TRPV1 研究的新亮点：TRPV1 剪接变体

TRPV1是一种非选择性阳离子通道蛋白,可被伤害性热刺激、辣椒素和氢离子等所激活。由于TRPV1在痛觉传导(尤其是炎症情况下的痛觉传导)中起重要作用,所以TRPV1的研究对临床治疗有十分重要的意义,研究也越来越深入。因为TRPV1可被多种刺激所激活,人们推论其有多个剪接变体(splice variant),不久,即证实了此设想。本文对迄今为止发现的TRPV1剪接变体做一简单综述。     

TRPV6离子通道结构及蛋白翻译后修饰的研究进展

TRPV6(transient receptor potential vanilloid 6)是一种高表达于胃肠道的阳离子通道,对Ca²⁺具有较高的渗透性,参与调控细胞增殖、迁移、凋亡以及多种疾病的发生与发展,是常染色体隐性新生儿暂时性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的致病基因。该文以TRPV6的离子通道结构为出发点,系统阐述了TRPV6的抑制剂、其它调控蛋白对TRPV6通道活性的影响、TRPV6蛋白翻译后修饰及在机体多种疾病中的调控作用,为后续研究翻译后修饰对其通道的功能调节提供依据,以期推动TRPV6通道参与的癌症及相关药物的开发。     

热敏TRPV3通道的门控调节与功能研究进展

TRPV3通道是一种对Ca2+具有较高选择通透能力的非选择性阳离子通道。它是TRPV通道家族的一员,在多种组织中均有分布。TRPV3通道可以被温热温度(31~39℃)及多种化学激动剂所激活,并受到机体内受到多种生理因子的调控。TRPV3通道在维持机体正常生理功能中具有重要作用。研究发现TRPV3通道基因的缺失或异常会导致毛发生长异常或皮肤病的发生,特别是近期发现TRPV3通道的获得性功能突变会导致一种比较罕见的人类遗传性疾病——奥姆斯特德综合征(Olmsted syndrome,OS)。本文从TRPV3通道的分布、功能、调控以及靶向药物开发等方面进行了概述。     

P2X受体调节剂的作用机制与最新研究进展

ATP激活的配体门控阳离子通道P2X受体参与多种生理病理功能,是一类重要的新药靶标。目前发现的多种靶向P2X受体的小分子药物多数因结果未达到预期或存在明显的副作用而止步于临床研究。明确的调节机制可为靶向P2X受体的理性药物设计提供新的方向,从而提高药物发现概率和有效性。本文就P2X受体调节剂的作用机制进行综述,并对靶向P2X受体的小分子药物最新研究进展进行总结。     

瞬时感受器电位通道与疾病

哺乳动物瞬时感受器电位(transient receptor potential,TRP)通道超家族由TRPC、TRPM、TRPV、TRPA、TRPP和TRPML六个亚家族组成。这些亚家族的29个离子通道几乎表达于所有的组织和细胞。大多对单价和二价阳离子都有通透性。TRP通道与多种生物学功能有关,包括高血压、温度觉、血管炎症、刺激感、肿瘤增生、细胞内离子稳态及神经细胞信号转导。对这些通道的生理功能及其与人类疾病的关系的研究有助于开发具有潜在治疗价值的TRP通道调节剂。     

高通量筛选瞬时受体势V3通道调节剂细胞模型的建立

为发现TRPV3调节剂,通过荧光成像分析系统检测钙浓度,建立高通量筛选瞬时受体势V3通道(Transient receptor potential V3,TRPV3)调节剂的细胞模型.将TRPV3表达载体转染人胚肾(HEK-293)细胞,抗生素筛选稳定表达TRPV3的细胞系,选取TRPV3特异性调节剂作用于细胞模型,应用荧光成像分析系统测钙实验检测TRPV3高表达细胞系药理学特征,同时优化实验条件,考察模型的稳定性,并评估应用于96孔板及384孔板进行高通量筛选的可靠性及准确性.获得了高表达TRPV3的HEK-293稳定细胞系,通过TRPV3离子通道调节的钙流信号与TRPV3特异性调节剂成剂量依赖关系,优化得到了最适筛选条件,该模型稳定,灵敏,通过Z因子及Spiking检测,完全符合高通量筛选需求.利用此细胞模型通过检测钙信号可筛选TRPV3调节剂.     

