Balanced nitrogen economy as a flexible strategy on yield stabilizing and quality of aquatic food crops in wetland ecosystem

In wetland ecosystem, nitrogen along with other elements and its management is most imperative for the production of so many aquatic food, non-food and beneficial medicinal plants and for the improvement of soil and water characteristics. With great significant importance of INM (integrated nutrient management) as sources, emphasizing on management on nitrogen as a key element and its divergence, a case study was undertaken on such aquatic food crops (starch and protein-rich, most popular and remunerative) in the farmers' field of low-lying 'Tal' situation of New Alluvial Zone of Indian subtropics. The study was designed in factorial randomized block design, where, three important aquatic food crops (water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.), makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) and water lily (Nymphaea spp.) as major factor and eleven combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients as sub-factor was considered in the experiment. It revealed from the results that the production of fresh kernels or nuts of water chestnut (8.571 ha-1), matured nut yield of makhana (3.06 t ha-1) and flower stalks of water-lily as vegetables (6.38 t ha-1) including its nutritional quality (starch, protein, sugar and minerals) was remarkably influenced with the application of both organic (neem oilcake @ 0.2 t ha-1) and inorganic sources (NPK @ 30:20:20 kg ha-1 along with spraying of NPK @ 0.5% each over crop canopy at 20 days interval after transplanting) than the other INM combinations applied to the crops. Among the crops, highest WCYE (water chestnut yield equivalence) exhibited in makhana due to its high price of popped-form in the country, which is being exported to other countries at now. Sole application of both (organic and inorganic sources) with lower range did not produce any significant outcome from the study and exhibited lower value for all the crops. Besides production of food crops, INM also greatly influenced the soil and water characterization and it was favourably reflected in this study. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil (textural class, pH, organic carbon, organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) are most important and contributed a significant improvement due to cultivation of these aquatic crops. Analysis of such wet bodies represented the water characteristics (pH, BOD, COD, CO3 =, HCO3-, NO3- N, SO4-S and Cl-) were most responsive, adaptable and quite favourable for the cultivation of these crops in this vast waste unused wetlands for the mankind without any environmental degradation.     

Balanced nitrogen economy as a flexible strategy on yield stabilizing and quality of aquatic food crops in wetland ecosystem

In wetland ecosystem, nitrogen along with other elements and its management is most imperative for the production of so many aquatic food, non-food and beneficial medicinal plants and for the improvement of soil and water characteristics. With great significant importance of INM (integrated nutrient management) as sources, emphasizing on management on nitrogen as a key element and its divergence, a case study was undertaken on such aquatic food crops (starch and protein-rich, most popular and remunerative) in the farmers' field of low-lying randomized block design, where, three important aquatic food crops (water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.), makhana (Eurya/e ferox Salisb.) and water lily (Nymphaea spp.) as major factor and eleven combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients as sub-factor was considered in the experiment. It revealed from the results that the production of fresh kernels or nuts of water chestnut (8.57 t ha-1), matured nut yield of makhana (3.06 t ha-1) and flower stalks of water-lily as vegetables (6.38 t ha-1) including its nutritional quality (starch, protein, sugar and minerals) was remarkably influenced with the application of both organic (neem oilcake @ 0.2 t ha-1) and inorganic sources (NPK @ 30:20:20 kg ha-1 along with spraying of NPK @ 0.5% each over crop canopy at 20 days interval after transplanting) than the other INM combinations applied to the crops. Among the crops, highest WCYE (water chestnut yield equivalence) exhibited in makhana due to its high price of popped-form in the country, which is being exported to other countries at now. Sole application of both (organic and inorganic sources) with lower range did not produce any significant outcome from the study and exhibited lower value for all the crops.Besides production of food crops, INM also greatly influenced the soil and water characterization and it was favourably reflected in this study. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil (textural class, pH, organic carbon, organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) are most important and contributed a significant improvement due to cultivation of these aquatic crops. Analysis of such wet bodies represented the water characteristics (pH, BOD, COD, CO3-, HCO3-, NO3-N, SO4-S and Cl-) were most responsive,adaptable and quite favourable for the cultivation of these crops in this vast waste unused wetlands for the mankind without any environmental degradation.     

