颚腺中高表达基因,为进一步筛选和研究蜜蜂采集行为相关基因提供依据。【方法】基于前期测序的西方蜜蜂5种不同职能工蜂(3日龄工蜂、10日龄哺育蜂、10日龄采集蜂、21日龄哺育蜂和21日龄采集蜂)上颚腺转录组数据,筛选采集蜂上颚腺的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),并对这些DEGs进行GO和KEGG分析;qRT-PCR检测随机选取的8个DEGs在10日龄哺育蜂和10日龄采集蜂上颚腺以及两个关键DEGs(Δ-1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶基因Amp5cs和细胞色素P450 9e2基因CYP9Q3)在工蜂不同发育时期和采集蜂各组织中的表达量。【结果】筛选到22个DEGs在21日龄采集蜂上颚腺中的表达量显著高于在3日龄工蜂、10日龄哺育蜂和21日龄哺育蜂上颚腺中的表达量,同时在10日龄采集蜂上颚腺中的表达量也显著高于在10日龄哺育蜂上颚腺中的表达量。GO和KEGG富集分析显示这些DEGs主要富集在胆固醇代谢、半乳糖代谢、淀粉和蔗糖代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、细胞凋亡-果蝇、氨基酸生物合成等方面。qRT-PCR结果表明,8个DEGs(LOC100576395, LOC411983, LOC410235, LOC725581, LOC410527, LOC406131, LOC408453和LOC410253)的表达模式与转录组数据的表达模式一致;2个关键DEGs Amp5cs和CYP9Q3在工蜂各发育阶段均有表达,且在采集蜂中表达量最高;Amp5cs在采集蜂腹、胸、上颚腺和触角中高量表达,P450 9e2在采集蜂触角 和足中表达量显著高于在其他组织中的。【结论】本研究在减小日龄因素干扰下筛选了西方蜜蜂采集蜂上颚腺中22个高表达的DEGs,这些DEGs可能主要参与采集蜂上颚腺生理发育以及能量供应、外源性物质解毒、花蜜转化等代谢通路,进而影响蜜蜂的采集行为。这些结果为西方蜜蜂上颚腺的功能研究提供理论参考,同时也为采集力强的新品种培育奠定了基础。     

中华蜜蜂咽下腺的电镜观察

王浆是由工蜂的咽下腺所分泌,咽下腺位于工蜂头腔内两侧,每侧腺体都有一条长而粗的分泌管,在分泌管的两侧平行排列有许多椭圆形小叶,每个小叶内有十多个细胞,每个细胞有一根胞外管与分泌管直接相通,细胞内有一条胞内管又与胞外管相连。王浆就是通过细胞内分泌块分泌而成,由胞内管把王浆输送到胞外管,最后由分泌管到咽喉部,在此处饲喂王浆给蜂王、幼蜂和雄蜂。通过咽下腺的超微结构观察,不仅了解到咽下腺各种细胞器的形态特征,同时也了解到输送王浆的途径。     

意大利蜜蜂不同日龄工蜂脑部三种miRNA的表达水平

【目的】意大利蜜蜂 Apis mellifera ligustica（简称“意蜂”）是社会性昆虫,蜂群中的工蜂表现出年龄依赖性的行为转变,其行为转变的机制一直是研究的热点。本研究分别检测了3种miRNA（ame-let-7, ame-miR-13b和ame-miR-279）在不同日龄意蜂工蜂脑部的表达情况,以期为探究意蜂工蜂年龄依赖性行为变化机制提供重要线索。【方法】通过荧光定量PCR分别检测了不同发育时期（4, 8, 12, 17, 22, 26和30日龄）意蜂工蜂脑部3种miRNA的表达情况,并检验miRNA的表达差异情况。【结果】ame-let-7的表达量随工蜂日龄的增加逐渐降低,在17日龄后其表达量趋于稳定;ame-miR-13b的表达量则随着工蜂日龄的增加逐渐增加,但在26和30日龄的工蜂中稳定表达;ame-miR-279的表达量则呈类似正态分布状态,其中在12日龄工蜂中表达量最高,且在17日龄后稳定表达。这3种miRNA表达均具有明显的时间特异性。【结论】 ame-let-7, ame-miR-13b和ame-miR-279的表达与工蜂年龄依赖性行为变化具有相关性和规律性,对于深入探究miRNA的作用位点具有重要参考价值。     

