花卉柱式无土栽培

于玻璃温室内的160 m2面积上,以干湿交替型盆钵组装起高200 cm, 直径15 cm的立柱77根,然后组成立柱“树林”并种花,25个科的共53种草花用同一营养系统管理,生长都良好,立柱“树林”象是花的“森林”,显示了良好的生态关系。在此基础上挑选不同种盆花组成不同情趣的家庭阳台花柱。阳台花柱具若干优点：新型盆钵具良好的水、气、肥协调关系,适合多种花卉生长;柱高任选,便手提携带;柱体能环绕中轴旋转使植物受光均匀;花柱底部是具中岛结构式底盆,起蓄水和稳定作用,还便于多根立柱串联扩大栽培量;有人工和自动浇灌两种系统,省工省时且干净卫生。     

"收缩压"、"舒张压"教具的制作和使用

我们用医用血压计、乳胶管等材料 ,设计和制作了“收缩压”、“舒张压”、“脉搏跳动”教具。教学中通过该教具间断充气的操作 ,模拟心室收缩向动脉血管充血的过程 ,学生可以看到“收缩压”和“舒张压”的变化 ;可以看到“心室间断的收缩”和“血液的不断流动” ;并感触到“脉搏”的跳动。这对于帮助学生理解以上 3个概念收到了较好的效果。1　材料　医用水银柱式血压计 (去掉橡皮囊袖带 ) 1台、内径 0 .5cm的乳胶管 40 0～ 5 0 0cm与 5 0cm长的各1根、长 1 5～ 2 0cm的玻璃管 1根 (用喷灯将其一端拉细使管内径为 0 .2～ 0 .3cm)、5 0 0mL…     

土埋深度影响物种水平的种子质量-种子出苗关系

种子出苗对种间关系和群落组成具有重要影响。种内研究表明种子质量与种子出苗之间存在正相关关系, 但这种关系很少在物种水平进行检验, 尤其是在不同土壤埋藏深度条件下。为此, 该文开展了一个因子实验(10种植物和5种土埋深度(0、1、2、4和8 cm))以检验是否在不同土层中“种子质量-种子出苗之间的正相关关系”始终存在。该文在不同土埋深度播种50粒种子(重复5次), 连续30天观测种子出苗, 并提出了一个耐土埋性指标。结果表明: (1) 10种植物的最适出苗深度为0-2 cm土层; 6种植物的最大出苗率发生在1 cm土埋深度。(2)种子质量与耐土埋性之间存在显著的正相关关系, 种子质量越大耐土埋性越强, 适宜出苗的土层越深。(3)当土层较深(4或8 cm)时, 种子出苗率和持续出苗时间随种子质量增加而增大, 种子出苗率与持续出苗时间之间存在正相关关系; 这些关系在较浅土层(0、1或2 cm)并不存在。这些结果有助于进一步理解种子大小与出苗之间的关系, 以及种子出苗过程中的策略。     

沿海防护林四个树种根系分布对盐胁迫的响应

研究盐分胁迫下植物根系的分布及生长特性对沿海防护林树种的筛选具有重要意义。以8年生女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)、洋白蜡(Fraxinus pennsylvanica)、木麻黄(Casuarina equiestifolia)和墨西哥落羽杉(Taxodium mucronatum)等4个亚热带沿海防护林树种为对象,对其根系生长特性与土壤盐度关系、根系生物量分配格局、功能根的分布特征以及根系的比根长和根长密度进行了比较。结果表明:1)土壤盐分对植物根系垂直生长与分布具有强烈的制约作用,根系的水平伸展能力与树种根系垂直生长呈负相关;2)不同树种适应盐分胁迫能力不同,导致各自功能根的生物量分配格局差异;3)根径级越小,其吸收水分和营养物质的能力越强;根径级越大,固定和支持植株的能力越强;4)墨西哥落羽杉盐分阈值0.45%,根系垂直分布在0～95cm的土层中,具有良好的抗台风和耐盐土能力;木麻黄和洋白蜡2个树种的主根系长度分别为25cm和29cm,支撑根的比例分别为87.2%和56.3%,因此也具有一定的抗台风能力,可以栽植在盐度0.36%的沿海滩涂上;女贞盐分阈值0.21%,垂直根系为20cm,支撑根比例51.0%,不适合栽植于高盐分的台风分布地理区域。     

