不同种源樟树叶片形态特征及生长差异分析

为了解不同种源樟树叶片形态特征和生长差异,该文以30个种源樟树为研究对象,对其叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、周长、叶面积、长宽比、形态因子、株高、地径等指标进行测定和差异性分析.结果表明:(1)30个种源间叶片性状的变异系数为3.88％～16.14％,显示不同种源樟树叶片形态特征存在显著差异;叶长、叶宽、叶柄长、周长、面积、叶厚...     

武陵地区蛇足石杉不同居群形态变异分析

为了从数量上分析蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrata)天然居群表型性状在居群间和居群内的变异,对分布在武陵地区的15个蛇足石杉天然居群的9个表型性状进行了测量和比较分析.结果表明:顶叶长、顶叶宽、顶叶长宽比、茎基径、基叶长、基叶长宽比、株高、节间长在居群间表现显著差异;聚类分析和主成分分析显示,15个居群可分为3类,顶叶长、顶叶长宽比、茎基径、株高、节间长这5个性状是反映表型差异的主要因素.     

高山红景天形态分化与生存环境关系的研究

对采自黑龙江省平顶山和吉林省长白山的14 个天然居群高山红景天的分株数、株高、基径、叶长和叶宽5 个形态性状进行了比较分析, 探讨了高山红景天适应环境的形态变异机制。单因素方差分析F 检验表明, 除分株数外的4 个形态性状在14 个居群中均表现为差异极显著。对这4 个性状的多重比较分析表明, 各形态性状在不同生态环境下表现出一定程度的分化。对14个天然居群形态性状的聚类分析表明, 高山红景天的形态变异与其生态环境间存在着明显的相关关系。     

基于野外调查和同质种植园实验的芦苇植物功能性状变异研究

研究表型可塑性和遗传变异在植物表型分化中的相对作用,有助于预测全球环境变化下的植物群落组成和生态系统功能的变化。芦苇（Phragmites australis）是全球性广布的草本植物,种内变异丰富,在我国西北和东部均存在多个分化稳定的生态型,但中国芦苇在更大尺度上的表型研究还非常匮乏。将位于黄河上游的宁夏平原和黄河下游的黄河三角洲作为研究区域,通过野外调查和同质种植园实验对芦苇自然种群的植物功能性状变异进行观测。结果表明,无论在野外还是同质种植园,黄河三角洲芦苇的基径、叶长和叶宽均显著大于宁夏平原芦苇,说明两个地区的芦苇种群之间存在着受遗传决定的表型分化,这可能与两个地区间的降水等气候差异有关。在野外,宁夏芦苇的株高和叶厚显著大于黄河三角洲芦苇,但在同质园中差异消失或相反,说明株高、叶厚受环境影响较大,表型可塑性也是芦苇适应环境变化的重要机制。在同质种植园中,宁夏平原芦苇的叶片氮磷含量较低,但株数却显著多于黄河三角洲芦苇,反映了不同地区芦苇之间存在不同的适应策略,宁夏平原芦苇更偏向于高扩散率的杂草策略,而黄河三角洲芦苇更偏向于竞争策略。此外,宁夏平原芦苇的株高、叶长两个性状以及基径-比叶面积相关性在野外和同质园两个环境中存在一致性,表明了性状变异和权衡策略的遗传稳定性。综上,位于黄河上下游的芦苇种群间存在着适应性分化,这是表型可塑性和遗传变异共同作用的结果,不同来源芦苇对全球变化下的多重环境因子的响应还需要进一步研究。     

扎龙湿地不同生境芦苇功能性状变异及其对土壤因子的响应

物种的遗传特征和外在环境条件的差异共同决定了植物功能性状的表达,植物功能性状可以反映物种对环境条件的适应策略。采用大样本抽样调查与统计分析方法,比较研究扎龙湿地4种生境（盐碱生境、旱生生境、湿生生境和水生生境）芦苇分株和叶功能性状,分析不同生境芦苇功能性状的分异规律及其对土壤因子的响应。结果表明：（1）不同生境芦苇功能性状均表现出中等程度变异。其中分株和叶性状均以盐碱生境最低（P<0.05）,分株及除叶面积和比叶面积以外的叶性状均以水生生境最高;株高和株重在种群内的变异系数为15.96%-48.61%和38.65%-87.82%,种群间的变异系数为46.58%和66.39%;叶性状在种群内的变异系数为13.21%-72.37%,种群间的变异系数为26.46%-57.03%;（2）不同生境芦苇功能性状间存在协同变化特征。芦苇的株高、株重、叶长、叶宽、叶面积和叶重之间均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,比叶面积与其他性状的相关性因生境不同存在一定变化;（3）不同生境芦苇的原位土壤因子表现出异质性特征,芦苇功能性状的变异是含水量、pH、有机质和速效氮等土壤因子综合作用的结果。其中含水量、有机质和速效氮为正向驱动,而pH为负向驱动。因此,芦苇通过自我调节功能性状更好地适应不同的生存环境,局域尺度不同生境的土壤因子是引起芦苇功能性状产生分异的导因。     