王浆主蛋白MRJP7基因在意大利蜜蜂体内的表达

王浆蛋白是蜂王浆生物功能的物质基础,是由王浆蛋白基因家族(mrjps)编码合成的。但部分家族成员如MRJP7在王浆中的含量极少甚至检测不到。基因功能与其在生物体内的时空表达特性相关,为探究mrjp7的生物学功能,本研究利用荧光定量PCR技术对mrjp7在不同发育时期的工蜂和成年工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王的不同组织部位的表达进行定量检测。结果显示mrjp7在成年雄蜂体内的表达水平最低,成年蜂王次之,且在它们的各不同组织部位之间的表达量差异较小。该基因在工蜂幼虫和蛹期的表达同样较低,但在羽化后9日龄前后的哺育蜂王浆腺和头部特异性高表达,这与哺育蜂分泌蜂王浆哺育幼虫和蜂王的功能是相适应的,该结果在转录水平上证实了mrjp7的营养功能,为进一步的研究和应用打下了理论基础。     

意大利工蜂咽下腺结构观察

通过研究意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera工蜂咽下腺的结构及形态,为蜜蜂形态学和蜜蜂生理学以及王浆分泌生理提供新知识采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、HE染色石蜡切片和透射电镜,从形态学和细胞学水平对意大利工蜂咽下腺的结构和功能做了详尽探究和分析.意大利工蜂咽下腺由多个卵圆形腺泡组成,每个腺泡的直径约为120×180 μm,腺泡之间有微气管相连,腺泡外侧有神经细胞,神经细胞的胞体直径约为12μm.每个腺泡是由多细胞构成,最外层有0.1 ～0.2 μm的结缔组织膜,内部有壁细胞、酶原细胞和王浆分泌细胞,其中王浆分泌细胞分布较多,细胞直径约为16 ～ 18 μm,细胞核直径约为6μm. 由咽下腺的形态结构和细胞类型推断,意大利工蜂咽下腺主要分泌王浆,也具有分泌消化酶的功能,同时了解到分泌消化酶和王浆的途径.     

蜜蜂上颚腺及其分泌物研究进展

上颚腺是蜜蜂重要的外分泌腺体,其分泌物是维系蜂群社会性结构的重要物质。蜂王和工蜂上颚腺分泌物合成均以硬脂酸为合成前体,但在脂肪酸的β-氧化过程中表现出级型差异性,导致分泌物组分比例不同。蜂王上颚腺分泌物以9-羰基-2癸烯酸(9-ODA)为主,有吸引工蜂和雄蜂、抑制工蜂卵巢发育等作用;工蜂上颚腺分泌物以10-羟基-2癸烯酸(10-HDA)和10-羟基癸酸(10-HDAA)为主,是蜂王浆的重要组成部分。同时,这种具备典型级型差异的分泌物组成又具有级型间可塑性,在不同蜂种间也存在区别。近年来在转录水平和蛋白水平的一些研究进一步揭示了级型间差异的分子基础。针对蜜蜂上颚腺及其分泌物的研究在蜜蜂生物学、行为学和蜂产品质量控制等方面具有重要的意义。本文通过总结国内外相关研究进展,旨在为上颚腺分泌物的作用机制、生物合成机制等领域的进一步深入研究提供借鉴。     

日木食蚧蚜小蜂低温贮藏条件研究

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere为橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的优势天敌之一。为了探明该蜂的贮藏条件,本研究将1日龄、3日龄的日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹在10℃、12℃、14℃条件下分别贮藏7、9、11、13、15、17、19、21、23、25、27 d,观察其羽化率及羽化后的成蜂寿命、产卵量、寄生率等。结果表明:日本食蚧蚜小蜂的羽化率随贮藏温度的升高呈上升趋势;同一温度贮藏相同时间后3日龄蛹羽化率均高于1日龄蛹。贮藏时间是日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹存活的重要影响因子,3日龄蛹10℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.00%,贮藏27 d,羽化率仅为44.67%;12℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.67%,27 d蛹羽化率达88.00%;在14℃贮藏25 d后在人工气候箱内有小蜂羽化。低温贮藏蛹羽化后的成虫寿命随贮藏温度的降低而缩短;14℃贮藏后,羽化成蜂寿命随贮藏时间增加而显著缩短,10℃、12℃降低不明显;10℃贮藏23 d后寿命仅为10.11 d。3日龄蛹12℃贮藏19、21、23、25、27 d后羽化成蜂产卵量及寄生率均随贮藏时间的增加而降低,在贮藏27 d时最低,分别为34.33%、51.67%。综上所述,在12℃条件下短期贮藏日本食蚧蚜小蜂3日龄蛹27 d以内对其存活影响不大,12℃、3日龄蛹可作为该蜂的贮藏条件。     