水淹对克隆植物空心莲子草种内关系的影响

为检验“水淹程度可以改变植物种内关系的类型和强度”的假说, 将克隆植物空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的3种不同密度的植株(每盆种植1、4或16株)置于4种不同的水淹处理下(水位分别为-20 (不水淹)、0、20或40 cm), 研究不同水淹程度对空心莲子草种内关系的影响。随着植株密度和水淹程度的增加, 空心莲子草的生长显著减慢, 但密度效应在不同的水淹处理下显著不同。在不发生水淹的情况下, 植株密度对生长的负面(竞争)效应最强; 在水位为0和20 cm的情况下, 植株密度对生长的效应仍为负面的, 但影响强度相对减小; 而在水位为40 cm的情况下, 空心莲子草植株的生物量随着植株密度的增大而倾向于增加。进一步分析相对邻体效应时发现, 随着水淹程度的增加, 相对邻体效应显著增加, 并且数值从负值(不水淹)逐渐变为正值(40 cm水位下)。这些结果支持胁迫梯度假说, 表明水淹可以影响植物的种内关系, 即随着水淹程度的增加, 植物种内竞争作用减弱, 而易化作用增强。     

长花柱型滇丁香小孢子发生及雄配子体发育

利用常规石蜡切片法和细胞学压片法,对异型花柱植物滇丁香的长花柱型植株的小孢子发生、雄配子体发育及花粉萌发进行观察。结果表明:(1)长花柱型滇丁香具5枚花药,花药4室。(2)花药壁由1层表皮、1层花药内壁、2层中层和1~3层绒毡层组成;花药壁发育方式为基本型,绒毡层类型为腺质绒毡层。(3)小孢子母细胞减数分裂的胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式为四面体型,偶有左右对称型;不同药室间小孢子母细胞减数分裂不同步。(4)成熟花粉粒为二细胞型。(5)小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程正常,表明长花柱型滇丁香属于发育正常的两性花。(6)授粉4h后,长花柱型滇丁香的花粉在长、短两种花柱柱头上的萌发率分别达(91.8±1.6)%和(93.2±1.1)%,且两者间无显著性差异(t=1.585,df=8,p=0.152),表明长花柱型滇丁香的成熟花粉粒在长、短两种花柱柱头上的萌发均正常。     

不同生长年限华重楼根际土壤微生物多样性研究

为探究华重楼生长发育与土壤微生物群落结构变化的关系,该研究利用Illumina高通量测序技术对3年生、5年生、7年生、9年生等4个不同生长年限的华重楼根际土壤细菌16S rRNA和真菌18S序列进行测序分析。结果表明：(1)不同生长年限根际土壤中主要优势细菌均为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门;优势真菌为子囊菌门、担子菌门与毛霉门。(2)不同生长年限华重楼根际土壤中细菌物种较真菌物种更丰富,多样化程度更高。细菌多样性随着华重楼生长年限的增加呈降低、升高、再降低的“И”型规律,最低点在第5年,最高点在第7年;真菌多样性则随着生长年限的增加呈先升高后下降的“Λ”型规律,最高点在第7年。细菌群落丰富度随着生长年限的增加呈先升高后下降的“Λ”型规律,第7年时丰富度最高;而真菌丰富度随着生长年限增长变化不大。(3)UPGMA聚类分析显示,随着生长年限的推进根际土壤微生物群落结构演变明显,细菌群落演变比较剧烈的时期是在定植后第7年,而真菌群落则在定植后第5年。(4)Spearman相关性分析发现,速效钾和全氮是影响华重楼根际土壤细菌组成的主要因子,全钾是影响真菌组成的主要因子。综上认为,不同...     

测定潜流人工湿地根系生物量的新方法

设计了一种新方法研究潜流人工湿地植物根系的分布和生物量。采用自制的圆柱形的不锈钢网柱,安放在潜流湿地的碎石基质中,定期分层取出网柱内的碎石,可观察根系的分布特点;收获网柱内的根,可测定根系的生物量和生长量。网柱的直径20cm,高50cm,网孔直径1．80cm,不锈钢丝粗1．38mm。安装时,使网柱垂直,上端达碎石表面,下端靠近湿地床底。安装好后,装入碎石基质,观察测定时,把基质取出,观察完后,再把基质放回。用该方法,对碎石基质的潜流人工湿地中植物根系的分布和生物量进行了1a的实验测定,认为该方法是测定潜流人工湿地根系生长和分布的有效方法,它易于安装、测定方便、准确。7月和12月份两次测定的湿地根系生物量之和为331．8gm^-2,其中分布于0—5cm的根生物量为174．4gm^-2,5～15cm为142．1gm^-2,15cm以下为15．3gm^-2。种问根系生物量的差异很大,根系生物量最大的是美人蕉,为182．4gm^-2,最小的是水鬼蕉,为1．38gm^-2。根生物量似乎呈不同的季节格局,象草7月份根系生物量较大,而其他种12月份的较大。不同种根系生物量的垂直分布也有显著的差异,具根状茎的芦苇和较粗根的水鬼蕉以直径大于1mm的根为主,它们的根分布较深,而浅层根较少;象草、美人蕉和风车草,直径1mm以内的根占根生物量的80％以上甚至100％,它们的根分布较浅。     

