浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的食量与食性动态

采用夹捕取样法采集内蒙古浑善达克沙地各月份小毛足鼠的样本,根据对样本的颊囊与胃内容物的组成分析研究了浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的食性及其季节动态。结果表明,该鼠主要取食植物种子,占其食物组成的85%以上,其余部分为昆虫与植物茎叶。通过对实验室内饲养的小毛足鼠日食量的测定表明,小毛足鼠的日食量(D)与体质量(M)关系可用数学表达式表示为D=1.422×lnM-1.780。结合其种群结构特征,可以计算出小毛足鼠日均消耗2g左右的植物种子。     

高原鼠兔似昼夜活动节律的研究

本文对高原鼠兔活动节律的季节变化,不同光强对高原鼠兔似昼夜活动节律的影响,以及温度效应,饥俄效应等问题进行了研究。同时对昼夜节律研究中长期存在的理论问题,内源性和外源性观点提出探讨。     

小毛足鼠繁殖活动的季节变化

有关小毛足鼠 (Phodopusroborovskii)冬季活动和季节性繁殖模式的资料很少。九年来 ,我们在自然温度和光照条件下维持了一个实验室种群。这些自然条件说明其繁殖活动与野生条件下的很一致。甚至在零下 4 0度的冬季 ,罗氏仓鼠都不休眠。第一个繁殖高峰 (每 10对鼠繁殖 2 4窝 ,每窝平均 3 5只幼鼠 )在 4月份 ,第二个繁殖高峰 (每 10对鼠繁殖 2 9- 2 6窝 ,每窝平均 3 9- 3 6只幼鼠 )在 6 - 7月份。在秋季和初冬 ,繁殖强度降低到每 10对鼠产 0 1- 0 4窝 ,但繁殖并不完全终止。全年内 ,所有成年雄鼠可见下降的睾丸 ,雌鼠可见开放的阴道口。雄鼠的血液睾酮浓度在夏季最高 ,秋季和初冬降低。但是 ,独居鼠在最短的光周期和寒冷季节保持高的睾酮浓度。春季 ,睾酮平均水平显著升高 ,但未达到夏季的水平     

关养密度和成年雄鼠填充物的气味对黄毛鼠(Rattus rattoides)的发育和性成熟的影响(英文)

黄毛鼠（Ｒａｔｔｕｓ ｒａｔｔｉｄｅｓ）在群居（４只／笼）时体重及性器官,如睾丸和附睾的增长都受到了极大的抑制;血清中睾酮含量的迅速上升以及成熟精子在附睾的曲细精管中出现的时间也比单独关养的晚。成年雄鼠的笼填充物的气味能够诱导幼年雄鼠体重,睾丸的总量和长度以及血清中睾酮的含量的增加。     

北小麝鼩的代谢产热和体温调节特征

为探讨食虫目小型哺乳动物的代谢产热和体温调节特征,本文采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪测定了北小麝鼩在环境温度5 ～ 30℃下的静止代谢率(RMR),结果显示:在环境温度(Ta)为17 5 ～25℃ 的范围内,北小麝鼩的体温基本维持恒定,平均体温为36.55 ± 0.38℃ ;热中性区(TNZ) 为20 ～ 25℃ ;基础代谢率BMR 为5.46 ±0.23 (mLO₂ /g· h),其中环境温度在25℃ 时静止代谢率最低,为4.84 ± 0.39 (mLO₂ /g· h)。在5 ～ 25℃环境温度范围内,热传导值保持稳定;在此温度范围内,北小麝鼩的热传导率(C) 最低,平均为0.42 ± 0.01mLO₂ / (g·h·℃ )。总之,北小麝鼩的产热和体温调节特征为较高的BMR,中等的热传导率,较低的体温和较宽的热中性区。这些特征可能与该物种体型小、夜行性、主要以无脊椎动物为食等生活习性密切相关。     

不同外植体来源和培养条件对拟似棉植株再生的影响

对拟似棉的不同器官(叶、叶柄、茎)在离体培养中的反应以及影响植株分化的各种因素(继代培养时间、激素、光、温度)进行了研究。结果表明:茎段作为外植体效果最佳,并且愈伤组织的诱导能力与茎段切口的面积成正比。外植体的方向性,也就是指茎表皮靠着培养基,切口面暴露于空气中为愈伤组织诱导的重要条件。愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基是MS+2mg/l IAA+1mg/l KT,最佳培养条件是强光(10,000勒克斯)、高温(29±1℃)。在MS+0.1mg/l NAA+3mg/l 2ip+0.5g/l LH分化培养基上,在4,000—5,000勒克斯的光强,28℃条件下,愈伤组织分化成小苗的频率可达20％。     

