辽宁地区迁飞黏虫种群动态与发生规律研究

为揭示沈阳和岫岩地区迁飞黏虫种群动态规律,本研究利用高空探照灯对迁入和迁出黏虫种群进行了监测,基于气象数据对2017-2018年沈阳和岫岩地区黏虫蛾发生时间、峰期和虫源性质进行了分析,旨在为黏虫灾害预防和异地测报提供参考。结果表明,辽宁地区黏虫蛾发生主要有2个峰期,一代蛾均为外地迁入种群,二代蛾羽化后随气流迁出。沈阳和岫岩两地均位于我国黏虫蛾南北往返迁飞路径之上。沈阳地区监测到黏虫蛾首发日期为5月11日,迁入期为5月中旬至6月上旬,峰期出现在5月底至6月上旬末;二代蛾迁出时期从7月上旬持续至8月上旬结束;三代蛾发生期不规整,8月中旬至9月中旬均有黏虫蛾上灯活动。岫岩地区监测的一代蛾发生期为5月底至6月上旬,迁出时期从7月中旬至8月中旬。降雨等气象活动是导致辽宁地区三代黏虫高发的重要原因,黏虫高发风险是东北北部地区种群南迁过境辽宁时相继迫降和本地外迁受阻种群共同繁殖的结果。     

泉州市白蚁分飞与气象因子的关系

白蚁分飞与当地气象因子有着密切的关系。本观察了黑翅土白纹,家白蚁分飞期与泉州气象因子中的气温,湿度,降水,日照,气压的关系,及其分飞的始期。高峰期和末期的分飞规律,黑翅土白蚊的分飞期从3月中旬始至5月下旬结束,家白蚁的分飞期从5月个旬始至7月中旬结束。     

金绿宽盾蝽的生物学特性

金绿宽盾蝽Poecilocoris lewisi Distant在北京1年1代,以5龄若虫在侧柏(Platycladus orientalis Franco)附近的落叶和石块下越冬,翌年4月上中旬陆续从越冬处爬出,取食侧柏嫩叶。5月中旬5龄若虫开始羽化,6月初为羽化高峰期,6月中下旬羽化期结束,5月到8月为成虫期,7月底到8月中旬交配产卵,8、9月份若虫由1龄发育至5龄,9月中下旬为5龄若虫高峰期,11月5龄若虫开始转移越冬。     

糖槭蚧的初步研究

糖槭蚧Parthcnolecanium corni (Bouche)近年来在新疆为害葡萄、苹果、桃、杏、核桃、酸梅、巴旦、械、白蜡、杨、柳等多种植物,并猖獗漫延。 此蚧虫一年发生1-2代,通常以2—3龄若虫在嫩枝或树皮裂缝处越冬。翌年4月下旬或5月上旬为雄虫羽化期,5月中旬雌成虫产卵,卵于5月底或6月初孵化,孵化盛期为6月中旬,6月下旬孵化     

柑桔光楯枝绿天牛Chelidonium argentatum(Dalman)的初步研究

柑桔光楯枝绿天牛在福州地区一年发生一代,亦有极少数为二年完成一代者。成虫5月间出现,盛期在5月下旬至6月中旬,雌虫产卵于树梢之分叉处。6月间幼虫开始孵化为害,6月中旬至7月上旬为孵化为害盛期。1月间幼虫进入休眠越冬,为害时间达180—200天。4月间化蛹,化蛹盛期在4月下旬至5月下旬。 该虫成虫寿命为15—30天;卵期18—19天;幼虫期为290—320天;蛹期23—25天。文中对该虫之各期形态与生活习性,亦有简要叙述。     

云南稻纵卷叶螟的发生与种群消长特点

2009—2012年,对滇西、滇西南、滇南、滇东南、滇东和滇东北6个稻区的稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée种群发生特点进行了研究,结果表明:(1)云南主要稻区均没有采集到稻纵卷叶螟的各越冬虫态,表明云南稻区的稻纵卷叶螟早期虫源主要来自境外;(2)灯下虫源始见期在4月中旬到7月中旬,不同稻区的虫源迁入期变化较大,相差近3个月。滇西沧源和滇东南富宁虫源始见期最早,在4月中旬—5月下旬,滇西南勐海灯下始见期最晚,为6月上旬—7月中旬;(3)滇西、滇西南、滇东北和滇南为稻纵卷叶螟轻发生区,主要在中晚稻上发生危害,田间卷叶率在30%以下,田间发生量少于300头/667m2。滇东和滇东南为中等和重发生区,田间卷叶率在30%以上,高的达80%以上,田间虫量最高可达7 000头/667m2;(4)云南稻纵卷叶螟田间种群发生高峰期主要集中在5月下旬至9月下旬。滇东南高峰期为6月下—7月中旬,正值水稻孕穗期到抽穗开花期,应做好田间监测与防治工作。     