Functional flexibility of the honey bee hypopharyngeal gland in a dequeened colony

The role of the worker honey bee Apis mellifera L. changes depending on age after eclosion (age polyethism): young workers (nurse bees) take care of their brood by synthesizing and secreting brood food (royal jelly), while older workers (foragers) forage for nectar and process it into honey. Previously, we showed that the major proteins synthesized in the hypopharyngeal gland of the worker change from brood food proteins to alpha-glucosidase at the single secretory cell level in parallel with this age polyethism [Kubo et al., J. Biochem. 119, 291-295 (1996); Ohashi et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 249, 797-802 (1997)]. Here, we examined whether the function of the hypopharyngeal gland has flexibility depending on the colony conditions, by creating a dequeened colony in which the older workers were compelled to feed the drone larvae. It was found that most of the older workers in the dequeened colony synthesized brood food proteins as did nurse bees. Furthermore, the percentage of workers that synthesized brood food proteins was maintained at 80-90% of the total workers for at least two months, as in a normal colony. These results indicate that the function of the hypopharyngeal gland cells of the worker has flexibility and can, if necessary, be maintained as that of the nurse bee, depending on the condition of the colony.     

Morphology and ultrastructure of the convoluted gland in the ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The morphology and fine structure of the convoluted gland inside the venom reservoir of the ponerine ant Dinoponera australis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are described. The cells of the convoluted gland can be divided into 3 major groups: (1) epithelial cells, (2) glandular cells with end apparatus secreting into the tubule inside the convoluted gland, and (3) glandular cells with end apparatus secreting directly into the venom reservoir. A fourth group of cells belonging to the venom gland of this ant is also discussed as (4) secretory cells of the free tubule (not a part of the convoluted gland). The epithelial cells in the convoluted gland do not have many organelles. Most cells of group 3 are characterized by numerous mitochondria. In some of these cells, the mitochondria possess tubular cristae. Tubule cells of group 2 inside the convoluted gland, possess little rough endoplasmic reticulum when compared with cells of group 4, situated in the free tubule.     

Morpha striata in the members of the genus Rana (Amphibia, Anura), the reasons of adaptability to environmental changes

Under investigation is a complex of inherited physiological properties of the morpha striata (a monogenous dominant mutation) in two species of the genus Rana. Insufficient effectiveness of the potassium-sodium pump responsible for the skin transport in amphibians had lead to formation of a number of compensative physiological mechanisms in this morpha. The yearlings of the morpha striata are characterized by highly dynamic hemopoetic system playing important role in individual adaptations to unstable environments. Such a high level of metabolism in the morpha striata promotes rising of adaptive potential of the nervous system due to decrease of the excitability threshold, but causes shortening the life span. Therefore, physiological differences correlated with polymorph structure of the close species can be of crucial importance in their adaptations under existence in the natural and artificial geochemical anomalies and in anthropogenically disturbed ecosystems.     

二色补血草叶片泌盐结构的扫描电镜观察

对二色补血草盐泉结构进行比较研究,发现二色补血草叶下表皮具有花型盐腺,这些盐腺是由基细胞和帽细胞构成,植物体靠盐腺的泌盐孔和基细胞破碎释盐,表明二色补血草具有演化较高级的双重泌盐结构,是二色补血草能在盐碱地生长而不受盐害的主要原因。     

麝鼠香腺泌香的组织学观察

应用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术,观察了麝鼠(Onda zibethica)香腺囊的组织结构,证明香腺由腺细胞、支持细胞和排香管组成。顶浆分泌方式泌香。简述了各级排香管的细胞结构及功能,为建立麝鼠人工活体取香和体外泌香奠定了组织学基础。     

沙漠石蜂的生物学特性

沙漠石蜂Megachile(Chalicodoma)desertorumMorawitz的成虫活动期与西鄂尔多斯地区多种植物的开花物候相适应,是多种荒漠植物(其中包括一些珍稀濒危植物)的重要传粉昆虫。该文报道了沙漠石蜂除成虫外各虫态的形态特征、生活史及幼虫和成虫的行为等生物学特性。该蜂在西鄂尔多斯地区1年发生1代。越冬成虫翌年4月中旬开始出巢活动;雄蜂早于雌蜂9 d左右出现,完成交尾后数日死亡,雄蜂出巢后寿命20 d左右,雌蜂约35 d。卵期约12 d。幼虫期85 d左右,老熟幼虫多数在6月中旬结茧,7月末开始化蛹,蛹期约18 d。成蜂于8月中旬陆续羽化,羽化后的成虫很快进入滞育状态,并在茧内越冬;滞育期长达235 d。     