小哺乳动物在高寒环境中的生存对策 Ⅰ.高原鼠兔和根田鼠褐色脂肪组织(BAT)重量和显微结构的季节性变化

本文研究了高寒草甸生态系统中两种非冬眠草食性哺乳动物——高原鼠兔和根田鼠的褐色脂肪组织(BAT)的重量和显微结构的季节性变化,结果表明严寒季节BAT增多、BAT细胞中的脂肪滴小而多、线粒体增大及嵴数目增多,温暖季节较低,这些变化与产热需要有关。     

高原低氧对喜马拉雅旱獭、高原鼠兔、缺氧敏感大鼠颈动脉体超微结构的影响

应用扫描电镜结合透射电镜技术,对上海(海拔10米)的大鼠,5天内从上海急进到海拔3300米的大鼠,由北京引入西宁的子4代大鼠,同高原的喜马拉雅旱獭和高原鼠兔的颈动脉体微细结构进行对比观察。结果表明,高原低氧环境使由低海拔急进到高海拔的大鼠颈动脉体Ⅰ型细胞增生、肿胀、体积增大,胞浆中致密核心囊泡数量减少,线粒体变性肿胀,神经末稍中突触囊泡减少,Ⅰ型细胞表面微绒毛变性脱落;而喜马拉雅旱獭和高原鼠兔对高原低氧环境有较好的适应,未见缺氧损害征象。     

Aβ1-15疫苗预防Tg2576小鼠脑病理变化和认知退化的研究

探讨Aβ亚单位疫苗接种后对Tg2576小鼠脑病理变化和认知退化的预防作用．32只5月龄Tg2576小鼠随机分成4组：对照组（只接种佐剂）,Aβ42组（接种Aβ42疫苗）,Aβ1-15小组（接种Aβ1-15疫苗）和Aβ36-42组（接种Aβ36-42疫苗）,每组8只,3组接种疫苗小鼠的血清抗Aβ42抗体滴度比对照组显著增高;脑组织匀浆内也可检测到少量抗体．Morris水迷宫实验结果显示Aβ42组、Aβ1-15小组和Aβ36-42组与对照组小鼠的行为学有明显改善．取各组2只小鼠的脾细胞培养,经Con A或各自抗原刺激后,3组疫苗免疫后小鼠脾细胞增殖显著高于对照组;Aβ42组,IL-4和IL-10相对较高,而IL-2和INF-γ相对较低;Aβ1-15小组中IL-4和IL-10较高;Aβ36-42组IL-2和INF-γ较高．免疫组织化学法显示对照组小鼠脑皮质与海马部位有大量老年斑,而Aβ42组和Aβ1-15组脑内无老年斑出现,Aβ36-42组小鼠脑内有少量老年斑．实验证明Aβ1-15亚单位疫苗可防止Tg2576小鼠认知行为的退化,阻止Tg2576小鼠脑内Aβ沉积和老年斑的形成．     

Aβ_(1~15)疫苗预防Tg2576小鼠脑病理变化和认知退化的研究

探讨Aβ亚单位疫苗接种后对Tg2576小鼠脑病理变化和认知退化的预防作用.32只5月龄Tg2576小鼠随机分成4组:对照组(只接种佐剂),Aβ42组(接种Aβ42疫苗),Aβ1~15组(接种Aβ1~15疫苗)和Aβ36~42组(接种Aβ36~42疫苗),每组8只.3组接种疫苗小鼠的血清抗Aβ42抗体滴度比对照组显著增高;脑组织匀浆内也可检测到少量抗体.Morris水迷宫实验结果显示Aβ42组、Aβ1~15组和Aβ36~42组与对照组小鼠的行为学有明显改善.取各组2只小鼠的脾细胞培养,经ConA或各自抗原刺激后,3组疫苗免疫后小鼠脾细胞增殖显著高于对照组;Aβ42组,IL-4和IL-10相对较高,而IL-2和INF-γ相对较低;Aβ1~15组中IL-4和IL-10较高;Aβ36~42组IL-2和INF-γ较高.免疫组织化学法显示对照组小鼠脑皮质与海马部位有大量老年斑,而Aβ42组和Aβ1~15组脑内无老年斑出现,Aβ36~42组小鼠脑内有少量老年斑.实验证明Aβ1~15亚单位疫苗可防止Tg2576小鼠认知行为的退化,阻止Tg2576小鼠脑内Aβ沉积和老年斑的形成.     