草地早熟禾草坪土壤水分动态与根系生长分布

对草地早熟禾草坪土壤水分动态和根系生长发育状况进行研究,结果发现不同土壤层次水分变化有所不同,0～15cm变化最大,15～30cm次之,30cm以下土层水分变化不大;草地早熟禾的根系生长呈现双峰曲线模式,5月中旬和8月中下旬总根量处于峰值;其主体根系主要分布在0～30cm土层内,占总根量的85%以上;根重密度随土层深度呈指数衰减关系,0～30cm土层下降幅度较大,30cm以下土层根重密度相差不大;在0～30cm土层内不同层次根量占总根量的比例在不同时期亦有差异,春秋季节10～20cm和20～30cm土层内根量比例较大,说明此时期主体根系分布在较深的土层;综合分析认为草地早熟禾草坪主要利用土壤浅层水分,在降雨较少的春秋季节,根系较深,适宜深层灌溉,在降雨频繁的夏季,根系较浅,适宜浅层灌溉。     

四种沙埋深度对羊草种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响

模拟羊草种子自然埋藏深度状况,设计了0、1、2和3cm共4种沙埋深度实验,研究了其出苗率及幼苗生长对沙埋深度的响应。结果表明,羊草种子出苗率随埋深的增加呈下降趋势,0cm时出苗率最高为89.3%,1和2cm时分别为81.5%和78.5%,3cm时最低(73.5%),与前三者具有显著差异。埋深对地上株高生长动态的影响主要表现在,播种后25d,0～2cm处理的羊草幼苗地上株高均高于3cm处理;播种后36d,4种处理的地上株高没有显著差异。此外,随着埋深的增加,羊草幼苗的根长、根数、根冠比呈先上升后下降趋势,叶片数呈下降趋势,绝对株高则呈上升趋势。表明1～2cm沙埋深度更适宜于羊草种子出苗及幼苗生长,而0或3cm埋深不利于其出苗和幼苗生长。     

高山植物花形态特征对花温度积累的影响

高山生态系统的低温环境不利于植物繁殖器官的发育和传粉过程,因此能改善花内或花序温度的结构对植物繁殖具有积极意义。该研究利用红外测温仪测量了高寒草甸中64种植物的花温度和叶温度以计算花温度积累,并检测了系统发育、花大小、花对称方式和花大小对花温度积累的影响。结果表明:所测量的64种植物种类,花部温度均高于叶部温度。花温度积累的系统发育信号较弱,表明物种间花温度积累的差异可能主要与不同物种对温度的需求有关。花温度积累与花大小存在显著的正相关关系,且两侧对称花的温度积累比辐射对称花更为迅速,但花对称方式和花颜色对花温度积累并没有显著的影响。该研究结果表明花温度积累在不同植物间存在很大的差异,但这些差异对植物繁殖的实际贡献和意义仍需要进一步验证。     

高等植物成花基因的研究

高等植物的成花可分为两个阶段：由茎顶端分生组织转变成花分生组织和花器官的形成。前者主要受成花计时基因的控制,而后一阶段主要由植物的同源（异型）框基因调控。本文综述了近年来对植物成花调控基因的研究,并着重对第一阶段成花基因的功能、它们间的相互作用和特点进行了总结。 Abstract:Plant flower can be divided into two phases——from stem apex meristem tissue into flower meristem tissue and floral apparatus.The flower time genes control the flower development and the homologous genes control flower apparatus identify.This paper summarizes recent studies on plant flower and emphasizes on the first phase flower control genes,theirs interaction and function,characteristic of the homologous genes.     