Balanced nitrogen economy as a flexible strategy on yield stabilizing and quality of aquatic food crops in wetland ecosystem

In wetland ecosystem, nitrogen along with other elements and its management is most imperative for the production of so many aquatic food, non-food and beneficial medicinal plants and for the improvement of soil and water characteristics. With great significant importance of INM (integrated nutrient management) as sources, emphasizing on management on nitrogen as a key element and its divergence, a case study was undertaken on such aquatic food crops (starch and protein-rich, most popular and remunerative) in the farmers’ field of low-lying ‘Tal’ situation of New Alluvial Zone of Indian subtropics. The study was designed in factorial randomized block design, where, three important aquatic food crops (water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.), makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) and water lily (Nymphaea spp.) as major factor and eleven combinations of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients as sub-factor was considered in the experiment. It revealed from the results that the production of fresh kernels or nuts of water chestnut (8.57 t ha⁻¹), matured nut yield of makhana (3.06t ha⁻¹) and flower stalks of water-lily as vegetables (6.38 t ha⁻¹) including its nutritional quality (starch, protein, sugar and minerals) was remarkably influenced with the application of both organic (neem oilcake @ 0.2 t ha⁻¹) and inorganic sources (NPK @ 30:20:20 kg ha⁻¹ along with spraying of NPK @ 0.5% each over crop canopy at 20 days interval after transplanting) than the other INM combinations applied to the crops. Among the crops, highest WCYE (water chestnut yield equivalence) exhibited in makhana due to its high price of popped-form in the country, which is being exported to other countries at now. Sole application of both (organic and inorganic sources) with lower range did not produce any significant outcome from the study and exhibited lower value for all the crops. Besides production of food crops, INM also greatly influenced the soil and water characterization and it was favourably reflected in this study. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil (textural class, pH, organic carbon, organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) are most important and contributed a significant improvement due to cultivation of these aquatic crops. Analysis of such wet bodies represented the water characteristics (pH, BOD, COD, CO ⁼₃ , HCO ⁻₃ , NO ⁻₃ N, SO ⁻₄ S and Cl⁻) were most responsive, adaptable and quite favourable for the cultivation of these crops in this vast waste unused wetlands for the mankind without any environmental degradation.

     

Profile distribution of organic carbon and nitrogen in major soil types in the middle of Qilian Mountains

This paper studied the distribution patterns of organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), NH4+ -N, and NO3- -N in the profiles of brown calcic soil, grey cinnamon soil, chestnut soil, and alpine meadow soil in the middle of Qilian Mountains. In all test soils, the contents of OC, TN, NH4+ -N, and NO3- -N decreased with increasing soil depth, and the accumulation and decomposition of OC and various N forms differed with soil types. The average content of OC in different soil profiles changed from 14.01 to 41.17 g x kg(-1), and was in the order of grey cinnamon soil > alpine meadow soil > chestnut soil > brown calcic soil; the average content of TN changed from 1.28 to 2.73 g x kg(-1), with a sequence of alpine meadow soil > grey cinnamon soil > chestnut soil > brown calcic soil. The C/N ratio was from 11.33 to 19.22, with the order of grey cinnamon soil > chestnut soil > alpine meadow soil > brown calcic soil. NH4+ -N content changed from 5.80 to 8.40 mg x kg(-1), and was in the order of brown calcic soil > alpine meadow soil > chestnut soil > grey cinnamon soil; NO3- -N content changed from 6.57 to 15.11 mg x kg(-1), being in the order of chestnut soil > alpine meadow soil > brown calcic soil > grey cinnamon soil. The ratio of NO3- -N to NH4+ -N was 1.00-2.69, with the sequence of grey cinnamon soil > chestnut soil > alpine meadow soil > brown calcic soil. The OC and N contents in the same soil types differed significantly with the conditions of climate, vegetation, and topography (e. g. , slope aspect and slope position). Correlation analysis showed that there were highly significant nositive correlations between OC, TN, and NH4+ -N, but these three items had no significant positive correlations with NO3- -N. Furthermore, there were highly significant positive correlations between available K, NH4+ -N, and NO3- -N and between available P and OC, significant positive correlations between available P, TN, and NH4+ -N, but no significant correlations between pH, total K, and total P and OC and N.     

