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1.
Pisum sativum (pea) mutants of the wild type cv. Frisson and six supernodulating Medicago truncatula mutants of the wild-type cv. Jemalong line J5 for their ability to form endomycorrhizas. The six mutants of M. truncatula were shown to be allelic mutants of the same gene Mtsym12, whereas distinct genes (sym28 and sym29) are known to determine
the supernodulation character of the P64 and P88 pea mutants, respectively. Mutant P88 of pea and the majority of the M. truncatula mutants were significantly more colonized by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae than their corresponding wild types, 4 weeks and 30 days after inoculation, respectively. These differences were expressed
essentially in transversal intensity rather than in length intensity of root colonization and appeared to correspond to an
increase in arbuscule formation. Results are discussed in relation to the mutated genes and, in particular, whether the observed
effects are due indirectly to plant physiological modifications or are a direct result of possible common factors of regulation
of nodulation and mycorrhizal development.
Accepted: 9 February 2000 相似文献
2.
Brechenmacher L Weidmann S van Tuinen D Chatagnier O Gianinazzi S Franken P Gianinazzi-Pearson V 《Mycorrhiza》2004,14(4):253-262
Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), expression profiling and EST sequencing identified 12 plant genes and six fungal genes that are expressed in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis between Medicago truncatula and Glomus mosseae. All the plant genes and three of the fungal genes were up-regulated in symbiotic tissues. Expression of 15 of the genes is described for the first time in mycorrhizal roots and two are novel sequences. Six M. truncatula genes were also activated during appressorium formation at the root surface, suggesting a role in this early stage of mycorrhiza establishment, whilst the other six plant genes were only induced in the late stages of mycorrhization and could be involved in the development or functioning of the symbiosis. Phosphate fertilization had no significant influence on expression of any of the plant genes. Expression profiling of G. mosseae genes indicated that two of them may be associated with appressorium development on roots and one with arbuscule formation or function. The other three fungal genes were expressed throughout the life-cycle of G. mosseae. 相似文献
3.
The Medicago truncatula hypermycorrhizal B9 mutant displays an altered response to phosphate and is more susceptible to Aphanomyces euteiches
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HOAI‐NAM TRUONG ELISE THALINEAU LAURENT BONNEAU CARINE FOURNIER SOPHIE POTIN SANDRINE BALZERGUE DIEDERIK VAN TUINEN SYLVAIN JEANDROZ DOMINIQUE MORANDI 《Plant, cell & environment》2015,38(1):73-88
4.
Two pea (Pisum sativum L.) symbiotic mutants SGEFix(-)-1 (sym40) and SGEFix(-)-2 (sym33) with abnormalities in infection thread development and function in symbiotic root nodules have been characterised in terms of mycorrhizal colonisation of roots, shoot and root biomass accumulation and shoot and root phosphorus (P) content. The mutation in gene sym33 decreased mycorrhizal colonisation of roots (except arbuscule abundance in mycorrhizal root fragments, which increased) but did not change the effectiveness of mycorrhiza function. The mutation in sym40 did not affect either of these processes. Both mutants showed differences in plant development compared with the wild-type line SGE. The mutants had delayed flowering and pod ripening, and shoot/root biomass ratios and P accumulation also differed from those of SGE. These observations suggest that the gene mutations cause systemic changes in plant development. 相似文献
5.
Strigolactones promote nodulation in pea 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Strigolactones are recently defined plant hormones with roles in mycorrhizal symbiosis and shoot and root architecture. Their
potential role in controlling nodulation, the related symbiosis between legumes and Rhizobium bacteria, was explored using the strigolactone-deficient rms1 mutant in pea (Pisum sativum L.). This work indicates that endogenous strigolactones are positive regulators of nodulation in pea, required for optimal
nodule number but not for nodule formation per se. rms1 mutant root exudates and root tissue are almost completely deficient in strigolactones, and rms1 mutant plants have approximately 40% fewer nodules than wild-type plants. Treatment with the synthetic strigolactone GR24
elevated nodule number in wild-type pea plants and also elevated nodule number in rms1 mutant plants to a level similar to that seen in untreated wild-type plants. Grafting studies revealed that nodule number
and strigolactone levels in root tissue of rms1 roots were unaffected by grafting to wild-type scions indicating that strigolactones in the root, but not shoot-derived factors,
regulate nodule number and provide the first direct evidence that the shoot does not make a major contribution to root strigolactone
levels. 相似文献
6.