Zonal thermogenetic dynamics of two species of Philodendron from two different subgenera (Araceae)

Spadix temperature was measured in two species of Philodendron : P. melinonii (subgenus Philodendron ) and P. solimoesense (subgenus Meconostigma ). For each species, the temperature of the male zone, the sterile male zone and the female zone of the spadix were recorded. In both species, the temperature of the male zone warmed up at the beginning of each of the two flowering nights. In P. melinonii , the temperature of the male sterile zone increased the first day but remained not significantly different from that of the ambient air during the second day. The temperature of the male zone warmed up slightly on the second day. In P. melinonii , the temperature of the three zones was not significantly different from that of the ambient air between the two peaks. In P. solimoesense , the temperature of the male zone and sterile zone rose to above that of the ambient air during the first night and then progressively cooled down but remained 3–6°C above the ambient air temperature until the second peak. In both species the temperature of the female zones remained more or less constant during the entire flowering cycle, very close to the temperature of the ambient air. We suggest that the heat production and the spadix temperature patterns observed may reflect a general physiological process common to all species of Philodendron . The biphasic pattern present in the subgenus Meconostigma can be seen as a variant of the 'two peaks' pattern, occurring in the subgenus Philodendron , with a 'plateau' phase between them. The comparison of the different thermogenic cycles occurring in Philodendron , Arum and Dracunculus seems to indicate some clear evolutionary trends. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 139 , 79–86.     

一个新的水稻花器官数目突变体fon(t)的鉴定及分析

水稻花器官数目突变体 fon(t)是在单倍体与二倍体的杂交 F2代发现的,经过多代种植,已稳定遗传。以 fon(t)为父本,以日本晴、93?11 和 R527 为母本配制杂交组合进行遗传分析,根据 F2代表型及χ2测验结果表明,该突变体的性状是由单隐性基因控制的。因为对花器官数目突变体曾有报道如 fon1、fon2 和 fon3,所以该突变体暂定名为 fon(t)。该突变体导致内外稃开裂,花器官外露;雄蕊和雌蕊的数目均增多,雄蕊一般 6~9 枚,雌蕊 1~2 枚;浆片同源转化为类内稃的结构;个别的花器官中还出现花丝上伸出类柱头的结构,浆片上部同源转化为类柱头或者类雄蕊的结构。研究结果表明,fon(t)基因可能影响水稻第三、四轮花器官的数目以及第二轮浆片的发育。     

Patterns and implications of floral nectar secretion, chemical composition, removal effects and standing crop in Mandevilla pentlandiana (Apocynaceae)

Flower morphology, nectar features (chemical composition, production pattern, removal effects, and standing crop) and floral visitors are analysed in an Argentine population of Mandevilla pentlandiana. Nectar variability was examined during the lifetime of a single flower, over the course of the flowering season, and at different times of the day. Nectar is sucrose dominant. There were some variations in the proportions of sugar throughout both the flower lifespan and the flowering season. Flowers produced most nectar during bud-stage. Nectar secretion ceased near the end of the first day after flower opening. Nectar quantity varied as a function of flower age due to a combination of nectar secretion, cessation, and resorption periods. Overall sugar production was increased by nectar removal. Standing crop data showed that each open flower and inflorescence offers c. 2 and 11 mg of sugar respectively at any time of the flowering season. There was higher nectar availability at the beginning of the flowering season compared with the rest of the period. Flowers were visited by bumblebees, honeybees and hummingbirds. The greater the number of open flowers and the nectar variance, the more the mean reward quantity per flower available in the inflorescence. The sources of nectar variability in M. pentlandiana seem to be linked with both the female function (nectar resorption, nectar cessation) and the male one (early and comparatively large nectar availability, variation in nectar production as the flower ages, nectar secretion stimulation by nectar removals).     

DOWN THE TUBE: POLLINATORS, PREDATORS, AND THE EVOLUTION OF FLOWER SHAPE IN THE ALPINE SKYPILOT, POLEMONIUM VISCOSUM

Abstract We address how a conflict between pollinator attraction and avoidance of flower predation influences the evolution of flower shape in Polemonium viscosum. Flower shape in P. viscosum is the product of an isometric relationship between genetically correlated (r_A= 0.70) corolla flare and length. Bumblebee pollinators preferentially visit flowers that are more flared and have longer tubes, selecting for a funnel‐shaped corolla. However, flower shape also influences nectar‐foraging ants that sever the style at its point of attachment to the ovary. Surveys of ant damage show that plants having flowers with flared, short corollas are most vulnerable to ant predation. Consistent with this result, the ratio of corolla length to flare is significantly greater in a krummholz (high predation risk) population than in a tundra (low predation risk) population. To explicitly test whether the evolution of a better defended flower would exact a cost in pollination, we created tubular flowers by constricting the corolla during development. Performance of tubular flowers and natural controls was compared for defensive and attractive functions. In choice trials, ants entered control flowers significantly more often than tubular ones, confirming that the evolution of tubular flowers would reduce the risk of predation. However, in a bumblebee‐pollinated population, tubular flowers received significantly less pollen and set fewer seeds than controls. A fitness model incorporating these data predicts that in the absence of the genetic correlation between corolla length and flare, intermittent selection for defense could allow tubular flowers to spread in the krummholz population. However, in the tundra, where bumblebees account for nearly all pollination, the model predicts that tubular flowers should always confer a fitness disadvantage.     