高山红景天形态分化与生存环境关系的研究

对采黑龙江省平顶山和吉林省长白山的１４个天然居群高山红景天的分株数、株高、径、叶长和叶宽５个形形态性状进行了比较分析,探讨了高山红景天适应环境的形态变异机制。单因素方差分析Ｆ检验表明,除分株数外的４个形态性状在１４个居群中均表现为差异极显。对这４个性状的多重比较分析表明,各形态性状在不同生态环境下表现出一定程度的分化,对１４个天然居形态性状的分表表明,高山红景天的形态变异与其生态环境间存在着明显的相关关系。     

濒危植物夏蜡梅花的形态变异

研究了不同地理位置的3个夏蜡梅自然种群间以及种群内花部形态变异,并对3个种群进行聚类分析。结果表明：夏蜡梅花部表型性状在种群间和种群内都存在一定程度的变异;各性状总的平均变异系数在6.293（内瓣长）~46.90（花柄长）之间,种群间总的平均变异系数在13.430（DMS）~15.720 8（DLS）,因此认为夏蜡梅花的表型性状无论是在物种水平还是在种群水平都具有较丰富的表型多样性,其中又以大雷山种群最高;单因素方差分析显示：部分指标分化显著或极显著,13个指标在种群内的变异占了总变异的82.9%,这说明夏蜡梅种群内变异是表型变异的主要来源,由此可以推测遗传上的多样性是形成夏蜡梅花部形态变异的主导因素;种群间平均变异组分占了17.1%,表明花部形态在种群间存在一定程度的表型分化;聚类分析显示距离较近的大明山种群和龙须山种群先聚在一起,表型差异与地理距离之间存在显著正相关,经分析认为微生境的异质性和种群隔离以及遗传漂变均可能导致夏蜡梅种群间的表型分化;相关性分析显示部分性状之间存在显著的相关性。     

陕西子午岭林区人工油松幼树的表型多样性

为研究陕西子午岭马栏林区人工油松(Pinus tabuliformis)幼树的表型变异特征,选取种植于草地、灌木丛、白桦(Betula platyphylla)林、辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)林的4种人工油松幼树种群,对其针叶及枝条的表型性状进行分析。结果表明:人工油松幼树种群的7个表型性状(针叶长度、宽度、厚度、长宽比及当年生枝条的长度、基径、着生针叶数)在种群内及种群间都存在极显著差异;种群间平均表型分化系数为72.88%,大于种群内的27.12%,表明种群间变异是油松幼树表型变异的主要部分,不同种群所处的环境差异是油松幼树表型变异的主要原因;表型性状的平均变异系数为19.74%,性状离散程度居中;相关性分析表明,叶长与叶宽不相关,其他性状间均存在显著的相关关系;表型性状的聚类分析将4种人工油松幼树种群划分为3类。     

匍匐茎草本金戴戴对盐分梯度的表型可塑性

 研究了匍匐茎型克隆草本金戴戴(Halerpestes ruthenica) 4种基株（基因型）对不同盐分处理（0,85.5, 171.0, 256.5和342.0 mM NaCl）的表型可塑性。随着盐分浓度的增加,实验植物与生长相关的性状指标 (如植株干重、总叶面积、分株数和总匍匐茎长度) 显著减小。植株干重、总叶面积和总匍匐茎长度具有显著的基株间差异。实验植物与形态相关的性状指标 (如平均叶柄长和根冠比) 对盐分梯度具有可塑性并具有显著的基株间差异;而其它形态指标 (如平均节间长、比节间长和比叶柄长)     