TRPV1通道调节血管平滑肌改善高血压作用的研究进展

瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(transient receptor potential vanilloid 1,TRPV1)通道是一种非选择性阳离子通道,可以被辣椒素、高温等多种刺激因素激活。近年来多项研究表明,TRPV1通道在心血管疾病中发挥重要作用。该文旨在综述现阶段TRPV1通道在调节血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)功能和降低高血压等相关疾病作用的研究进展。     

瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(TRPV1)在心血管疾病中的研究进展

瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1(TRPV1)是TRP超家族一员,是一种非选择性阳离子通道,主要表达于血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和感觉神经元中。近来大量研究揭示了TRPV1和心血管系统之间的联系,发现TRPV1的激活在多种心血管系统疾病的进程中均发挥重要作用。本文主要综述TRPV1在心血管疾病,如高血压、动脉粥样硬化、心肌缺血及缺血再灌注中作用。深入认识TRPV1与心血管疾病的相关性及TRPV1激动剂的药理作用,将有助于为心血管疾病寻找新的治疗靶点。     

Nav1.4通道的研究进展

电压门控钠离子通道是一类门控状态由细胞膜内外电势差所控制,仅在去极化膜电压下才能被激活打开的跨膜钠通道蛋白。其中,Nav1.4在骨骼肌中高度表达,主要形成肌膜动作电位上升支,参与人体一系列骨骼肌相关的生理病理活动。钠离子通道阻滞药与激活药是治疗心血管系统钠离子通道病的两大类药物,对其进行深入、全面的了解具有重要意义。本文从Nav1.4的分子结构、功能、药物开发等方面出发,对Nav1.4的调节机制、相关疾病以及高选择性药物研究情况进行简要综述,为基于Nav1.4作为靶标研发的药物奠定一定的理论依据。     

神经节内板状末梢是豚鼠食道迷走传入神经末梢的机械敏感性受体

电生理学研究发现迷走传入神经在胃肠道的特有结构——神经节内板状末梢(intraganglionic laminar endings,IGLEs)具有感受机械刺激的功能,推断其为迷走神经机械敏感性受体。但是电生理学方法不能将IGLEs的特异结构与其感受机械刺激的功能同时显示出来,而且IGLEs作为机械敏感性受体,其传导机械刺激的机制尚不清楚。本研究应用活性依赖性荧光染料 FM1-43结合牵拉刺激豚鼠食道显示激活的IGLEs结构,以期观察IGLEs是否对机械刺激敏感。同时用多种药物阻断或促进豚鼠食道IGLEs的激活以探讨IGLEs传导机械刺激的机制。应用神经顺行标记技术以验证FM1-43显示的特异结构是否为IGLEs。结果表明,牵拉刺激结合FM1-43染色显示的结构与神经顺行标记法一致,牵拉刺激组激活的IGLEs数目明显多于未牵拉组 [(90．4±9．5)％vs(10．7±2．1)％,P<0．05]。IGLEs对牵拉刺激的敏感性,表明IGLEs是迷走传入神经在胃肠道内感受机械刺激的受体。TTX,阿托品和钙离子对牵拉刺激激活IGLEs无明显影响,表明IGLEs对机械刺激的传导不需要神经递质以及动作电位的传导,而是直接通过机械门控离子通道实现的。多种TRP通道阻断剂包括SKF,gadolinium对IGLEs的激活无影响,而上皮钠离子通道阻断剂benzamil可以明显阻断IGLEs的激活,因此推断,IGLEs结构中传导机械刺激的离子通道可能属于上皮钠离子通道家族而非电压门控钠离子通道或TRP通道。     

The biophysical and molecular basis of TRPV1 proton gating

The capsaicin receptor TRPV1, a member of the transient receptor potential family of non-selective cation channels is a polymodal nociceptor. Noxious thermal stimuli, protons, and the alkaloid irritant capsaicin open the channel. The mechanisms of heat and capsaicin activation have been linked to voltage-dependent gating in TRPV1. However, until now it was unclear whether proton activation or potentiation or both are linked to a similar voltage-dependent mechanism and which molecular determinants underlie the proton gating. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we show that protons activate and potentiate TRPV1 by shifting the voltage dependence of the activation curves towards more physiological membrane potentials. We further identified a key residue within the pore region of TRPV1, F660, to be critical for voltage-dependent proton activation and potentiation. We conclude that proton activation and potentiation of TRPV1 are both voltage dependent and that amino acid 660 is essential for proton-mediated gating of TRPV1.     

Dissecting TRPV1: lessons to be learned?

The transient receptor potential channel TRPV1 is a polymodal nociceptor. It is primarily expressed in dorsal root ganglia and peripheral sensory nerve endings, and to a much lesser extent, in the central nervous system. It has also been implicated in the functional properties of e.g. urinary and bronchial epithelia. TRPV1 has long been under intensive investigation by the pharmaceutical industry as a candidate drug target especially for pain conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular determinants of TRPV1 channel activation by heat, protons and capsaicin. Newly discovered heat and proton activation sites within the pore domain are discussed as well as potential consequences for drug discovery. Polymodal TRPV1 antagonists were found to cause hyperthermia in a species-dependent manner in-vivo, hence the discovery of euthermic compounds with an appropriate modality selectivity profile will be crucial for TRPV1's future as a drug target.     