Differences in the effects of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal strains on P and Pb accumulation by maize plants 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the accumulation and transport of lead was studied in a pot experiment
on maize plants grown in anthropogenically-polluted substrate. The plants remained uninoculated or were inoculated with different
Glomus intraradices isolates, either indigenous to the polluted substrate used or reference from non-polluted soil. A considerably lower tolerance
to the conditions of polluted substrate was observed for the reference isolate that showed significantly lower frequency of
root colonisation as well as arbuscule and vesicule abundance. Plants inoculated with the reference isolate also had significantly
lower shoot P concentrations than plants inoculated with the isolate from polluted substrate. Nevertheless, inoculation with
either indigenous or reference G. intraradices isolate resulted in higher shoot and root biomass and inoculated plants showed lower Pb concentrations in their shoots than
uninoculated plants, regardless of differences in root colonisation. Root biomass of maize plants was divided according to
AM-induced colouration into brightly yellow segments intensively colonised by AM fungus and non-colonised or only slightly
colonised whitish ones. Intensively colonised segments of the isolate from polluted substrate contained significantly higher
concentrations of phosphorus and lead than non-colonised ones, which suggest significant participation of fungal structures
in element accumulation.
Responsible Editor: Peter Christie. 相似文献
7.
From a pool of Medicago truncatula mutants—obtained by gamma-irradiation or ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis—impaired in symbiosis with the N-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, new mutants are described and genetically analysed, and for already reported mutants, complementary data are given on their phenotypic and genetic analysis. Phenotypic data relate to nodulation and mycorrhizal phenotypes. Among the five new mutants, three were classified as [Nod+ Fix– Myc+] and the mutations were ascribed to two loci, Mtsym20 (TRV43, TRV54) and Mtsym21 (TRV49). For the two other new mutants, one was classified as [Nod–/+ Myc+] with a mutation ascribed to gene Mtsym15 (TRV48), and the other as [Nod– Myc-/+] with a mutation ascribed to gene Mtsym16 (TRV58). Genetic analysis of three previously described mutants has shown that [Nod–/+ Myc+] TR74 mutant can be ascribed to gene Mtsym14, and that [Nod–/+ Myc–/+] TR89 and TRV9 mutants are ascribed to gene Mtsym2 (dmi2). Using a detailed analysis of mycorrhizal phenotype, we have observed a delayed typical arbuscular mycorrhizal formation on some mutants that present thick lens-shaped appressoria. This phenotype was called [Myc–/+] and mutants TR25, TR26, TR89, TRV9, P1 and Y6 were reclassified as [Myc–/+]. Mutant P1 was reclassified as [Nod–/+] because of a late nodulation observed on roots of this mutant. 相似文献
8.
Pankaj K. Mishra Smita Mishra G. Selvakumar J. K. Bisht Samresh Kundu Hari Shankar Gupta 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2009,25(5):753-761
Nodulation and the subsequent nitrogen fixation are important factors that determine the productivity of legumes. The beneficial
effects of nodulation can be enhanced when rhizobial inoculation is combined with plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB).
The PGPB strain Bacillus
thuringiensis-KR1, originally isolated from the nodules of Kudzu vine (Pueraria
thunbergiana), was found to promote plant growth of field pea (Pisum
sativum L.) and lentil (Lens
culinaris L.) under Jensen’s tube, growth pouch and non-sterile soil, respectively, when co-inoculated with Rhizobium
leguminosarum-PR1. Coinoculation with B. thuringiensis-KR1 (at a cell density of 106 c.f.u. ml−1) provided the highest and most consistent increase in nodule number, shoot weight, root weight, and total biomass, over rhizobial
inoculation alone. The enhancement in nodulation due to coinoculation was 84.6 and 73.3% in pea and lentil respectively compared
to R. leguminosarum-PR1 treatment alone. The shoot dry-weight gains on coinoculation with variable cell populations of B. thuringiensis-KR1 varied from 1.04 to 1.15 times and 1.03 to 1.06 times in pea and lentil respectively, while root dry weight ratios of
coinoculated treatments varied from 0.98 to 1.14 times and 1.08 to 1.33 times in pea and lentil respectively, those of R. leguminosarum-PR1 inoculated treatment at 42 days of plant growth. While cell densities higher than 106 c.f.u. ml−1 had an inhibitory effect on nodulation and plant growth, lower inoculum levels resulted in decreased cell recovery and plant
growth performance. The results of this study indicate the potential of harnessing endophytic bacteria of wild legumes for
improving the nodulation and growth of cultivated legumes. 相似文献
9.
