In the eye, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is not known to contribute to visual perception but to mainly damage multiple structures. UVR carries higher energy than visible light and high dose exposure to UVR causes direct cellular damage, which has an important role in the development of cancer. This review provides an overview on the most recent knowledge on the role of UVR in oxidative stress (OS) in relation to noncancer ocular pathologies: various corneal pathologies, cataract, glaucoma and age‐related macular degeneration. Possible OS signaling streams and mechanisms in the aging eye are discussed. Excessive exposure to UVR through live may seriously contribute to increase in OS of various eye tissues and thus lead to the advancement of serious ocular pathologies. Children are especially vulnerable to UVR because of their larger pupils and more transparent ocular media: up to 80% of a person's lifetime exposure to UVR is reached before the age of 18. Therefore, efficient everyday protection of the sensitive tissues of the eye by wearing of sunglasses, clear UVR‐blocking spectacles or contact lenses should be considered from early age on. Many initiatives are taken worldwide to inform and raise the population's awareness about these possible UVR hazards to the eye. 相似文献
This study provides a simple method to detect human distal radius bone density based on near infrared (NIR) imaging. The information of bone mineral density can be measured by transluminational optical bone densitometric system. Compared to dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) results in clinical trial, NIR images show a strong correlation to DXA. Further details can be found in the article by Chun Chung, Yu‐Pin Chen, Tsai‐Hsueh Leu, and Chia‐Wei Sun ( e201700342 ).
Hyperspectral scanning laser optical tomography is developed to provide spectrally resolved volume data sets with high spectral resolution for large mesoscopic samples. It can be used to resolve largely overlapping fluorophores, as demonstrated by the 3D fluorescence hyperspectral reconstruction of a dual‐labelled mouse thymus gland sample and to distinguish between signals from autofluorescence of diseased and normal tissue without prior knowledge. Further details can be found in the article by Lingling Chen, Guiye Li, Li Tang, et al. ( e201800221 ).
A fast polarization‐resolved second harmonic generation microscope is implemented to map collagen orientation in thick and deforming tissues during mechanical assays. This system is based on line‐to‐line switching of the laser polarization using an electro‐optical modulator and works in epi‐detection geometry. After proper calibration, it successfully highlights the collagen dynamic alignment along the traction direction in ex vivo murine skin dermis. Further details can be found in the article by Guillaume Ducourthial, Jean‐Sébastien Affagard, Margaux Schmeltz, et al. ( e201800336 ).
A novel capsule optoacoustic endoscopy (COE) system is built which provides high‐quality 360‐degree images of the entire lumen, specifically designed for typical dimensions of human esophagus. The pill‐shaped encapsulated probe consists of a novel and highly sensitive ultrasound transducer fitted with an integrated miniature pre‐amplifier. For the first time, ex vivo volumetric vascular network images to a depth of 2 mm in swine esophageal lining using COE are demonstrated. Further details can be found in the article by Hailong He, Antonios Stylogiannis, Parastoo Afshari, et al. ( e201800439 )
Successful therapy of twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome requires accurate imaging to guide laser photocoagulation of the anastomosing placental vessels. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an alternative imaging method that provides contrast for hemoglobin, and in this study, it was used to visualize chorionic superficial and subsurface vasculature in human placentas. The strong potential of PA imaging to guide minimally invasive fetal therapies was demonstrated. Further details can be found in the article by Efthymios Maneas, Rosalind Aughwane, Nam Huynh, et al. ( e201900167 ).
How does the ischemic tissue re‐vascularize? Now we can visualize the reperfusion process at high spatial resolution by using a dual‐wavelength MEMS scanning based optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR‐PAM) system. The fast imaging capability enables continuous monitoring of skin reperfusion in a mouse model. It's also found that the ischemic tissue has a significantly higher oxygen consumption rate in the reperfusion stage comparing to the normal tissue. Further details can be found in the article by Renzhe Bi, U.S. Dinish, Chi Ching Goh, et al. ( e201800454 ).