Dissecting TRPV1: Lessons to be learned?

The transient receptor potential channel TRPV1 is a polymodal nociceptor. It is primarily expressed in dorsal root ganglia and peripheral sensory nerve endings, and to a much lesser extent, in the central nervous system. It has also been implicated in the functional properties of e.g. urinary and bronchial epithelia. TRPV1 has long been under intensive investigation by the pharmaceutical industry as a candidate drug target especially for pain conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular determinants of TRPV1 channel activation by heat, protons and capsaicin. Newly discovered heat and proton activation sites within the pore domain are discussed as well as potential consequences for drug discovery. Polymodal TRPV1 antagonists were found to cause hyperthermia in a species-dependent manner in-vivo, hence the discovery of euthermic compounds with an appropriate modality selectivity profile will be crucial for TRPV1's future as a drug target.     

The Impact of TRPV1 on Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapy: A Systematic Review

The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) is a transmembrane protein that can be activated by various physical and chemical stimuli and is associated with pain transduction. In recent years, TRPV1 was discovered to play essential roles in cancer tumorigenesis and development, as TRPV1 expression levels are altered in numerous cancer cell types. Several investigations have discovered direct associations between TRPV1 and cancer cell proliferation, cell death, and metastasis. Furthermore, about two dozen TRPV1 agonists/antagonists are under clinical trial, as TRPV1 is a potential drug target for treating various diseases. Hence, more researchers are focusing on the effects of TRPV1 agonists or antagonists on cancer tumorigenesis and development. However, both agonists and antagonists may reveal anti-cancer effects, and the effect may function via or be independent of TRPV1. In this review, we provide an overview of the impact of TRPV1 on cancer cell proliferation, cell death, and metastasis, as well as on cancer therapy and the tumor microenvironment, and consider the implications of using TRPV1 agonists and antagonists for future research and potential therapeutic approaches.     

Decrypting the Heat Activation Mechanism of TRPV1 Channel by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

As a prototype cellular sensor, the TRPV1 cation channel undergoes a closed-to-open gating transition in response to various physical and chemical stimuli including noxious heat. Despite recent progress, the molecular mechanism of heat activation of TRPV1 gating remains enigmatic. Toward decrypting the structural basis of TRPV1 heat activation, we performed extensive molecular dynamics simulations (with cumulative simulation time of ～11 μs) for the wild-type channel and a constitutively active double mutant at different temperatures (30, 60, and 72°C), starting from a high-resolution closed-channel structure of TRPV1 solved by cryo-electron microscopy. In the wild-type simulations, we observed heat-activated conformational changes (e.g., expansion or contraction) in various key domains of TRPV1 (e.g., the S2-S3 and S4-S5 linkers) to prime the channel for gating. These conformational changes involve a number of dynamic hydrogen-bond interactions that were validated with previous mutational studies. Next, our mutant simulations observed channel opening after a series of conformational changes that propagate from the channel periphery to the channel pore via key intermediate domains (including the S2-S3 and S4-S5 linkers). The gating transition is accompanied by a large increase in the protein-water electrostatic interaction energy, which supports the contribution of desolvation of polar/charged residues to the temperature-sensitive TRPV1 gating. Taken together, our molecular dynamics simulations and analyses offered, to our knowledge, new structural, dynamic, and energetic information to guide future mutagenesis and functional studies of the TRPV1 channels and development of TRPV1-targeting drugs.     

Regulation of TRPV1 channel activities by intracellular ATP in the absence of capsaicin

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a voltage-dependent non-selective cation channel activated by capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient of chili peppers, and noxious heat. Although TRPV1 channels produce outwardly rectifying currents even in the absence of capsaicin, little is known about the regulation mechanism of the TRPV1 currents. In the present study, we found that intracellular ATP regulates the basal activities of TRPV1 channels in a concentration-dependent manner. The ATP-dependent regulation of TRPV1 channels was mediated by phosphoinositides. Moreover, an increase in intracellular ATP concentration negatively shifted voltage-dependent activation of TRPV1 channels. These results suggest that the ATP-dependent production of phosphoinositides regulates the voltage-dependent gating of the basal TRPV1 channel activities in the absence of capsaicin.     