基于花青素代谢培育蓝色花卉的研究进展

花色是植物吸引昆虫传播花粉的主要因素,对于植物在自然界的生存必不可少,也是观赏植物最重要的性状之一。在蓬勃发展的花卉产业中,色彩各异花卉的培育,可以弥补自然花色的匮乏,但是令人垂涎的蓝色花比较难培育。花色的多样性主要是由花青素及其衍生物的种类和含量等因素决定的,飞燕草色素的合成是形成蓝色花的关键因素,许多植物体内缺少合成飞燕草色素的结构基因。近年来,利用基因工程技术培育蓝色花的研究也时有报道。文中以常见的观赏植物为例,基于花青素代谢调控,从影响飞燕草色素合成的关键因素和不同分子改良途径培育蓝色花等几个方面对植物花朵呈色的机制进行了综述,并展示不同分子育种策略可能在其他领域的应用,为其他植物或经济作物的色泽改良如彩色棉蓝色纤维的培育等提供参考和技术支持。     

Floral ontogeny in Dipterygeae (Fabaceae) reveals new insights into one of the earliest branching tribes in papilionoid legumes

Flowers of Dipterygeae (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae) exhibit an unusual petaloid calyx. The two adaxial sepals are large and petaloid, and the three abaxial sepals form a three‐toothed lobe. The goal of this study was to elucidate the ontogenetic pathways of this peculiar calyx in light of the floral development of the three genera that comprise the tribe. Floral buds of Dipteryx alata, Pterodon pubescens and Taralea oppositifolia were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The order of bracteole and sepal initiation varies among the species. The androecium is asymmetric. The carpel cleft is positioned to the right or to the left, and is opposite the adaxial antepetalous stamen. The peculiarity of the calyx becomes noticeable in the intermediate stages of floral development. It results from the differential growth of the sepal primordia, in which the abaxial and lateral primordia remain diminutive during floral development, compared with the adaxial ones that enlarge and elongate. Bracteoles, abaxial sepals, petals and anthers are appendiculate, except in T. oppositifolia, in which the appendices were not found in bracteoles or anthers. These appendices comprise secretory canals or cavities. Considering that the ontogenetic pathway for the formation of the petaloid calyx is similar and exclusive for Dipterygeae, it might be a potential synapomorphy for the group, with the presence of secretory canals in the appendices of abaxial and lateral sepals and petals. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174 , 529–550.     

樱胚珠发育调控基因PrseSTK在单瓣与重瓣花中的表达比较

用同源克隆方法,从日本晚樱（Prunus lannesiana）花芽中克隆出了PrseSTK基因的cDNA全长,GenBank登录号为GU332504。其包括1个共669 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码222个氨基酸和1个终止密码子。同源序列比对和分子系统进化分析表明,PrseSTK是拟南芥的STK同源基因,其编码蛋白的C末端拥有2个高度保守模体：AG motif Ⅰ和Ⅱ,属D类MADS-box转录因子。其在花器官中表达的组织特异性分析表明,在单瓣‘大岛樱’中,PrseSTK主要在雄蕊和雌蕊中表达;但在重瓣品种‘普贤像’中,其在萼片、雄蕊和叶化雌蕊中均有表达。其在2个品种4轮花器官中的表达呈现明显的差异,并与拟南芥STK基因表达的组织特异性也有一定的差别;其在花萼中的异位表达可能与重瓣品种萼筒异位子房的发育调控相关。     

Flower visitation patterns of the coexisting honey bees Apis cerana japonica and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

We compared flower visitation patterns of two coexisting honey bees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Apis cerana japonica Radoszkowski, on 20 plant species, including three exotics, under natural conditions in Nara, Japan, from April to August 2012. We also measured flower color based on bee color vision (15 flower species), nectar volume (nine species) and nectar concentration (eight species). Flowers colored white, pink, red, purple and cream were classified as bee‐blue‐green, and yellow was classified as bee‐green. Apis cerana visited 14 plant species and A. mellifera visited 11. Although the two Apis species are similar in morphology, they visited different plants: in particular, A. cerana visited native plant species more often than did A. mellifera. Both A. mellifera and A. cerana visited not only nectariferous flowers but also those with no nectar. We also found different visitation patterns between A. cerana and A. mellifera: Apis cerana more often visited flowers with smaller color angle (bee‐blue‐green), lower chroma and higher brightness, and flowers secreting nectars of higher concentration and smaller volume than did A. mellifera.