谷子抗倒伏性和株高、穗部性状的相关性研究

倒伏是限制作物产量提高的重要因素,而株高、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重等性状与产量密切相关,因此弄清抗倒伏性与这些性状的关系,对开展抗倒伏高产育种具有重要意义。本研究系统调查了41份谷子材料倒伏指数、株高、穗长、穗粗、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重7个性状,结果表明：所有调查的7个性状指标在41份谷子材料中存在显著差异,除穗粗变异幅度较小,其余6个性状指标均存在丰富的遗传变异。相关性分析表明谷子基部第一、第二、第三节倒伏指数均与株高呈一定负相关,但未达到显著水平,与穗长、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重均呈一定正相关,但只有第二节倒伏指数与穗长间的相关达到了显著水平（P<0.05）。倒伏指数与穗粗的相关性较复杂,第一、第三节倒伏指数与穗粗呈负相关,而第二节倒伏指数与穗粗呈正相关,但都未达到显著水平。株高与穗长、穗粗、穗码数、穗粒重4个产量关键性状间呈显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）正相关;穗长、穗粗、穗码数、码粒数、穗粒重5个性状间呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。研究结果认为在80 cm范围内,增加株高不会减弱谷子的抗倒伏性,谷子倒第二节抗倒伏性对整株植株抗倒伏性起到关键作用,应在抗倒伏高产育种中加以重视。     

新疆阿勒泰地区5个大赖草种群的表型多样性分析

为了解大赖草种群﹝Leymus racemosus ( Lam.) Tzvel.﹞的表型变异规律及多样性特征,对分布于新疆阿勒泰地区的5个大赖草种群(分别位于阿勒泰市、福海县、布尔津县和哈巴河县)的16个表型性状进行了测定;在此基础上,对各表型性状进行了Shannon-Weaver指数( H＇)分析和主成分分析。结果表明：各种群间的16个表型性状均存在较大差异,其中分布于哈巴河县的2个种群各表型性状的平均值均较高。种群内各表型性状的变异系数为5.97%~40.05%,差异较大;其中,穗下第一节间长度的变异系数在各种群内均较大(17.16%~40.05%);总体上看,种群内与营养生长有关的性状(如穗下第一节间长度、剑叶长度和宽度等)变异较大,而与繁殖有关的性状变异较小。在种群间,穗下第一节间长度、剑叶长度和宽度的变异系数均较大,分别为31.85%、26.87%和27.85%;而小穗和外颖长度以及穗节数的变异系数均较小,分别为15.21%、16.53%和16.91%。5个种群间16个表型性状的H＇值均有较大差异,并且,种群内各表型性状的H＇平均值(1.660)明显高于种群间(0.239)。主成分分析结果显示：前5个主成分的累计贡献率为80.210%,其中,第1主成分中与营养器官相关的性状(如株高、穗下第一节间长度、剑叶长度和宽度、茎节数)载荷较大,第2至第4主成分中与繁殖器官相关的性状(如穗长度和宽度、外颖和内颖长度、小穗长度和宽度以及外稃长度)载荷较大,表明这12个性状为大赖草种群表型性状变异的主要因子。研究结果显示：大赖草种群间的表型多样性低于种群内,且营养器官的表型变异是导致大赖草种群表型多样性的主要因子。     

Spatial dynamics and morphological plasticity of common reed (Phragmites australis) and cattails (Typha sp.) in freshwater marshes and roadside ditches

Over the last decades, the abundance of common reed has significantly increased in freshwater wetlands of eastern North America, and stands of this species are now commonly alternating with stands of cattails. Since these species share many characteristics, the contact zone between common reed and cattail stands may witness strong interspecific interactions. We surveyed stand dynamics in roadside ditches and freshwater marshes at these contact zones over three years, and we examined the morphological plasticity in response to neighbors. Results indicate that common reed is clearly gaining ground over time, while cattails stands are retreating. We also found annual variability in the spatial dynamics, suggesting that other factors, such as the effect of weather conditions on water level, may affect population processes. Interspecific interactions had a detrimental effect on both common reed and cattail biomass. However, common reed showed morphological plasticity in shoot height, number of nodes, and internodes length, while cattails did not. Our observations suggest that common reed has a net competitive advantage over cattails in roadside ditches and freshwater marshes.     