氮磷添加及林分密度对大叶相思林土壤化学性质的影响

大气氮(N)沉降随着人类的活动而日趋严重, 加上中国热带亚热带红壤普遍缺磷(P), 许多森林生态系统由于广泛使用磷肥而产生P富集, 直接影响了森林土壤化学特性。林分密度改变林地的光照、温度、湿度和凋落物持水量, 从而影响土壤特性。为了解外源性N和P添加与林分密度对大叶相思(Acacia auriculiformis)林地土壤化学性质的影响, 为大叶相思人工林的种植密度和土壤养分管理提供科学依据, 该研究于2013到2015年, 以4种不同密度(1 667、2 500、4 444和10 000 trees·hm ^-2)的10年生大叶相思人工林为研究对象, 分别进行添加N、P和N+P处理, 在试验结束时采集0-10 cm土壤, 对其pH、有机质含量、N含量、P含量和钾(K)含量进行了测定分析。结果表明: 施N和N+P均显著降低了土壤的pH和速效K含量, 显著提高了林地土壤的碱解N含量。施N还显著提高了林分土壤的全N含量, 施P显著提高了土壤pH, 降低了林分土壤的全N含量。施P和N+P显著提高了土壤有机质、全P和有效P含量。随着林分密度的增加, 各处理的土壤有机质、全N、碱解N、全P、有效P和速效K含量显著提高。N、P添加处理和密度处理对大叶相思林的土壤pH、有机质和N、P、K含量有显著的交互作用。总体来看, N添加、P添加、林分密度及其交互作用对大叶相思的土壤化学性质有显著影响。     

新疆棉田土壤质量综合评价方法

以新疆主要棉区为研究对象,测定了哈密、博乐、昌吉、奎屯、石河子、阿克苏及喀什棉田土壤耕层的pH、盐分、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾及Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb 共计11个指标,综合分析土壤理化性质和重金属含量,采用土壤质量综合指数(SQI)对新疆主要棉区棉田土壤质量进行综合评价.结果表明: 新疆棉区棉田土壤呈碱性,pH均值为7.87,盐分含量均值为3.44 g·kg^-1,为轻度盐化土壤,有机质和全氮含量均偏低,速效磷、速效钾含量较为丰富,与第二次全国土壤普查数据相比,土壤pH、盐分含量、有机质和全氮均呈下降趋势,土壤速效磷明显增长,部分地区土壤速效钾呈现出不同程度的升高趋势;Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb 5种重金属含量分别为45.88、40.66、68.30、12.88、16.68 mg·kg^-1,均未超过国家二级标准,但与新疆土壤元素背景值相比,Cu、Zn、As均有累积现象.当重金属内梅罗综合污染指数(PN)小于0.5时,土壤理化性质越好,土壤综合质量越好.土壤有机质、全氮、Cu、Zn和As是影响新疆棉区棉田土壤质量的重要因素.新疆棉区棉田土壤质量总体属于中等水平,昌吉、奎屯质量最高,SQI为0.52,阿克苏质量最低,SQI为0.31,不同棉区土壤质量呈现为:北疆>东疆>南疆.     

Effects of soil erosion on crop productivity

Soil erosion and the effects of soil erosion on crop productivity have become emotional issues and have attracted the attention of agriculturists, environmentalists, and the public in general. In spite of heavy investments in research and development, the global rates of accelerated erosion are now presumbly higher than ever before. However, the data from available records obtained by diverse methods are uncomparable, unreliable, confusing, and often vary by several orders of magnitude. Reports of erosion‐caused alterations in crop productivity and soil properties are also contradictory and subjective. In addition to the lack of standardized methodology in evaluating soil erosion and its effects on crops, controversial interpretations are attributed to differences in soil profile characteristics, nutrient status, crops grown, and prevailing climatic conditions. Although erosion is generally associated wtih yield reductions, there are examples of where soil erosion has had no effect or has had a positive effect on crop production. Accelerated erosion affects productivity both directly and indirectly. Directly, the erosion‐induced reduction in crop yields is attributed to loss of rooting depth, degradation of soil structure, decrease in plant‐available water reserves, reduction in organic matter, and nutrient imbalance. Depending on soil properties and the degree of degradation, adverse effects of erosion on crop yields can be mostly compensated for by additional inputs of macronu‐trients (N, P, K) and macronutrients plus organic matter, by supplemental applications of some micronu‐trients, and by irrigation. For some soils, e.g., tropical soils, crop yields from severely eroded soils are significantly lower than those from uneroded lands and are often uneconomic in spite of additional inputs. Specific examples of yield alterations are given in relation to the loss of plant nutrients, soil water reserves, and alterations in soil properties. Criteria for soil‐loss tolerance are discussed, and productivity restoration of eroded soils is reviewed in relation to soil organic matter content and nutrient requirments. Research and development priorities are presented.     

