马特链霉菌7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶初步研究

酶法转化7-木糖紫杉烷(7-XDT)为10-脱乙酰基紫杉醇(10-DAT)是目前合成紫杉醇的最主要途径.本研究分离到一株具有产生7-木糖紫杉烷(7-XDT)糖基水解酶能力的马特链霉菌(Streptomyces matensi YUCM 410051),通过酶的最适反应温度、硫酸铵分级沉淀、最适反应pH和酶的有机试剂耐受等研究,发现最适反应温度为25～30℃,硫酸铵分级沉淀酶活在20％～70％的盐浓度时活性最高;粗酶液最适反应pH在6.0～7.5,酶的甲醇耐受浓度和DMSO耐受浓度均为10％.深入研究该酶对开发具有水解7-木糖紫杉烷(7-XDT)中木糖基的酶资源和提高红豆杉中的紫杉烷类化合物的利用率具有重要价值.     

β-木糖苷酶的生物活性物质转化功能研究进展

β-木糖苷酶是木聚糖酶酶系的一种酶,其功能主要是降解半纤维素中最常见及含量最高的组分——木聚糖。近些年,研究人员发现一些微生物来源的β-木糖苷酶具有生物活性物质转化功能,可通过转糖基作用形成带有木糖基的生物活性物质,也可通过水解作用将带有木糖基的物质,如三七皂苷R1和R2、黄芪甲苷IV (astragaloside IV,ASI)、7-木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇(7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol,XDT)和花青素转化为生物活性物质,因此,这些β-木糖苷酶在食品和医药等领域具有巨大的潜在应用价值。此外,研究人员揭示了β-木糖苷酶在生物活性物质转化功能方面的一些机制。本文主要介绍了β-木糖苷酶的生物活性物质转化功能、酶来源、家族分类、转化机制及应用,以期为β-木糖苷酶的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

大孔吸附树脂提取7-木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇酶解产物10-去乙酰紫杉醇

本研究利用大孔树脂富集7-木糖10-去乙酰紫杉醇的酶解产物10-去乙酰紫杉醇.首先以10-去乙酰紫杉醇(10-DAT)绝对含量为指标,通过HPLC测定比较HP20、XAD4、XAD16、XAD1600四种大孔树脂对10-去乙酰紫杉醇的吸附与解吸性能力,筛选出最佳树脂XAD1600进行实验.最佳的吸附解吸条件为:树脂柱高径比10:1,吸附流速20 mL/min,吸附量23.85 mg/mL,以6倍柱床体积的90%乙醇为洗脱液,洗脱流速20 mL/min.经XAD1600型树脂富集后10-去乙酰紫杉醇回收率达96.5%,含量20.5%.且树脂柱重复使用3次后,其吸附能力仅降低5%.     

巴卡亭ⅢC-10位乙酰基水解酶产生菌的筛选和鉴定

10-脱乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ是合成紫杉醇和多烯紫杉醇的前体.以巴卡亭Ⅲ为底物,结合TLC、HPLC、HPLC-MS分析方法,通过设计专门的筛选方法筛选产酶菌株,得到一株巴卡亭ⅢC-10位脱乙酰基酶产生菌株Z1-34.以形态特征、生理生化特征、16S rDNA序列分析作为菌株的鉴定手段,Z1-34被鉴定为稻草假单胞菌(Pseudomonas straminea),首次发现稻草假单胞菌产生巴卡亭ⅢC-10-脱乙酰酶.     

一株产木聚糖酶链霉菌的鉴定及发酵产酶*

以木聚糖为唯一碳源,筛选出一株高产木聚糖酶生产菌株。该菌株经形态特征、 培养特征、生理生化和细胞壁组分分析等实验,鉴定为卷须链霉菌（Streptomyces cirratus).摇瓶发酵产酶实验表明：培养基最佳初始pH值为6．0;玉米芯水不溶木聚糖和蛋白胨分别是最佳的碳源和氮源;添加0．5％吐温80使得木聚糖酶活力提高到原来的2．5倍,发酵液最高酶活达到623u／mL。     

南方红豆杉枝叶中6种紫杉烷类化合物含量季节变化

紫杉醇(taxol)是主要来源于红豆杉属植物的一种天然抗肿瘤药物,紫杉烷(taxane)是紫杉醇的代谢前体或支路代谢产物,同样具有开发成为抗肿瘤新药的潜质。本文采用高效液相色谱法研究了紫杉醇(Taxol)、10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ(10-DAB)、7-木-10-去乙酰紫杉醇(7-xyl-10-DAT)、10-去乙酰紫杉醇(10-DAT)、三尖杉宁碱(CE)和7-表-10-去乙酰紫杉醇(7-epi-10-DAT)6种紫杉烷类化合物在南方红豆杉枝叶中含量的季节变化,结果显示Taxol和10-DAT在8、9月份含量最低,10-DAB和7-xyl-10-DAT在8、9月份含量相对最高,Taxol含量季节变化和10-DAB呈负相关,与CE呈显著正相关。7-xyl-10-DAT含量季节变化和10-DAB、10-DAT分别呈正相关。本文为研究南方红豆杉中紫杉醇及相关紫杉烷的代谢、积累规律提供了依据,不但有助于阐明紫杉醇的生物合成的关键步骤及调控的生理机制,而且对红豆杉资源的深度开发具有指导意义。     

1株产α-糖苷酶抑制剂放线菌的筛选与鉴定

利用酶的催化特性从520株土壤分离放线菌中筛选对α-淀粉酶和α-蔗糖酶均具有抑制作用的产α-糖苷酶抑制剂菌株,并对其进行菌株归属鉴定。试验结果表明:从土壤分离放线菌中筛选到对α-淀粉酶酶活力抑制率在75%以上的菌株45株,从这45株放线菌中筛选到1株对α-蔗糖酶抑制率在40%以上的菌株。通过对其进行形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴别,并结合16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步判定该菌株为天蓝色链霉菌Streptomyces coelicolo。     