Medicago
truncatula, barrel medic, is a forage crop that has been developed into a model legume. The development of new transformation methods is important for functional genomic studies in this species. Based on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of root explants, we developed an effective system for producing M. truncatula (genotype R108) transgenic plants. Among the four A. tumefaciens strains (AGL1, C58C1, EHA105 and LBA4404) tested, EHA105 and AGL1 were most effective in regenerating transgenics. Callus induction frequency from root explants was 69.8%, and plantlet/shoot regeneration frequency was 41.3% when EHA105 was used. Transgenic nature of the regenerated plants was confirmed by PCR and Southern hybridization analyses. Progeny analysis revealed stable Mendelian meiotic transmission of transgenes. Because M. truncatula is particularly useful for the study of root endosymbiotic associations, we further developed a plant regeneration system from A. rhizogenes-transformed hairy roots of M. truncatula. Fertile true transgenic plants were regenerated from the hairy roots, thus allowing the assessment of gene functions at the whole plant level. Segregation analysis revealed that the hairy root genes could be segregated out in the progenies. By coupling A. rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation and the regeneration system reported here, once potential genes of interest are identified, the transformed hairy roots carrying such genes could be directly regenerated into plants for more detailed characterization of the genes. 相似文献
10.
Inoculation of finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) plants with one of six different vesicular, arbuscular, mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi increased plant biomass, height, leaf area and absolute growth rate; however, effectiveness of the various VAM fungi varied significantly. Maximum root colonization and mycorrhizal efficacy was observed with plants inoculated with Glomus caledonicum. Among five host genotypes tested for mycorrhizal dependency against G. caledonicum, genotype HR-374 gave the highest plant biomass, mycorrhizal efficacy and root colonization, the inoculation resulting in increased mineral (phosphate, nitrogen, Zn2+ and Cu2+) content and uptake in shoots. 相似文献
11.
The growth response ofCalopogonium caeruleum, a leguminous covercrop in plantation agriculture, to inoculation with two vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was
investigated in five phosphorus (P)-deficient soils supplied with various levels of rock phosphate. Significant shoot yield
increases over the uninoculated controls were obtained in most sterilised or unsterilised soils at all applied P levels, although
the inoculant VAM fungi differed in their effectiveness in the soils used. Responses in mycorrhizal root infections, P and
nitrogen (N) concentrations in tops and plant nodulation varied. The results are discussed in relation to the edaphic environment
of the mycorrhizal association. 相似文献
12.
M Zakaria Solaiman Keishi Senoo Masayoshi Kawaguchi Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku Shoichiro Akao Akiyoshi Tanaka Hitoshi Obata 《Journal of plant research》2000,113(4):443-448
Lotus japonicus hypernodulating mutants, Ljsym78-1 and Ljsym78-2, by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp. was characterized. The mutants are defective in systemic autoregulation of nodulation and nitrate inhibition, and form
an excess of nodules and lateral roots. The percent root length colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was significantly
higher for the mutant than wild-type roots. Detailed assessment of the colonization indicated that the percentage of colonization
by arbuscules was increased, but that by external hyphae, internal hyphae and vesicles was decreased, in the mutant roots
compared with the wild-type. The succinate dehydrogenase activity of arbuscules, external hyphae and internal hyphae showed
similar trends. In addition, the majority of individual arbuscules that formed on the mutant roots had a well-developed and
seemingly tough morphology. The results suggest that mutation at the Ljsym78 locus positively stimulates the growth and activity of arbuscules, but leads to reduced growth and activity of hyphae. We
report the first identification of Lotus japonicus mutants that show significantly increased arbuscule formation and termed these mutants Arb++.
Received 8 August 2000/ Accepted in revised form 19 October 2000 相似文献
13.
14.
Almost all land plants have developed a symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Establishment of the association is accompanied by structural changes in the plant root. During arbuscule formation fungal hyphae penetrate the root apoplast and install highly specialized interfaces for solute transport between plant and fungus. The periarbuscular membrane which is part of the plant plasma membrane surrounding arbuscular structures was shown to harbour a high density of different transport systems. Among these also expression of aquaporins was described, which potentially can act as a low affinity transport system for ammonia or ammonium. The present study provides data for expression, localization and function of plant aquaporins in the periarbuscular membrane of mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula plants. 相似文献
15.