Evaluation of tobacco soil fertility suitability of the Sanmenxia area, China, based on geographic information systems

The growth of flue-cured tobacco is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Excellent tobacco leaf production is strictly restricted by regional cultivated lands. For the purpose of reasonable utilization and scientific management of Sanmenxia tobacco fields, it is meaningful to evaluate the soil fertility suitability of tobacco crops quantitatively and objectively. In this study, the global positioning system (GPS) technology was used to obtain sample point information automatically. Based on the analysis of fertility properties of soil samples collected from the Sanmenxia tobacco planting regions in Henan Province, we present the index system of soil fertility suitability for tobacco crops. The integrated evaluation of soil fertility suitability was studied with six indices, including organic matter, pH value, available nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl-1) content of surface soil. The subjective grade value was calculated according to S-type and parabola-type functions of the effect of evaluation factors on tobacco crops. Further, the weight value of soil fertility suitability indices was calculated by the method of Hiberarchy analysis. The soil fertility suitability level was evaluated and classified. The suitability map of the Sanmenxia tobacco planting regions in Henan Province was then drawn with the geographic information system (GIS) software mapGIS. It was found that highly suitable fields were mainly distributed in the high mountains in the Southwestern part of the investigated regions where soil pH value and the contents of organic matter were medium, but the contents of available P and available K were higher, accounting for 79.36% of the whole area. Suitable fields were 17% of the whole area, mainly distributed in the middle part of the investigated regions where soil pH value was higher. Unsuitable fields existed in the northern-east and middle part of the Sanmenxia where the contents of soil C1- was very high, accounting for 3.51% of the whole regions.     

基于GIS的农田土壤肥力评价及其与土体构型的关系

以河南省延津县中低产田为例,选取土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）等指标作为评价因子,利用ArcGIS 9.2软件和模糊数学方法对土壤肥力进行了综合评价,根据评价结果,分析不同土体构型土壤肥力状况差异.结果表明：该区土壤呈偏碱性状态,全氮、全磷、速效氮、CEC、有机质、速效钾含量偏低,速效磷、全钾含量中等,土壤肥力综合指数为0.14～0.63,整体水平偏低.除速效磷和全钾外,其他土壤肥力指标在不同土体构型间均表现出显著差异,土壤肥力与土体构型关系密切,上壤下粘型土壤的肥力等级相对较高,上壤下砂型次之,通体砂型最低.根据各指标在剖面上的分布状况判断,该区土体结构不良,保水保肥能力差,可针对此特征进行土壤改良.     

Evaluation of tobacco soil fertility suitability of the Sanmenxia area, China, based on geographic information systems

The growth of flue-cured tobacco is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Excellent tobacco leaf production is strictly restricted by regional cultivated lands. For the purpose of reasonable utilization and scientific management of Sanmenxia tobacco fields, it is meaningful to evaluate the soil fertility suitability of tobacco crops quantitatively and objectively. In this study, the global positioning system (GPS) technology was used to obtain sample point information automatically. Based on the analysis of fertility properties of soil samples collected from the Sanmenxia tobacco planting regions in Henan Province, we present the index system of soil fertility suitability for tobacco crops. The integrated evaluation of soil fertility suitability was studied with six indices, including organic matter, pH value, available nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl⁻¹) content of surface soil. The subjective grade value was calculated according to S-type and parabola-type functions of the effect of evaluation factors on tobacco crops. Further, the weight value of soil fertility suitability indices was calculated by the method of Hiberarchy analysis. The soil fertility suitability level was evaluated and classified. The suitability map of the Sanmenxia tobacco planting regions in Henan Province was then drawn with the geographic information system (GIS) software mapGIS. It was found that highly suitable fields were mainly distributed in the high mountains in the Southwestern part of the investigated regions where soil pH value and the contents of organic matter were medium, but the contents of available P and available K were higher, accounting for 79.36% of the whole area. Suitable fields were 17% of the whole area, mainly distributed in the middle part of the investigated regions where soil pH value was higher. Unsuitable fields existed in the northern-east and middle part of the Sanmenxia where the contents of soil Cl⁻ was very high, accounting for 3.51% of the whole regions.     