Effects of summer- and winter-like acclimation on the thermoregulatory behavior of fed and fasted desert hamsters, Phodopus roborovskii

1.

Thermoregulatory behavior of fed and fasted desert hamsters (Phodopus roborovskii) acclimated to summer- [16 light (L):8 dark (D), ambient temperature (T_a)=26.5 °C] and winter-like (8L:16D, T_a=10 °C) conditions was studied. Body temperature (T_b), selected temperature and activity were measured in hamsters placed in a thermal gradient system for 48 h.     

内蒙古浑善达克沙地小毛足鼠的能量代谢和体温调节

为了解小毛足鼠对沙漠生境的适应特征,对其能量代谢和体温调节特征进行了测定。代谢率采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计测定,非颤抖性产热用皮下注射去甲肾上腺素诱导,能量摄入采用食物平衡法测定。结果显示:小毛足鼠的热中性区为25～33℃,平均体温为35 7±0 1℃,最小热传导率为0 21±0 01mlO2/g·h·℃,基础代谢率为2 61±0 04mlO2/g·h,最大非颤抖性产热为8 53±0 28mlO2/g·h,非颤抖性产热范围(最大非颤抖性产热与基础代谢率的比率)为3 3。基础代谢率和非颤抖性产热都高于以体重为基础的期望值,最小热传导接近期望值。小毛足鼠的摄入能为2 26±0 12kJ/g·d;消化能为2 18±0 13kJ/g·d;消化率为97±0 2%;可代谢能为2 13±0 12kJ/g·d;可代谢能效率为94±1 2%。这些结果表明小毛足鼠对沙地生境的适应特征是:基础代谢率较高,体温相对较低,最小热传导率与期望值相当,热中性区较宽,下临界温度较低;较高的最大非颤抖性产热和非颤抖性产热范围以及较高的食物消化效率。     

Metabolism and thermoregulation in Maximowiczi's voles (Microtus maximowiczii) and Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus campbelli)

1 Metabolic rates (Vo₂), body temperature (T_b), and thermal conductance (C) were first determined in newly captured Maximowiczi's voles (Microtus maximowiczii) and Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) from the Inner Mongolian grasslands at a temperature range from 5 to 35 °C.

2 The thermal neutral zone (TNZ) was between 25 and 32.5 °C for Maximowiczi's voles and between 25 and 30 °C for Djungarian hamsters. Mean T_b was 37.0±0.1 °C for voles and 36.2±0.1 °C for hamsters. Minimum thermal conductance was 0.172±0.004 ml O₂/g h °C for voles and 0.148±0.003 ml O₂/g h °C for hamsters.

3 The mean resting metabolic rate within TNZ was 2.21±0.05 ml O₂/g h in voles and 2.01±0.07 ml O₂/g h in hamsters. Nonshivering thermogenesis was 5.36±0.30 ml O₂/g h for voles and 6.30±0.18 ml O₂/g h for hamsters.

4 All these thermal physiological properties are adaptive for each species and are shaped by both macroenvironmental and microenvironmental conditions, food habits, phylogeny and other factors.

Operant behavior in dwarf hamsters (Phodopus campbelli): Effects of rate of reinforcement and reinforcer flavor variety

We investigated operant behavior in a novel species, the dwarf hamster (Phodopus campbelli). In two experiments, hamsters were trained to lever-press for food reinforcement. In Experiment 1, rate of reinforcement was manipulated across conditions using four variable-interval schedules of reinforcement (delivering one to eight reinforcers per min). As predicted, within-session decreases in responding were steepest on the richest schedule. In Experiment 2, lever-pressing was reinforced by either a constant or a variety of flavored food pellets. Within-session decreases in responding were steeper when the reinforcer flavor remained constant than when it was varied within the session. In both experiments, subjects hoarded most reinforcers in their cheek pouches rather than consuming them in the operant chambers. These results are incompatible with post-ingestive satiety variables as explanations for within-session decreases in operant responding and suggest that habituation to repeatedly presented reinforcers best accounts for subjects’ response patterns. Additionally, a mathematical model that describes behavior undergoing habituation also described the present results, thus strengthening the conclusion that habituation mediates the reinforcing efficacy of food.     