Identification of alpha transforming growth factor as a possible local trophic agent for the mammary gland

Biologically active alpha-transforming growth factor (alpha-TGF) has been identified in medium conditioned by rat mammary myoepithelial and, to a lesser extent, by epithelial cell lines in culture and in the rat mammary gland. The alpha-TGF has been identified by its wide spectrum of activity in promoting growth of mammary-derived cells in vitro, by its chromatographic behaviour on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), by its competition with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for the EGF receptor, and by the presence of messenger RNA for alpha-TGF in the secreting cells. In vivo the amount of alpha-TGF isolated is sixfold greater from the mammary glands of lactating than from those of virgin female rats. It is proposed that alpha-TGF is produced by the myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, as a local trophic agent that stimulates growth of the various cell types of the gland.     

Morphology and ultrastructure of a secretory region enclosed by the venom reservoir in social wasps (Insecta,Hymenoptera)

The morphology and ultrastructure of the convoluted gland inside the venom reservoir of four species of social Vespidae are described. The cells of the venom gland (including the convoluted gland) can be divided into six groups: (1) epithelial cells, (2) glandular cells with the end apparatus secreting into the tubule inside the convoluted gland (internal or embedded tubule), (3) a continuous arrangement of glandular cells with the end apparatus secreting directly into the venom reservoir, (4) glandular cells that are loosely dispersed along the tubule lumen between the free tubules and the embedded tubule of the convoluted gland, (5) secretory cells of the free tubules and (6) duct cells. One kind of secretory cell, hitherto unknown and described in this paper (group 3), is characterized by the presence of a well-developed end apparatus, usually with enlarged extracellular spaces, but lacking the normally associated duct cells. The secretory cells contain several stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum, but these are mainly concentrated in the middle of the cell. The basal half of the cells contains many lipid droplets. Although the function of the convoluted gland is not yet understood, an hypothesis is related to what is known of the function of reservoir secretory cells in solitary wasps. All wasp species studied showed the same organization of the convoluted gland, which clearly distinguishes their venom gland from that of Sphecidae.     

The cytoarchitectonics of the adenohypophysis in light of the concepts of cellular flows]

Analysis of published data allows to suggest a possible model of adenohypophyseal cytoarchitectonics based on the concepts of tissue self-renewal and streaming in this gland. The model provides a framework for understanding: a) the existence of ambiguous cellular elements; b) change of relationship between different types of hormone secreting cells with sex-dependent prevalence of somato- or lactotrophs; c) relatively high proliferative activity of lactotrophs in mature pituitary gland; d) specific spatial arrangement of various types of hormone secreting cells; e) multiple effects of some bioregulators on the secretion of two or more pituitary hormones; f) the existence of polyfunctional pituitary adenomata containing and secreting several adenohypophyseal hormones simultaneously. Possible approaches to thorough evaluation and testing of the model in experiments using organ or cell cultures of adenohypophysis are discussed.     

Discovery of sporothecae in adult femaleTrochometridium Cross,with notes on analogous structures inSiteroptes Amerling (Acari: Heterostigmata)

Adult female mites of the genusTrochometridium Cross possess a pair of internal sacs between the bases of legs III and IV, which are adapted for carrying spores, apparently ascospores, of an undetermined fungus. A three-way symbiotic relationship exists between the mite, the fungus, and various bees (and possibly other holometabolous insects) which nest in relatively dry alkaline soils. The mite transports spores of the fungus to suitable sites for germination — cells of ground-nesting bees containing a bee egg or young larva which dies as a result of development of the fungus and mite. The mite may also stimulate mycelial growth, possibly by killing the young bee or by secreting a substance when feeding. The fungus provides the preferred mycelial substrate on which the mite feeds and undergoes its life cycle. This mutualistic association between the mite and fungus is at the expense of the bee, which transports the other two entities to favorable sites for their development — its newly made and provisioned cells. The sporothecae and specialized association ofTrochometridium mites with a fungal pathogen or saprophyte of another host organism are compared with those ofSiteroptes mites, which are considerably better understood.