Genetic mapping of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench QTLs that control variation in tillering and other morphological characters

Grain yield of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is significantly influenced by genetically controlled variation in the number of tillers, plant height, time of anthesis, and various other morphological and physiological characters. In this study, a minimum of 27 unique QTLs that control variation in nine morphological traits, including the presence versus the absence and the height of basal tillers, were mapped, and the percentage of additive genetic variance explained by the QTLs was determined in a population of 137 recombinant inbred lines in two environments. Four QTLs explained from 86.3% to 48.9% (depending upon the environment) of the additive genetic variance in the number of basal tillers with heads, and seven QTLs explained from 85.9% to 47.9% of the additive genetic variance in panicle width. It is unlikely that different alleles were segregating in the mapping population at any of the major dwarfing loci, but five QTLs that explained from 65.8% to 52.0% of the additive genetic variance in main-culm height were mapped. QTLs controlling variation in height of the tallest basal tiller, number of basal tillers per basal-tillered plant, panicle length, leaf angle, maturity, and awn length also were mapped. Three or more QTLs were mapped in linkage groups A, E, G, and I, while none were mapped in linkage groups B and D. Several of the QTLs mapped in this study are likely candidates for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. Received: 20 September 2000 / Accepted: 26 October 2000     

氮添加对黄河三角洲高潮滩芦苇生长和土壤理化性质的短期效应

氮富集会影响到全球生态系统的植物生长繁殖和土壤理化性质.然而,目前关于氮富集对潮汐湿地生态系统植物生长和土壤理化性质的影响研究相对较少.通过氮添加野外控制实验,研究了4个氮添加水平(CK:0 g·m-2·a-1、N1:5 g·m-2·a-1、N2:20 g·m-2·a-1、N3:50 g·m-2·a-1)对黄河三角洲高...     

15份多花黑麦草优良引进种质的表型变异分析

多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)是世界栽培牧草中的优良禾本科牧草。为更好地利用多花黑麦草种质资源,本研究对引自国外的15份多花黑麦草种质的15个形态性状和农艺性状进行了变异系数、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明:15份材料间存在较大变异,除单株干重外,其余性状在供试材料间均表现出显著性差异,变异系数范围为10.28%~39.15%,变异系数平均值为19.49%,从小到大依次为小穗数小穗长株高分蘖数千粒重花序长倒二叶长小花数茎粗第一节间长倒二叶宽旗叶宽旗叶长单株干重单株鲜重。主成分结果表明,前5个主成分累积贡献率达到84.51%,第1主成分以株高为主要特征;第2主成分以旗叶和倒二叶长、宽为主要特征;第3主成分以花序长和小花数为主要特征;第4主成分以千粒重为主要特征;第5主成分以产草量为主要特征。15份种质材料经基于欧氏距离的UPGMA聚类分析被划分为3大类,类别间存在较显著的差异,其中第2类因其植株高大、叶片宽大的特点,具备选育高产种质的潜力。     

水稻高秆隐性恢复系(eR系)的特征特性及其在育种上的应用

高秆隐性恢复系(eR系)同原恢复系(R系)相比,分蘖力下降、生育期缩短,株高、穗颈、叶片长、倒一节间和倒二节间都显增长,使得eR系在制种时不必施用赤霉素。利用eR系组配的e-杂交稻同其不舍eui基因的原杂交稻相比,只有一个eui隐性单基因的差异,使e-杂交稻的株叶形态和构成产量因素同原杂交稻十分相似,且具有千粒重增大以及植株速生、快长、早熟等特点,使利用eR系组配的e-杂交稻具有一定增产潜力。     

Determination of morphological variation in subspecies of Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. from Central Anatolia

Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. has four subspecies: glauca, galatica Y?ld?r?ml?, sivasica (Davis) Y?ld?r?ml? and iconia (Boiss.) Davis, naturally growing in Turkey. In this study, 77 accessions from nine I. glauca ssp. populations were characterised in terms of variation in morphological characters, including the number of branches per plant, plant height, diameter of stem base, diameter of middle stem, diameter of apical stem, width and length of fruit, length of fruit stalk, fruit shape, fruit base shape, fruit apices shape, loculus, ondulation, apical process of fruit, fruit weight, basal length of fruit, apical length of fruit, wing width of fruit, loculus length, loculus width, length of seed, dorsal width of seed, lateral width of seed and seed weight. The number of branches had the highest value of coefficient of variation (CV), 0.21–0.86, while the fruit width had the lowest value of CV 0.08–0.20. According to Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses, eco-geographical factors had a substantial effect on morphological variation. A principal component analysis explained 90.61 % of morphological variation through the study of five extracted components. A dendrogram, which was constructed according to the between-group linkages method, based on squared Euclidean distances, represented a hierarchical cluster analysis of 77 accessions. The results of the principal coordinate analysis, which showed differentiation according to morphological characters between nine populations, were consistent with the dendrogram. Consequently, morphological variation of I. glauca ssp. and the significant effects of eco-geographical factors on its morphological variation were discussed.     