怎样捕捉青蛙

青蛙又名黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculato Hallowell),在我国分布很广,也很常见,喜栖于池塘、水沟、小河或水田里。青蛙的活动期因地而异。我在1958—1963年对北京地区的青蛙进行生态观察,发现产卵期一般为4月中旬至5月底,营养期一般为6月至10月中旬,冬眠期一般为10月中     

乌翅麦茎蜂发生与防治研究初报

<正> 乌翅麦茎蜂(Cephus sp.)是兰州市小麦生产上一种新发生的害虫。经过几年试验观察,基本搞清了它的发生规律,初步找到了比较有效的防治措施。 一、生活史与习性 乌翅麦茎蜂在兰州地区每年发生一代。7月以老熟幼虫在小麦根茬中造薄茧越冬。翌年4月下旬开始化蛹,5月上旬进入盛期,5月中旬为化蛹末期。成虫羽化自5月中旬开始,5月下旬达盛期,羽化期长约20天。成虫飞翔能     

马尾松毛虫对马尾松和湿地松的选择与适应研究

用马尾松老叶、新叶,湿地松老叶、新叶,当年生马尾松新叶、湿地松新叶和当年生以20％和40％β-蒎烯处理过的马尾松新叶作食料饲养马尾松毛虫。结果表明：马尾松毛虫幼虫在第1代发生期取食马尾松老叶、马尾松新叶、湿地松老叶和湿地松新叶等4种不同质量的食料后,因其食料中10种必需氨基酸含量和挥发性物质β-蒎烯含量的不同,导致幼虫的存活率差异显著。其中,取食马尾松老叶的幼虫成活率最高（44％）,依次为马尾松新叶（32.7％）、湿地松老叶（4％）,而取食湿地松新叶的幼虫全部死亡。通过马尾松针叶增加外援β-蒎烯喂养马尾松毛虫实验,表明增加了外源β-蒎烯的松针饲养的马尾松毛虫幼虫与用同样松针未增加外源β-蒎烯饲养的幼虫相比,死亡率明显提高;松树中β-蒎烯含量的增加与幼虫成活率呈显著负相关。由此,我们阐明了马尾松与湿地松对马尾松毛虫的抗虫机制。     

竹子新害虫——木竹泰广肩小蜂

木竹泰广肩小蜂Tetramesa cereipes Erds为我国1新记录种,在北京市紫竹院公园发现危害巴山木竹的嫩竹枝,受害竹枝形成多室虫瘿。该小蜂在北京1年发生1代,11月下旬以老熟幼虫在寄主虫瘿内过冬,翌年3月下旬起化蛹,4月初为化蛹高峰期。4月中旬开始羽化,5月初盛发,5月下旬终止。幼虫为害期从6月中旬到11月下旬止。此外,还描述各虫态的形态特征。     

Life cycle of the lilac pyralid Palpita nigropunctalis (Bremer) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on five oleaceous tree species

The seasonal abundance of Palpita nigropunctalis larvae was studied on five oleaceous tree species in Ibaraki, central Japan, for two years. The larval population peaked on some tree species in both spring and autumn while it peaked on other tree species only in autumn. In bimodal populations, the spring peaks consisted of larvae infesting leaves, while the autumn peaks consisted of larvae infesting various tree parts (flowers, fruits and leaves). Larval development was longer and pupal weights were lower on Ligustrum lucidum fruits than on Ligustrum japonicum fruits. Thus, L. japonicum fruits were suitable for larval development in autumn. First-instar larvae appeared to occur three times per year (in late April to early May, mid to late September and early to mid October). Adults were observed from late March to early April, mid May to early June, and early September to mid November at the census sites, showing that P. nigropunctalis had three generations a year. The percentage of females having premature ovaries were 64.3 and 12.5% at 15 °C under 14-h and 15-h photophases, respectively, and 28.6 and 25% at 20 °C under the respective photophases. These temperatures and photoperiods are typical of those in May and June in the census sites. The ovaries of females collected in the field between late May and mid July were premature, in agreement with the laboratory experiments. The pupal duration was prolonged under the short photoperiod, especially at reduced temperatures. We discuss a possible life cycle of P. nigropunctalis in Ibaraki.     