Contribution of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus to the uptake of cadmium and nickel in bean and maize plants 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:8
Two experiments were carried out in pots with three compartments, a central one for root and hyphal growth and two outer ones
which were accessible only for hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae ([Nicol. and Gerd.] Gerdemann and Trappe). In the first experiment, mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were grown in two soils with high geogenic cadmium (Cd) or nickel (Ni) contents. In the second experiment, mycorrhizal
and nonmycorrhizal maize (Zea mays L.) or bean plants were grown in a non-contaminated soil in the central compartment, and either the Cd- or Ni-rich soil in
the outer compartments. In additional pots, mycorrhizal plants were grown without hyphal access to the outer compartments.
Root and shoot dry weight was not influenced by mycorrhizal inoculation, but plant uptake of metals was significantly different
between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. In the first experiment, the contribution of mycorrhizal fungi to plant uptake
accounted for up to 37% of the total Cd uptake by bean plants, for up to 33% of the total copper (Cu) uptake and up to 44%
of the total zinc (Zn) uptake. In contrast, Ni uptake in shoots and roots was not increased by mycorrhizal inoculation. In
the second experiment, up to 24% of the total Cd uptake and also up to 24% of the total Cu uptake by bean could be attributed
to mycorrhizal colonisation and delivery by hyphae from the outer compartments. In maize, the mycorrhizal colonisation and
delivery by hyphae accounted for up to 41% of the total Cd uptake and 19% of the total Cu uptake. Again, mycorrhizal colonisation
did not contribute to Ni uptake by bean or maize.
The results demonstrate that the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus contributed substantially not only to Cu and Zn uptake, but
also to uptake of Cd (but not Ni) by plants from soils rich in these metal cations.
Deceased 21 September 1996
Deceased 21 September 1996 相似文献
16.
Reclaimed mine soils of the Lusatian mining district are characterised by small-scale heterogeneous distribution of lignite
fragments of varying size embedded in a matrix of Tertiary and Quaternary sandy material. Despite amelioration with basic
fly ashes, ongoing pyrite oxidation and the subsequent acidification generate a high physical and chemical heterogeneity within
the substrate, which could negatively affect root proliferation. We hypothesised that this limitation for the root system
may be compensated for by intensive exploration of the porous lignite fragments by roots and/or mycorrhizal hyphae to access
water and nutrients stored in these fragments. To test this hypothesis, we compared growth, shoot nutrient content, and root
distribution of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings in lignite-containing and lignite-free sandy substrate. Rhizotrons used for this experiment were filled with
a sandy matrix with 6–9 evenly distributed spots of lignite fragments. Treatments included different levels of water and nutrient
availability. After 8 months of growth, root tip vitality as well as growth and shoot nutrient concentration of the plants
was higher for treatments with lignite spots in the sandy substrate than for sandy substrate without such amendments. Compared
to the non-mycorrhizal plants, the seedlings inoculated with Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. had a higher root dry mass, an increased number of root tips and a higher root length. These results confirm
our hypothesis that the lignite fragments are an important nutrient and water reservoir for plants in these mine soils and
they indicate that mycorrhizal colonisation may allow an intensive exploration of porous lignite fragments by mycorrhizal
hyphae. 相似文献
17.
Junli Liu Jiadong Chen Kun Xie Yuan Tian Anning Yan Jianjian Liu Yujuan Huang Shuangshuang Wang Yiyong Zhu Aiqun Chen Guohua Xu 《Plant, cell & environment》2020,43(4):1069-1083
Most land plants can form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to enhance uptake of mineral nutrients, particularly phosphate (Pi) and nitrogen (N), from the soil. It is established that transport of Pi from interfacial apoplast into plant cells depends on the H+ gradient generated by the H+-ATPase located on the periarbuscular membrane (PAM); however, little evidence regarding the potential link between mycorrhizal N transport and H+-ATPase activity is available to date. Here, we report that a PAM-localized tomato H+-ATPase, SlHA8, is indispensable for arbuscule development and mycorrhizal P and N uptake. Knockout of SlHA8 resulted in truncated arbuscule morphology, reduced shoot P and N accumulation, and decreased H+-ATPase activity and acidification of apoplastic spaces in arbusculated cells. Overexpression of SlHA8 in tomato promoted both P and N uptake, and increased total colonization level, but did not affect arbuscule morphology. Heterogeneous expression of SlHA8 in the rice osha1 mutant could fully complement its defects in arbuscule development and mycorrhizal P and N uptake. Our results propose a pivotal role of the SlHA8 in energizing both the symbiotic P and N transport, and highlight the evolutionary conservation of the AM-specific H+-ATPase orthologs in maintaining AM symbiosis across different mycorrhizal plant species. 相似文献
18.
