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人类遗传资源是我国重要的战略性资源,关系到国家安全、人民生命健康。随着人类遗传资源的不断开发,人类遗传资源的法律保护备受关注。本文检索了在社会科学领域关于人类遗传资源法律保护方面的研究文献,通过对发表时间和具体研究内容进行分析,揭示了我国在人类遗传资源法律保护方面的研究现状,分析了人类遗传资源法律保护研究方面的特点,并对未来研究的发展趋势进行了预判,以期在经济全球化的时代背景下更好地对我国人类遗传资源进行保护和科学利用,为建立符合我国国情的人类遗传资源保护法律制度奠定基础。 相似文献
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小豆是我国古老的栽培作物。本文综述了小豆起源与分类、收集与保存以及遗传多样性等方面的研究进展,并展望了小豆种质资源研究的发展方向,旨在为小豆种质资源的合理利用提供参考。 相似文献
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遗传资源获取和利益分享与知识产权保护 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
随着人类对遗传资源开发利用程度的加剧、物种资源不断减少以及国际交流合作的日益频繁,遗传资源获取和利益分享中的知识产权问题日益受到国际社会的关注。为了保护和持续利用遗传资源,本文根据《生物多样性公约》第15条的规定,以及国际社会在遗传资源获取和利益分享方面的做法,分析了我国遗传资源保护和利用以及知识产权保护的现状,提出建立和完善保护遗传资源知识产权的专利制度,遗传资源的管理制度以及遗传资源保护和利用的市场化机制等管理措施,最后,对中国和阿根廷NIDERA公司在大豆遗传资源交换,合作研究和利益分享的案例进行了分析。 相似文献
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菊花种质资源与遗传改良研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对菊花(Dendranthema morifolium)种质资源的调查、搜集、研究与评价、菊花杂交育种、诱变育种和生物技术育种等方面取得的成果进行了综述,并对目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了探讨。 相似文献
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菊花种质资源与遗传改良研究进展 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
本文对菊花(Dendranthemamorifolium)种质资源的调查、搜集、研究与评价、菊花杂交育种、诱变育种和生物技术育种等方面取得的成果进行了综述,并对目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了探讨. 相似文献
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普通菜豆于15世纪从美洲直接引入中国,作为重要的食用豆类作物之一,在我国的许多地区广泛种植。本文对普通菜豆的起源、驯化、传播以及遗传多样性研究等方面的进展进行综述,并根据普通菜豆育种和生产中存在的问题及今后的研究方向提出一些建议,旨在为普通菜豆的种质收集保存以及合理利用提供参考。 相似文献
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本文系统地梳理了植物就地保护和迁地保护存在的问题, 尤其是因气候变化等原因导致就地保护存在的不确定性、迁地保护居群遗传多样性丧失、遗传漂变导致的一系列遗传风险等, 进而提出了植物并地保护(parallel situ conservation)的概念及方法。并地保护是依据植物居群间的基因流动态规律进行保护物种的迁地保育设计, 其核心是受保护物种通过居群间花粉传播的基因流连接自然居群与迁地保护居群。并地保护就是在自然保护区等就地保护区域内或周边花粉可传播范围内, 建立植物迁地保育圃, 使迁地保护居群与自然居群之间维持基因交流, 即: 将迁地保护小居群融入自然大居群的基因池并有效维持物种的适应性进化潜能。深入的“一种一策”的花粉流检测和保育圃设计是该方法成功的关键。并地保护与其他植物保护途径相互补充, 对实现生物多样性保护具有重要意义。 相似文献
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中国生物多样性就地保护的研究与实践 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
中国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,但面临着较大的生态衰退风险。中国生物多样性受到的威胁来自包括人口众多、经济发展模式单一落后、工业化进程加快、气候变化和外来物种入侵等多种因素。生物多样性的就地保护对于维护国家生态安全具有重要意义,同时也是中国可持续发展的需要。本文就中国生物多样性就地保护的研究成果和保护成就进行了回顾,提出了未来应该着重加强的研究领域。中国生物多样性的就地保护研究与实践主要集中在生物多样性资源调查、濒危物种管理和自然保护区建设等方面。中国政府在生物多样性就地保护领域开展了大量卓有成效的工作,发布实施了一系列的保护行动规划,不断提高了生物多样性的保护水平。中国的生物多样性就地保护经过了由数量发展到质量发展的阶段后,未来的研究重点应该集中在生物多样性形成与维持机制、生物多样性受胁原因与响应机制、生物多样性长期监测与评估、自然保护区有效管理和自然保护区立法等方面。 相似文献
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长果秤锤树保护现状的初步研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文从自然环境、种群分布、数量、种群结构、人为破坏、保护及管理等方面分析了湖南石门长果秤锤树的就地保护现状,并从种子繁殖、扦插繁殖、栽培、试管保存及开发利用潜力等方面总结了武汉植物所近年来对长果秤锤树进行迁地保护研究的初步成果,并提出了相应的保护措施。 相似文献
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Ying‐Chun Miao Jian‐Rong Su Zhi‐Jun Zhang Xue‐Dong Lang Wan‐De Liu Shuai‐Feng Li 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2015,177(3):450-461
