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1.
James Elwick 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(1):35-69
To better understand the work of pre-Darwinian British life researchers in their own right, this paper discusses two different
styles of reasoning. On the one hand there was analysis:synthesis, where an organism was disintegrated into its constituent
parts and then reintegrated into a whole; on the other hand there was palaetiology, the historicist depiction of the progressive
specialization of an organism. This paper shows how each style allowed for development, but showed it as moving in opposite
directions. In analysis:synthesis, development proceeded centripetally, through the fusion of parts. Meanwhile in palaetiology,
development moved centrifugally, through the ramifying specialization of an initially simple substance. I first examine a
community of analytically oriented British life researchers, exemplified by Richard Owen, and certain technical questions
they considered important. These involved the neurosciences, embryology, and reproduction and regeneration. The paper then
looks at a new generation of British palaetiologists, exemplified by W.B. Carpenter and T.H. Huxley, who succeeded at portraying
analysts’ questions as irrelevant. The link between styles of reasoning and physical sites is also explored. Analysts favored
museums, which facilitated the examination and display of unchanging marine organisms while providing a power base for analysts.
I suggest that palaetiologists were helped by vivaria, which included marine aquaria and Wardian cases. As they became popular
in the early 1850s, vivaria provided palaetiologists with a different kind of living and changing evidence. Forms of evidence,
how they were preserved and examined, and career options all reinforced each other: social and epistemic factors thus merged. 相似文献
2.
Heneen WK Geleta M Brismar K Xiong Z Pires JC Hasterok R Stoute AI Scott RJ King GJ Kurup S 《Annals of botany》2012,109(7):1227-1242