Optimized light delivery allows for single shot whole organ optoacoustic imaging. The authors present an optimized illumination concept for volumetric tomography that utilizes 3D printing in combination with custom‐made optical fiber illumination. The new approach showed a clear advantage over conventional, single‐sided illumination strategies by eliminating the need to correct for illumination variances and resulting in enhancement of the effective field of view, greater penetration depth and significant improvements in the overall image quality. Further details can be found in the article by Benedict Mc Larney, Johannes Rebling, Zhenyue Chen, et al. ( e201800387 )
An optical fan was demonstrated to screen leukemia cells from the blood sample at the single‐cell level in a noninvasive and noncontact manner. Further details can be found in the article by Xiaoshuai Liu, Yuchao Li, Xiaohao Xu, Yao Zhang, Baojun Li ( e201900155 ).
Trans‐scleral iontophoresis device was shown to be effective for in‐situ delivery of lutein to the retina of human donor eyes. After treatment, Resonance Raman Spectroscopy measurements demonstrated that lutein greatly enriched the inner sclera, choroid and retina. Clinical studies are going to prove if the methodology would be a valuable approach to enrich the human macular pigment and prevent local oxidative damage in patients at risk of AMD progression. Further details can be found in the article by Marco Lombardo et al. ( e201700095 ).
Incorporation of genipin into design of immunoisolation devices is harnessed for in vivo imaging. Using cell‐compatible in situ crosslinking reactions, a fast, efficient and noncytotoxic procedure is shown to maximize fluorescence of microcapsules. By injecting increasing doses of microcapsules in mice, good linearity of signal to microcapsule dose is obtained over several weeks. This allows quantitative assessment of the actual injected dose and monitoring of its position over time, thereby significantly enhancing the efficacy and biosafety of the therapy. Further details can be found in the article by Edorta Santos‐Vizcaino, Henry Haley, Ainhoa Gonzalez‐Pujana, et al. ( e201800170 ).
Two‐photon microscopy is the tool of choice for fluorescence imaging of deep tissues with high resolution, but can be limited in three‐dimensional acquisition speed and penetration depth. In this work, these issues are addressed by using an acoustic optofluidic lens capable of ultrafast beam shaping on a pixel basis. Driving the lens with different phase profiles enables high‐speed volumetric imaging, or enhanced signal‐to‐background for deeper penetration. Further details can be found in the article by Simonluca Piazza et al. ( e201700050 )
Raman images were used to study the effect of the contaminant chlorpyriphos‐oxon on zebrafish eye samples. Multivariate Curve Resolution‐Alternating Least Squares (MCR‐ALS) was used to obtain the distribution maps and spectral signatures of biological components present in the images analyzed. The use of MCRALS spectral signatures as starting information for Partial Least Squares‐Discriminant Analysis allowed statistical assessment of the effect of the contaminant at a specific tissue level. Further details can be found in the article by Víctor Olmos et al. ( e201700089 ).
Full‐field functional optical hemocytometer (FFOH), based on the absorption intensity fluctuation modulation (AIFM) effect, is in vivo label‐free image method for capillaries of near‐transparent live biological specimens. FFOH can provide a flow video, flow velocity measurement and RBC count, simultaneously. The zebrafish experimental result shows the potential to study the physiological mechanisms of the blood circulation systems. Further details can be found in the article by Fuli Zhang et al. ( e201700039 )
Sensitive Escherichia coli detection based on a T4 bacteriophageimmobilized multimode microfiber is proposed and demonstrated in this article. Different modes are excited and guided in the microfiber as evanescent field that can interact with surrounding E. coli directly. The change of E. coli concentration and corresponding binding of E. coli on microfiber surface will lead to the shift of optical spectrum, which can be exploited for the application of biosensing. Further details can be found in the article by Yanpeng Li, Hui Ma, Lin Gan, et al. ( e201800012 ).
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