Taxus yunnanensis (Taxaceae) is an endangered plant known for its effective natural anti‐cancer metabolite, taxol. To assess the effectiveness of T. yunnanensis ex situ conservation in China, the genetic diversity and genetic structure of nine cultivated and 14 natural populations were compared using 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers. The purpose of this comparison was to determine whether the cultivated populations were genetic representatives of natural types. Among the 14 natural populations studied, three were from Tibet and 11 were from the Hengduan Mountains. There were fewer genetic variations among cultivated populations than among natural populations, but this difference was not significant. However, 23 unique alleles were detected in cultivated populations and 14 were detected in natural populations. Striking differences in genetic structure (GST = 0.365) was observed between them. STRUCTURE, AMOVA and cluster analyses also consistently showed a clear genetic separation between the 14 natural and seven cultivated populations. Only five natural populations from the south‐central Hengduan Mountains were genetically represented in two cultivated collections. The reason for the occurrence of distinct genetic differences between cultivated and natural populations and the loss of natural population‐specific alleles in the cultivated populations can be attributed to uneven selection during establishment. These results suggest that the genetic structure of T. yunnanensis may not have been conserved effectively. Based on our study, practical conservation strategies for ex situ preservation of T. yunnanensis have been developed. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 177 , 450–461. 相似文献
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Igor SallesOliveira Taís Machado Karina Rodrigues da Silva Banci Selma M. AlmeidaSantos Maria Jos de J. Silva 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(23):12870
Information on demographic, genetic, and environmental parameters of wild and captive animal populations has proven to be crucial to conservation programs and strategies. Genetic approaches in conservation programs of Brazilian snakes remain scarce despite their importance for critically endangered species, such as Bothrops insularis, the golden lancehead, which is endemic to Ilha da Queimada Grande, coast of São Paulo State, Brazil. This study aims to (a) characterize the genetic diversity of ex situ and in situ populations of B. insularis using heterologous microsatellites; (b) investigate genetic structure among and within these populations; and (c) provide data for the conservation program of the species. Twelve informative microsatellites obtained from three species of the B. neuwiedi group were used to access genetic diversity indexes of ex situ and in situ populations. Low‐to‐medium genetic diversity parameters were found. Both populations showed low—albeit significant—values of system of mating inbreeding coefficient, whereas only the in situ population showed a significant value of pedigree inbreeding coefficient. Significant values of genetic differentiation indexes suggest a small differentiation between the two populations. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) recovered five clusters. No geographic relationship was found in the island, suggesting the occurrence of gene flow. Also, our data allowed the establishment of six preferential breeding couples, aiming to minimize inbreeding and elucidate uncertain parental relationships in the captive population. In a conservation perspective, continuous monitoring of both populations is demanded: it involves the incorporation of new individuals from the island into the captive population to avoid inbreeding and to achieve the recommended allelic similarity between the two populations. At last, we recommend that the genetic data support researches as a base to maintain a viable and healthy captive population, highly genetically similar to the in situ one, which is crucial for considering a reintroduction process into the island. 相似文献