Three tropical forage legumes, Stylosanthes capitata, Pueraria phaseoloides and Centrosema macrocarpum, and one grass, Brachiaria dictyoneura, were grown in a sterile phosphate deficient soil amended with soluble or rock phosphate at rates ranging from 0 to 400 mg
kg-1 soil. The effects of inoculation with Glomus manihotis on mycorrhizal infection and plant growth were assessed. Early growth and nodulation of P. phaseoloides in soil with and without rock phosphate fertilizer were also determined. In the legumes, mycorrhizal infection was high at
all P levels and sources, except for a significant decrease of infection in S. capitata at high levels of superphosphate. Plant growth was significantly increased by phosphate fertilizer and mycorrhizal inoculation.
Mycorrhizal responses were more pronounced at low P levels with both P sources. In B. dictyoneura mycorrhizal infection was decreased with increasing additions of P. No effects of mycorrhizal inoculation (except with no
added P) were observed. Growth and nodulation of P. phaseoloides were greatly stimulated by mycorrhizal inoculation. 相似文献
19.
Rhizobacteria belonging to Bacillus sp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of green gram (Vigna radiata). Seed inoculation with the rhizobacteria showed stunting effect on root growth whereas four Bacillus strains caused stimulation of shoot growth at both 4 and 7 d of observations. Coinoculation of some Bacillus strains with effective Bradyrhizobium strain S24 resulted in enhanced nodulation and plant growth of green gram. The shoot dry mass (ratio to uninoculated control) varied from 1.32 to 6.33 at day 30 and from 1.28 to 3.55 at day 40 of plant growth. Nodule promoting effect after 40 d of plant growth was observed with majority of Bacillus strains except for MRS9 and MRS26. Maximum gains in nodulation, nitrogenase activity and plant growth were observed with Bacillus strains MRS12, MRS18, MRS22 and MRS27 after 40 d of plant growth, suggesting the usefulness of introduced rhizobacteria in improving crop productivity. 相似文献
20.
Deficit and excess of soil water impact on plant growth of Lotus tenuis by affecting nutrient uptake and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The impact of deficit and excess of soil water on plant growth, morphological plant features, N and P plant nutrition, soil
properties, Rhizobium nodulation and the symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. were studied in a saline-sodic soil. Water excess treatment decreased root growth by 36% and increased shoot
growth by 13% whereas water deficit treatment decreased both root and shoot growth (26 and 32%, respectively). Differences
between stress conditions on shoot growth were due to the ability of L. tenuis to tolerate low oxygen concentration in the soil and the sufficiency of nutrients in soil to sustain shoot growth demands.
Water excess treatment decreased pH, and increased available P and labile C in soil. Water deficit treatment decreased available
P and also increased labile C. In general, N and P acquisition were affected more by water excess than water deficit. The
number of nodules per gram of fresh roots only increased in water excess roots (97%). Under both stress conditions there was
a significant proportion of roots colonized by AM fungi. Compared to control treatment, arbuscule formation decreased by 55
and 14% under water excess and water deficit, respectively. Vesicle formation increased 256% in water excess treatment and
did not change under water deficit treatment. L. tenuis plants subjected to water deficit or excess treatments could grow, nodulated and maintained a symbiotic association with
AM fungi by different strategies. Under water excess, L. tenuis plants decreased root growth and increased shoot growth to facilitate water elimination by transpiration. Under water deficit,
L. tenuis plants decreased root growth but also shoot growth which in turn significant decreased the shoot/root ratio. In the present
study, under water excess conditions AM fungi reduced nutrient transfer structures (arbuscules), the number of entry points
and spore, and hyphal densities in soil, but increased resistance structures (vesicles). At water deficit, however, AM fungi
reduced external hyphae and arbuscules to some extent, investing more in maintaining a similar proportion of vesicles in roots
and spores in soil compared to control treatment. 相似文献