黄檀丑舟蛾生物学特性及防治的研究

黄檀丑舟蛾是南岭黄檀的重要食叶害虫,该虫在福建南平一年发生6代,以蛹在疏松土壤中越冬,翌年5月初成虫开始羽化。雌虫产卵于嫩叶上,成块。每雌产卵82-306粒。幼虫5龄,各代幼虫的危害盛期;第一代5月下旬至6旬上旬。第二代6月下旬,第三代7月下旬,第四代8月中旬,第五代9月下旬,第六代11月上旬至中旬。试验表明,20%杀灭菊酯4000倍液或80%敌敌畏2000倍液对幼虫均有良好的毒杀效果。     

宽索鳃金龟的研究

宽索鳃金龟是为言猕猴挑的重要食叶害虫．该虫在福建建宁县一年发生一代,以成虫在土中越冬,翌年4月上旬开始出土为害,4月下旬至5月下旬为害盛期,成虫可整夜取食猕猴桃叶片和花器,成虫出土及人土的时间较为整齐．5月上旬雌虫开始在土中产卵,5月下旬开始孵化．幼虫3龄,在土中1-20cm处活动,以8-10cm处占绝大多数,幼虫取食土壤中腐植质和根皮,截根．9月上旬开始化蛹,10月中旬成虫开始羽化。但当年不出土,逗留在土中。并越冬．采用50％辛硫磷1000—2000倍液防治幼虫：80％敌敌畏乳油1000倍．帅％乐果800-1000倍、25％溴氰菊酯5000倍等药液毒杀成虫均有良好效果,亦可人工捕杀和灯光诱杀成虫．     

Foraging habitat shift in the narcissus flycatcher, Ficedula narcissina, due to the response of herbivorous insects to the strengthening defenses of canopy trees

The indirect effect of tree defense on bird foraging habitat via lepidopterous larvae was studied by focusing on phenological changes in each component. The seasonal changes in foraging habitat of the narcissus flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina), the distribution pattern of arthropod populations, and the leaf characteristics related to the defense system against insect herbivores were studied in a cool-temperate deciduous forest in northern Japan. Narcissus flycatchers foraged in the canopy from late May to mid June, on the ground from late June, with lepidopterous larvae being the most preferred prey (about 80% of total prey items), and again in the canopy in July. The biomass of lepidopterous larvae was much more abundant within 3 weeks after budbreak in the canopy in late May, and thereafter decreased rapidly in mid June. By contrast, the larvae were abundant on the forest floor from early to late June. These were mainly caused by their downward migration in early to mid June. After budbreak, the leaf toughness and tannin content of two deciduous tree species (maple and oak) increased, while nitrogen and water content decreased. The strengthening of defense traits of canopy leaves caused changes in the abundance and distribution of the lepidopterous larvae. The foraging habitat of the flycatcher subsequently shifted in response to the changes in abundance and distribution of the lepidopterous larvae. In this study, the evidence of the indirect effects of trees on bird foraging habitat was presented by focusing on the phenological changes in relationships among each component in this three-trophic system.     

Phenology and wintering capacity of sporophytes and gametophytes of ferns native to northern Japan