Seasonal regulations of resting metabolic rate and thermogenesis in striped hamster (Cricetulus barabensis)

(1)

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and mitochondria cytochrome c oxydase (COX) activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as weight of skin and fur were measured in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) that were live-trapped in the summer, autumn, winter and spring.     

Seasonal variation in metabolic rate of a medium-sized frugivore, the Knysna Turaco (Tauraco corythaix)

Many seasonal thermoregulation studies have been conducted on Holarctic birds that live in predictable, highly seasonal climates with severe winters. However, relatively few studies have been conducted on their southern hemisphere Afrotropical counterparts that encounter less predictable climates with milder winters. These latter birds are expected to conserve energy in winter by downregulating their metabolic rates. Therefore in this study, metabolic rate was measured during summer and winter in Knysna Turaco, Tauraco corythaix (Musophagiformes, Musophagidae) (c. 310 g), a non-passerine, in order to test whether there is energy conservation in winter. No overall significant differences in resting metabolic rates over a range of ambient temperatures were observed between winter and summer. However, whole-organism basal metabolic rates were 18.5% higher (p=0.005) in winter than in summer (210.83±15.97 vs. 186.70±10.52 O₂ h⁻¹). Knysna Turacos had broad thermoneutral zones ranging from 20 to 28 °C in winter and 10 to 30 °C in summer. These results suggest that Knysna Turacos show seasonal thermoregulatory responses that represent cold defense rather than energy conservation, which is contrary to what was expected.     

光照对蟋蟀Gryllus varius(Orthoptera:Gryllidae)的若虫活动、发育及新陈代谢的影响(英文)

【目的】测试光照对蟋蟀Gryllus varius(Orthoptera:Gryllidae)行为和发育的调节,包括对活动水平、发育时间、体长以及饮食的影响。【方法】通过摄像机监控蟋蟀若虫的行为活动进行观察并对其行为进行分析研究。【结果】与长光照(16L︰8D)相比,在短光照(12L︰12D)下,蟋蟀若虫发育时间长,个体大,但是活动和排泄物都比较少。结果表明,在长光照下,若虫的代谢速率快。两种不同光照的影响结果差异性显著。此外,研究结果表明体型较大的生物存活时间长,但是代谢速率慢并且活动水平低。【结论】光周期显著影响蟋蟀若虫的发育。活动水平、发育时间、个体大小和代谢速率之间存在着一定的联系,体型较大的个体存活时间长,但是代谢速率慢并且活动水平低;反之,体型小的个体存活时间短,代谢速率快并且活动水平高。     

黑线仓鼠繁殖输出与基础代谢率的关系

为了解黑线仓鼠繁殖输出与基础代谢率(BMR)的关系,阐明最大持续能量收支(SusMR)的限制水平, 揭示哺乳期能量收支对策,本文测定了哺乳期黑线仓鼠的体重、摄食量、BMR 和身体组成,以及哺乳期的胎仔数、胎仔重和泌乳能量支出(MEO)。结果显示,黑线仓鼠哺乳期体重降低了15.0 ± 0.8% , 摄食量显著增加, 哺乳高峰期平均摄食量为13.9 ± 0.3 g /d, 摄入能为222.1 ± 5.3 kJ/ d, 比哺乳初期增加121% , 比对照组高288% ;哺乳高峰期MEO 为62.4 ± 2.3 kJ/ d, 哺乳末期BMR 为49.7 ± 1.1 kJ/ d; 断乳时平均胎仔数4.7 ± 0.2、窝胎仔重50.5 ±1.6 g; 哺乳末期BMR 比对照组增加48% ,BMR 与消化系统各器官的相关性高于对照组; BMR 与胎仔数、胎仔重、乳腺重量和MEO 显著正相关。结果表明:初次繁殖的黑线仓鼠哺乳期SusMR 限制为4.47 ×BMR, 在自身维持和繁殖输出之间采取了“权衡分配”的原则,通过体重降低以减少BMR 的增加幅度, 从而有利于繁殖输出。