Variation in morphology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Teucrium polium</Emphasis> aggr. populations in Bulgaria

The aim of this study was to investigate natural serpentine and non-serpentine populations of Teucrium polium aggr. and to document the differences in their morphological traits, as well as estimate which characters are most likely contributing to differentiation of the populations. Nine populations distributed both on and off serpentine soils were investigated, and 12 different morphological features of 270 individuals were studied by univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. The results did not demonstrate clear delimitation of the serpentine from the non-serpentine populations. Using these ecotypes as classification factors in the discriminant analysis, it can be stated that stem height, leaf length in the fifth leaf pair, internode length between the fourth and the fifth leaf pairs, and corolla tube length are features with the greatest discriminant ability. The character variation was generally higher for the vegetative features, while reproductive features failed to demonstrate clear differences. The similarity groupings indicated by the cluster analysis were synchronous with groups distinguished by both the discriminant and PCA analyses. Significant differences were observed between sets of vegetative characters in all populations investigated.      

Phenotypic plasticity of Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae) in wild populations of mountain forests in Colombia

Vaccinium meridionale is a promising crop for the Andean region of South America and is currently available only in the wild. Spontaneous populations of this plant are found across the Colombian mountains, but very few published records on this plant morphology are available. A zonification study of V. meridionale was conducted in four principal areas of a low mountain forest of Colombia (Provinces of Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Santander and Nari?o) in 2007. A total of 20 populations and 100 plants of V. meridionale were individually characterized and surveyed, using a list of 26 characters of morphological variables (9 quantitative and 17 qualitative characters). Our results indicated that natural populations of V. meridionale might be found in the tropical forest under a highly heterogeneous climate and microclimate conditions, at different mountain regions between 2 357 and 3 168masl. The shrubs of V. meridionale exhibited a high level of intra-population variation in several quantitative (plant height, stem diameter) and qualitative (growth habit, ramification density, presence of anthocyanins in stems) morphological characters, suggesting an environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity. Plant height, stem diameter and foliar density were the most variable morphological traits, with coefficients of variation higher than 50%. However, several quantitative characters of its reproductive potential, such as berry dimensions, rachis length and number of flowers per inflorescence, resulted with low plasticity with coefficients of variation lower than 30.2%, indicating that these characters were genetically determined. The highest correlation coefficients (p < 0.05) resulted to be between fruit length and fruit width (0.90), leaf length and leaf width (0.78), plant height and stem diameter (0.60), and inflorescence length and flowers number per inflorescence (0.57). The results suggest that an important genetic resource exists for this species in the wild. Low variation in fruit size, which constitutes a target trait for plant breeders, could be useful for selection of cultivars of V. meridionale. The results of this study could also be applied in conservation programs aimed to protect these diverse populations in the mountain forests of Colombia.     

南方菟丝子寄生对加拿大一枝黄花生长、繁殖及防御的影响

为了阐明南方菟丝子寄生对加拿大一枝黄花生长和繁殖的影响及机制,分析了南方菟丝子寄生对加拿大一枝黄花形态、生长与繁殖指标的影响,并分析了其生物量与加拿大一枝黄花次生代谢产物含量的相关性.结果表明： 南方菟丝子寄生显著降低加拿大一枝黄花株高、基径、主根长度和根直径,显著降低根、茎、叶和总生物量以及花序数、花序主轴长和花序分枝数;尤其是株高、花序数、茎生物量3个指标,被南方菟丝子寄生的植株仅为无寄生植株的1/2、1/5和1/8.南方菟丝子寄生强度对加拿大一枝黄花的株高、根长、茎生物量、总生物量等指标没有显著影响,但高强度寄生组的基径、根体积、叶生物量、根生物量、花序数、花序主轴长、花序分枝数等指标均显著低于低强度寄生组.南方菟丝子寄生显著增加加拿大一枝黄花根鞣质含量和茎黄酮含量.加拿大一枝黄花的生物量与根鞣质含量及茎黄酮含量存在显著负相关.这表明南方菟丝子寄生加拿大一枝黄花后, 除了减少其资源获取外,还可能通过改变资源分配方式等途径进一步抑制其生长.