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Lysimachia minoricensis is a Mediterranean (Balearic Islands) endemic that is extinct in the wild but extant in botanical gardens. Previously, no variation at 22 isozyme loci was revealed in more than 150 analysed plants. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to examine genetic variation among five individuals from each of eight botanical garden accessions (40 plants). No polymorphisms were detected at 201 amplified bands. This is the first report of RAPD monomorphism in a nonapomictic vascular plant. The lack of detectable genetic variation suggests that an extremely reduced gene pool was recovered in the field before its extinction. Although the screening of other genomic markers is feasible, it is suggested that the knowledge of biological and autoecological features should be prioritized before new re-introductions are attempted. 相似文献
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Nigel Maxted Ehsan Dulloo Brian V Ford‐Lloyd Jose M. Iriondo Andy Jarvis 《Diversity & distributions》2008,14(6):1018-1030
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注意植物迁地保护中的遗传风险 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
稀有濒危植物迁地保护的长期目标之一就是要保护物种的遗传多样性和进化潜力。介绍了稀有濒危植物在植物园迁地保护过程中存在的一系列遗传风险。由于引种或取样的不足,容易导致被保存的物种缺乏足够的遗传代表性;盲目的引种、不合理的定植以及材料的来源不清则会导致稀有濒危植物的遗传混杂、近交衰退或杂交衰退;人为选择和生长环境的改变也容易造成濒危物种对迁地保护的遗传适应。在实际的迁地保护工作中,这些遗传风险往往被忽视。植物迁地保护中遗传风险将严重影响稀有濒危物种的回归和恢复。植物园应当重视濒危植物的遗传管理,以降低或避免迁地保护中的遗传风险。Abstract: Conserving genetic diversity of rare and endangered species and their evolutionary potential is one of the long-term goals of ex-situ conservation. Some potential genetic risks in ex-situ conservation in botanical gardens are presented. The preserved species may lack genetic representativity because of poor sampling. Inappropriate plantations, inadequate records and unclear kinships jeopardize endangered species to genetic confusion, inbreeding depression or outbreeding depression. Artificial selection and habitat conversion also potentially result endangered plants in adapting to ex-situ conservation, which had been usually overlooked. All the genetic risks can decrease the success of reintroduction and recovery. Therefore, appropriate genetic management should be carried out in botanical gardens to decrease or avoid genetic risks in ex-situ conservation. 相似文献
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本文根据联合国粮农组织2010年发布的<第二份世界粮食和农业植物遗传资源现状报告>[1]及相关资料,综述了全球粮食和农业植物遗传资源保护和发展现状,内容包括种质多样性概况、原生境保护、非原生境保护、评价与利用、国家计划与管理、国际和地区合作、获取与利益分享以及对粮食安全和可持续农业的贡献.文章最后分析了我国存在的差距,提出了加强粮食和农业植物遗传资源保护和发展的建议.本文数据较新,内容齐全,是资源管理者、保护者和利用者的重要参考材料. 相似文献
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建立自然保护区是生物多样性保护最为直接和有效的方法。开展重要保护物种的科学考察和研究, 评价其就地保护现状, 对区域内实施科学合理的保护与管理具有重要的意义。本文基于文献资料和野外调查, 分析了山西省重点保护野生植物的地理分布及就地保护现状, 结果显示: (1)山西省重点保护野生植物共57种, 其中有49种分布在自然保护区内, 就地保护率为86%; (2)在地理分布上, 晋城、运城、临汾和阳泉4个市的保护区内分布的保护植物种类最多; (3)采用“累计筛选法”共鉴别出6个保护贡献率最高的保护区, 其累计保护贡献率达到86%; (4)总体来说, 山西省重点保护野生植物受到较全面的就地保护, 但仍存在一些保护空缺, 这些保护空缺地的鉴别将为山西省自然保护区的进一步规划提供科学参考。 相似文献