Summary To investigate life history adaptations to cold climates, the leaf development, sporulation period, growing stage of gametophytes, and the frost and drought resistance of sporophytes and gametophytes of 67 fern species native to Kokkaido were studied. Most ferns common in Hokkaido are summer-green with leaves developing during late May to June and decaying during October. Most of the ferns in Hokkaido sporulate during August to early September. Spores dispersed from June to September germinate before winter begins, forming vegetative prothallia. Gametophytes mature only in the following summer. Thus in Hokkaido the gametophytes as well as perennial sporophytes are exposed to severe winter conditions. In order to correlate the life cycles of temperate ferns with winter cold stress, frost resistance of gametophytes, rhizomes, and leaves of sporophytes were determined. Maximal frost resistance of rhizomes reflects the stress conditions of their habitats: rhizomes of forest understory ferns are damaged at-5°to -17.5°C, epiphytic ferns and ferns of habitats exposed to severe frost sustained temperatures of -20° to-40°C. The leaves of winter-green and evergreen ferns resist frost ranging from -25° to -40°C. The leaves of summer-green ferns are killed by late frost below -5°C. With some exceptions, gametophytes of ferns growing on the forest floor resist frost to -40°C and are much hardier than sporophytes. These results suggest the possible restrictive effects of cold climate on the life span of leaves as well as on the sporulation period. If winter cold is one of the decisive factors for seasonality expression and habitat distribution of ferns, the sensitive generation must be the sporophyte rather than the gametophyte. The hardier gametophyte is therefore able to colonize habitats in which the sporophyte is excluded by frost if mechanisms of vegetative propagation are evolved.Contribution No. 2451 from The Institute of Low Temperature Science     

Spatial and temporal distribution of the alkaloid sanguinarine in Sanguinaria canadensis L. (Bloodroot)

Acclimated and non-acclimated potted plants of Sanguinaria canadensis L. were harvested at early and late dormancy, anthesis, and immature and mature fruiting stages. Sanguinarine content and concentration were determined for rhizomes (distal, proximal, and middle sections), roots, leaves, flower, and fruit. Rhizomes had highest sanguinarine content and concentrations, and exhibited decreasing concentration gradients from the distal to proximal third. Concentrations in roots were a tenth of rhizome concentration. Concentrations in leaves, flowers, and fruit were one-thousandth of rhizome Sanguinarine content in whole acclimated plants was constant. Content in whole nonacclimated plants increased as the plant became physiologically active, but was constant during fruit maturation: content in roots, leaves, and fruit did not change. The substantial increase in whole-plant dry weight coupled with the unchanging sanguinarine content during fruit maturation suggests either a shift in photosynthate allocation from defense to growth, or a constant turnover of sanguinarine.     

Studies on vegetative production of Potamogeton illinoensis Morong in southern Argentina

Potamogeton illinoensis Morong is a major submerged weed invading irrigation channels in the Lower Valley of the Río Negro, near Viedma, Argentina. Studies on morphology and growth characteristics of this species were conducted in an outdoor tank from August 1993 to May 1994 with the objective of increasing the knowledge of its ecology order to adjust control measures. The maximum aboveground biomass was reached in April, with a subsequent decrease to May when the water supply was cut off. Belowground biomass comprised two kinds of rhizomes. The first group (Rhizomes I) was produced from the beginning of the annual cycle causing both lateral shoots and new rhizomes I production. The second group (Rhizomes II) was distinguished as an enlargement of the extremes of rhizomes I from mid-November, producing only short overwintering sprouts. Plant parts production (DW in g/plant) in the first cycle was: 27.2 g leaves; 11.9 g stems; 17.4 g rhizomes I and 8.1 g rhizomes II. Vegetative propagation appeared to be an important survival strategy in this species. During the 3–4 month period without water only rhizomes with underground overwintering sprouts survive in the dry sediment.     

Inoculation with a Native Soil Community Advances Succession in a Grassland Restoration

Restoration on post‐agricultural land may be hindered by the degradation of the soil community, which has been shown to contribute to structuring plant communities and driving succession. Our experiment tested the effect of inoculation with remnant grassland whole soil with or without nurse plants on the survival and growth of uninoculated early and late successional plant species. In 2007 and 2008, we planted uninoculated early, mid, and late successional plant species 0.25–2 m away from a central point of inoculated nurse plants. We found a negative response to inoculation on early successional plants and a positive response to inoculation on mid to late successional plants. This work suggests that the restoration of the soil community is critical to establishing a late successional plant community and that the benefit of inoculated plants can spread to neighbors.     

A new species of Nelumbo from South China and its palaeoecological implications

A new species of Nelumbo Adanson is described from the Eocene of the Changchang Basin, Hainan Island, South China. This is the first comprehensive report on a fossil Nelumbo species from the Eocene of the Changchang Basin, Hainan Island. The co-occurrence of fruits, tubers, rhizomes with numerous adventitious roots, leaves, and receptacles indicates that the plants grew where they are preserved. These specimens, combined with palynological assemblage and other macrofossils, indicate a tropical or subtropical humid climate in the Changchang Basin from the late early Eocene to early late Eocene.