The chimeric approach reveals that differences in the TRPV1 pore domain determine species-specific sensitivity to block of heat activation

The capsaicin-, heat-, and proton-activated ion channel TRPV1, a member of the transient receptor potential cation channel family is a polymodal nociceptor. For almost a decade, TRPV1 has been explored by the pharmaceutical industry as a potential target for example for pain conditions. Antagonists which block TRPV1 activation by capsaicin, heat, and protons were developed by a number of pharmaceutical companies. The unexpected finding of hyperthermia as an on-target side effect in clinical studies using polymodal TRPV1 antagonists has prompted companies to search for ways to circumvent hyperthermia, for example by the development of modality-selective antagonists. The significant lack of consistency of the pharmacology of many TRPV1 antagonists across different species has been a further obstacle. JYL-1421 for example was shown to block capsaicin and heat responses in human and monkey TRPV1 while it was largely ineffective in blocking heat responses in rat TRPV1. These findings suggested structural dissimilarities between different TRPV1 species relevant for small compound antagonism for example of heat activation. Using a chimeric approach (human and rat TRPV1) in combination with a novel FLIPR-based heat activation assay and patch-clamp electrophysiology we have identified the pore region as being strongly linked to the observed species differences. We demonstrate that by exchanging the pore domains JYL-1421, which is modality-selective in rat can be made modality-selective in human TRPV1 and vice-versa.     

A combined coarse-grained and all-atom simulation of TRPV1 channel gating and heat activation

The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels act as key sensors of various chemical and physical stimuli in eukaryotic cells. Despite years of study, the molecular mechanisms of TRP channel activation remain unclear. To elucidate the structural, dynamic, and energetic basis of gating in TRPV1 (a founding member of the TRPV subfamily), we performed coarse-grained modeling and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation based on the recently solved high resolution structures of the open and closed form of TRPV1. Our coarse-grained normal mode analysis captures two key modes of collective motions involved in the TRPV1 gating transition, featuring a quaternary twist motion of the transmembrane domains (TMDs) relative to the intracellular domains (ICDs). Our transition pathway modeling predicts a sequence of structural movements that propagate from the ICDs to the TMDs via key interface domains (including the membrane proximal domain and the C-terminal domain), leading to sequential opening of the selectivity filter followed by the lower gate in the channel pore (confirmed by modeling conformational changes induced by the activation of ICDs). The above findings of coarse-grained modeling are robust to perturbation by lipids. Finally, our MD simulation of the ICD identifies key residues that contribute differently to the nonpolar energy of the open and closed state, and these residues are predicted to control the temperature sensitivity of TRPV1 gating. These computational predictions offer new insights to the mechanism for heat activation of TRPV1 gating, and will guide our future electrophysiology and mutagenesis studies.     

Pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazines,discovery of TRPV1 antagonists with reduced potential for the formation of reactive metabolites

The transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1) is a non-selective cation channel that can be activated by a wide range of noxious stimuli, including capsaicin, acid, and heat. Blockade of TRPV1 activation by selective antagonists is under investigation in an attempt to identify novel agents for pain treatment. During pre-clinical development, the 1,8-naphthyridine 2 demonstrated unacceptably high levels of irreversible covalent binding. Replacement of the 1,8-naphthyridine core by a pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine led to the discovery of compound 26 which was shown to have significantly lower potential for the formation of reactive metabolites. Compound 26 was characterized as an orally bioavailable TRPV1 antagonist with moderate brain penetration. In vivo, 26 significantly attenuated carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia (CITH) and dose-dependently reduced complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced chronic inflammatory pain after oral administration.     

Agonist- and Ca2+-dependent desensitization of TRPV1 channel targets the receptor to lysosomes for degradation

TRPV1 receptor agonists such as the vanilloid capsaicin and the potent analog resiniferatoxin are well known potent analgesics. Depending on the vanilloid, dose, and administration site, nociceptor refractoriness may last from minutes up to months, suggesting the contribution of different cellular mechanisms ranging from channel receptor desensitization to Ca(2+) cytotoxicity of TRPV1-expressing neurons. The molecular mechanisms underlying agonist-induced TRPV1 desensitization and/or tachyphylaxis are still incompletely understood. Here, we report that prolonged exposure of TRPV1 to agonists induces rapid receptor endocytosis and lysosomal degradation in both sensory neurons and recombinant systems. Agonist-induced receptor internalization followed a clathrin- and dynamin-independent endocytic route, triggered by TRPV1 channel activation and Ca(2+) influx through the receptor. This process appears strongly modulated by PKA-dependent phosphorylation. Taken together, these findings indicate that TRPV1 agonists induce long-term receptor down-regulation by modulating the expression level of the channel through a mechanism that promotes receptor endocytosis and degradation and lend support to the notion that cAMP signaling sensitizes nociceptors through several mechanisms.