Build up and depletion of soil phosphorus and potassium and their uptake by rice and wheat in a long-term field experiment

Summary In a field experiment initiated at the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal in 1974 involving rice wheat cropping sequence and NPK fertilizer use on sodic soil (pH 9.2, ESP 32.0), an attempt was made to evaluate the available P and K status of the soil and their uptake by the crops during 1982–83 and 83–84.Application of P to either or both the crops significantly enhanced the yields of rice and improved available P status of the soil. Wheat yields remained unaffected. Fertilizer N reduced P content in rice but increased P uptake in crops and considerably brought down available P to a level (4.5 ppm) where rice plants showed reduced tillering and phosphorus deficiency. Application of K did not affect the yield of either crop but enhanced its available status in soil and uptake by the crops. Contribution of the non-exchangeable K towards total potassium removal was about 93% in the absence of applied K which decreased to 87% with the use of K. Application of K to both crops resulted in lesser uptake from non-exchangeable form as compared to its application to either crop. Laboratory studies carried out on soils of the experimental plots showed that cumulative K release measured after five successive extractions was higher in K-treated soils as compared to untreated ones. The major difference was only in the first extraction representing the exchangeable K after which release became independent of the available K of the soil.     

Effects of long-term fertilization on AM fungal community structure and Glomalin-related soil protein in the Loess Plateau of China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are crucial for ecosystem functioning, and thus have potential use for sustainable agriculture. In this study, we investigated the impact of organic and mineral fertilizers on the AMF community composition and content of Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in a field experimental station which was established in 1979, in the Loess Plateau of China. Roots and soils were sampled three times during the growing period of winter wheat in 2008. The treatments including: N (inorganic N), NP (inorganic N and P), SNP (straw, inorganic N and P), M (farmyard manure), MNP (farmyard manure, inorganic N and P), and CK (no fertilization). AMF communities of root and soil samples were analyzed using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing techniques; and GRSP content was determined by Bradford assay. Our results indicated that spore density, GRSP, and AMF community varied significantly in soils of long-term fertilization plots at three different wheat growing stages. The effects of wheat growing period on AMF community in roots were much more evident than fertilization regimes. However, the diversity of AMF was low in our study field. Up to five AMF phylotypes appeared in each sample, with the overwhelming dominance of a Glomus-like phylotype affiliated to G. mosseae. GRSP content was correlated positively with organic carbon, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, soil pH, and spore densities, but correlated negatively with soil C/N (P?<?0.05). The results of our study highlight that the richness of AMF in Loess Plateau agricultural region is low, and long-term fertilization, especially amendments with manure and straw, has beneficial effects on accumulation of soil organic carbon, spore density, GRSP content, and AMF diversity. Host phenology, edaphic factors (influenced by long-term fertilization), and habitats interacted to affect the AMF community and agoecosystem functioning. Additionally, soil moisture and pH make a greater contribution than other determined soil parameters to the AMF community dynamics in such a special semi-arid agroecosystem where crops rely greatly on rainfall.     

Short-term effects on soil properties and wheat production from secondary paper sludge application on two Mediterranean agricultural soils

This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the potential use of SPS as a fertilizer, amendment and/or liming agent for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two representative Mediterranean agricultural soils, a Cambic Arenosol (cmAR) and a Cromic Cambisol (crCM) were used. Treatments included four sludge rates ranging from 0 to 40 g kg(-1) (equivalent of 0, 38, 88 and 120 Mg ha(-1)). A significant increment in soil pH, organic carbon, N total, available P and exchangeable K were observed in both soils. Sludge application significantly increased N and decreased Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations in wheat. Wheat grain yields were reduced by 33% and 37% when 120 Mg SPS ha(-1) was applied to cmAR and crCM soils, respectively, due apparently to unavailability of Mg. However, straw yields, with much lower Mg requirements, increased significantly with SPS rates. Secondary pulp mill sludge seems to be a potential source of organic matter, N, P, K and a potential soil amendment liming agent for acid soils, when appropriate supplemental fertilizer was provided. For grain crops grown in these soils, addition of Mg is required for proper nutrient balance.     

长期施用有机无机肥对潮土微生物群落的影响

微生物群落结构是土壤生态系统变化的预警及敏感指标,可用于表征土壤质量及其生态功能变化。本文用磷脂脂肪酸法研究了有机肥和NPK肥料长期施用对华北平原潮土微生物群落结构的影响及其变化特征。结果表明：长期施用有机和无机肥不仅提高了土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷和速效钾等含量,改善了土壤酸碱度,而且显著增加了土壤微生物生物量,其中以有机肥的效果最为明显,增幅达到15.4%。长期施用肥料有机肥也改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,提高了细菌数量,降低了放线菌含量,而对真菌数量没有明显影响,导致真菌与细菌的比值下降。主成分分析表明,长期施用有机肥的土壤,细菌以含a19:0、br14:0、16:1w5c和17:1w9而真菌以含18:1w10c的微生物为优势种群,NPK处理土壤中细菌以含18:1w7、i19:0、br18:0、16:1w7t和a15:0的微生物为优势种群,CK处理中没有明显的优势种群。     

Distribution of Soil Microorganism in the Soil of L. chinensis Grass-lands in Northeastern China Plain and Their Relations with Soil Factors

The distribution laws of soil microorganism in the soil of L. chinensis grasslands were investigated in Northeastern China Plain, and the effects of soil features on them were analyzed. The results showed that the amount and the net biomass of microorganism was the biggest in the soils under L. chinensis community and weed community, the smallest in the soil covered by the Puccinejjia tenuifora community, and moderate in the soil of Cleistogenes squarrosa community. Among the measured 11 soil factors, the interactions between pairs of soil total N-total P, active organic matter-total P, pH- total P, pH-total K, total K-total P, active organic matter-total N, active organic matter-total K, organic matter-total N were distinct, with the correlation coefficients of 2.90--5.94. The direct effects of total P,N, K, pH and active organic matter on the microbial biomass were significant, with the path coefficient of 2.02--6.15.     

黔中喀斯特山区村域稻田土壤理化特性的空间变异特征及空间自相关性

以贵州省安顺市西秀区旧州镇文星村为研究区域,采用地统计学方法,研究了黔中喀斯特山区土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度、通气孔隙度等物理特性与土壤pH、有机质、速效养分(S、Si、N、P、K、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn)、全量养分(N、P、K)、交换性盐(Ca、Mg)及阳离子交换量等化学特性的空间变异特征及自相关性。在土壤各特征值中,pH、毛管孔隙度变异系数分别为4.59%、8.28%、9.83%,为弱变异;其他变异系数在10%-100%之间,为中等程度变异。半方差分析表明,土壤毛管持水量、通气孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、速效养分(S、Si、Cu、Mn)、全量养分(N、P、K)、交换性盐(Ca、Mg)及阳离子交换量的C₀/(C₀+C)<25%,表现为强烈的空间自相关性;容重、pH、速效养分(N、P、K、Fe、Zn)及有机质的C₀/(C₀+C)在25%-75%之间,表现为中等空间自相关性,而Moran''s I指数分析表明,除毛管孔隙度、有效S、速效P及有效Mn的空间自相关性较弱外,其他均呈正的显著空间自相关性。根据克里金插值图,在研究区域内土壤毛管孔隙度及毛管持水量与pH、速效养分(S、Si、Zn、Cu、)全P、全N、有机质、交换性Ca、Mg及阳离子交换量在东北方向和西北角分布较低,在西南角方向土壤容重及通气孔隙度分布较低,而pH、速效K、有效Cu、全P、全K、有机质、阳离子交换量分布较高,且速效养分(N、K、S、Cu)、全P、有机质的含量及阳离子交换量均存在从西南向东北方向递减的趋势。     

广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征研究

通过对广州市12条道路绿地土壤进行采样调查,结合主成分分析法,研究广州市道路绿地土壤肥力特征及筛选出主导因子。结果表明,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值为5.52～8.76,碱性和强碱性土壤比例为78.26%;EC值和有机质平均值分别为0.19 mS/cm和26.52 g/kg;有效磷含量很高,全氮和全钾含量较高,全磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量较低。筛选结果显示,广州市道路绿地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷可作为土壤肥力评价的主要因子,全钾和速效钾为次要因子。     

西宁南山4种灌木根际和非根际土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征

西宁南山区植被退化情况严重,人工造林植被恢复被看作是最有效的恢复手段,其中选择合适造林树种尤为关键。选择人工种植的唐古特白刺Nitraria tangutorum、柠条Caragana korshinskii、西北小蘗Berberis vernae和短叶锦鸡儿Caragana brevifolia共4种灌木树种造林试验区为研究对象,通过测定根际和非根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性及养分含量,综合比较种植4种灌木树种根际和非根际土壤肥力差异,科学评价其对土壤的改善效果。研究表明:(1)土壤微生物数量和酶活性总体呈现出根际高于非根际的规律,仅放线菌数量和脲酶活性出现了根际低于非根际现象。(2)土壤养分方面,4种灌木根际土壤和非根际土壤p H值、全N、全P、全K含量差异不显著,有机质、有效P、速效K含量均呈现出根际非根际,而碱解N则是根际非根际。(3)土壤酶活性与土壤微生物数量相关性不显著,土壤有机质含量与土壤细菌、真菌数量呈极显著正相关,有效P含量与土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈极显著正相关,速效K含量与过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,全N、碱解N含量均与脲酶活性呈显著正相关。(4)从土壤肥力综合水平来看,根际非根际,其中根际土壤中西北小蘗柠条短叶锦鸡儿唐古特白刺,研究结果表明西北小蘗和柠条能大幅提高土壤肥力,改良土壤效果较好。     

秸秆和生草覆盖对桃园土壤养分含量、微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

以秸秆(覆盖重量分别为小麦(Triticum aestivum)秸3.25 kg·m^-2、玉米(Zea mays)秸1.97 kg·m^-2、禾本科杂草3.67 kg·m^-2)和生草(白三叶草(Trifolium repens)、高羊茅(Festuca arundincea)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa), 播种量均为50 kg·hm^-2)为覆盖材料, 以不覆盖为对照, 研究了不同覆盖材料对桃园土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响, 及其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明, 与对照相比, 除覆盖生草根际和非根际土壤全磷和速效磷含量差异均不显著外, 其他处理根际和非根际土壤碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全钾和有机质含量差异均达到显著水平; 所有处理根际和非根际土壤氨化细菌、真菌和放线菌数量、土壤含水率和pH值、土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性差异均达到显著水平。白三叶草处理的根际和非根际土壤碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全钾、有机质含量, 土壤氨化细菌和真菌数量, 土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性的平均升幅均最高, 分别为99%、270%、267%、117%、272%、158%、141%、156%和64%。氨化细菌、真菌、放线菌、脲酶和磷酸酶分别与土壤碱解氮、速效钾(放线菌和磷酸酶除外)、全氮、全钾和有机质呈显著或极显著的正相关。通径分析表明, 在3种土壤微生物和2种酶对养分含量的影响中, 脲酶是影响土壤碱解氮、速效钾、全氮、全钾和有机质的主要因子。     

冰雪灾害对杉木林土壤特性的影响

2008年初,在波及我国南方大部分地区的雨雪冰冻灾害中,冻雨在杉木枝叶上形成冰柱,造成大量的杉木个体折冠。通过开展杉木林凋落物和树干残体的养分及土壤理化性质的研究,可以了解冰雪灾害后杉木林的土壤肥力动态。冰雪灾害造成的林冠折损引起了林地的光照增强,导致了土壤温度上升及土壤水分增加,从而促进了凋落物的分解,凋落物经过1a的分解后,N、P和K含量分别下降了7%、12%和21%。凋落物储量减少了22%,N、P和K的储量分别下降了27%、31%和38%。2009年树干残体的N和P含量分别上升5%和6%,而K含量降低15%。树干残体由于分解缓慢,其储量下降3%,N储量增加了2%,P储量不变,而K储量下降了18%。冰雪灾害后森林凋落物积累于地表,分解后形成较厚的有机质层,土壤结构因此变得疏松。2009年的土壤容重和毛管孔隙度减小,总空隙度和毛管持水量增加,非毛管孔隙显著增加。林冠残体在分解过程中促进了土壤有机质和养分的积累。2009年的土壤pH降低,有机质、全N、全P和全K含量分别增加了16%、11%、14%和8%,碱解N和速效P含量分别增加了113%和17%,而速效K含量下降了36%。