一株能水解巴卡亭ⅢC-10位乙酰基的成团泛菌的筛选和鉴定

10-脱乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ是合成紫杉醇和多烯紫杉醇的前体。以巴卡亭Ⅲ为底物,结合TLC、HPLC、HPLC-MS分析方法,通过设计专门的筛选方法筛选产酶菌株,得到一株巴卡亭ⅢC-10位脱乙酰基酶产生菌株Z1-56。以形态特征、生理生化特征、16S rDNA序列分析作为菌株的鉴定手段,Z1-56被鉴定为成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans),首次发现成团泛菌产生巴卡亭ⅢC-10-脱乙酰酶。     

美洲大蠊肠道产7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶菌株的筛选及鉴定

旨在筛选美洲大蠊肠道具有产7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶性能的内生菌,并对其进行生物学鉴定.以实验室保存的178株美洲大蠊肠道内生菌为研究对象,采用刚果红透明圈法和荧光显色法筛选产木聚糖酶菌株,进一步利用薄层色谱法筛选产7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶菌株.在此基础上,选取一株高产7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶菌株进行形态学、生理生化和分...     

一个枯草杆菌启动子(P_(28-1))对链霉菌分化的影响

亚克隆1.1kb的枯草杆菌启动子P_(28-1)到pUC19上,再亚克隆到以儿茶酚加氧酶为报告基因的链霉菌启动子探测质粒pIJ4083上,构建的重组质粒命名为pIJ4498.用pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌J1501的原生质体,得到了相对于灰色野生型的白色转化子,而用载体pIJ4083转化J1501后得到的转化子是正常的深灰色菌落.经限制性内切酶验证了重组质粒的结构,测定了质粒的稳定性.当pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌的WhiG突变株(C71)后,未观察到任何表型的变化.通过超声波破碎细胞得到的J1501/pIJ4498菌体的蛋白提取液,可使无色的儿茶酚氧化成黄色的2-羟粘糠酸半醛(HMS).而对照株J1501/pIJ4083及C71/pIJ4498菌株的蛋白提取液不能使儿茶酚氧化成黄色的HMS产物.结果表明枯草杆菌的启动子P_(28-1)被天蓝色链霉菌J1501的σ~(whiG) RNA聚合酶所识别,在启动儿茶酚加氧酶报告基因表达的同时,影响了天蓝色链霉菌J1501分化中的孢子形成.     

Microbial hydrolysis of 7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol to 10-deacetyltaxol

Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 2487, a bacterial strain isolated from the soil around a Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. plant, was able to remove the xylosyl group from 7-xylosyltaxanes. The xylosidase of this strain was an inducible enzyme. In the bioconversion of 7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol (7-XDT) to 10-deacetyltaxol (10-DT), for the purpose of enhancing the conversion efficiency, the effects of NH₄⁺, oat xylan, temperature, pH value, cell density and substrate concentration on the bioconversion have been systematically investigated. 3.0 mM NH₄⁺, 0.6% oat xylan in the media could enhance the yield of 10-DT; the optimum biocatalytic temperature was 26 °C and optimum pH value was 6.0. The highest conversion rate and yield of 10-DT from 7-XDT reached 92% and 764 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the biocatalytic capacity of the cell cultures remained 66.1% after continuous three batches. These results indicate that converting 7-XDT to 10-DT, a useful intermediate for the semisynthesis of paclitaxel or other taxane-based anticancer drugs by a novel bacterial strain, Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 2487, would be an alternative for the practical application in the future.     

Characterization of several bovine rumen bacteria isolated with a xylan medium

Dehority, B. A. (Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster). Characterization of several bovine rumen bacteria isolated with a xylan medium. J. Bacteriol. 91:1724-1729. 1966.-Studies were conducted to characterize eight strains of bacteria isolated from bovine rumen contents, by use of a medium containing xylan as the only added carbohydrate source. Based on morphology, biochemical reactions, nutritional requirements, and fermentation products, five of the eight strains were identified as Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Many properties of the remaining three strains resembled Bacteroides ruminicola; however, propionic acid was consistently found as a fermentation product. When the type strains for B. ruminicola subsp. ruminicola and B. ruminicola subsp. brevis were compared with the present isolates, it was found that propionic acid was a normal fermentation product for the type strain B. ruminicola subsp. ruminicola when grown in a 40% rumen fluid-0.5% glucose broth. Production of propionic acid was markedly reduced for all strains when grown in a 20% rumen fluid-1% glucose broth. The three remaining strains were thus placed in the species B. ruminicola, and further classified into the subspecies ruminicola (one strain) and brevis (two strains) on the basis of their requirement for hemin. Although the type strain of B. ruminicola subsp. brevis did not produce propionic acid, both of the present isolates classified as this subspecies produced substantial amounts. One strain of B. ruminicola subsp. brevis had an absolute requirement for volatile fatty acids. Either isobutyric or dl-2-methylbutyric acid would satisfy this requirement, whereas isovaleric acid was ineffective. It is of interest that xylan-fermenting bacteria isolated from 10(-7) and 10(-8) dilutions of rumen contents by use of a xylan medium are similar to the xylan fermenters isolated at the same dilutions with a nonselective medium.     

Screening and identification of microbial strains that secrete an extracellular C-7 xylosidase of taxanes

This paper reported a novel strain screen strategy for the production of C-7 xylosidase of taxane for the biotransformation of 7-xylosyl-10-deacetylpaclitaxel (7-XAP) to 10-deacetylpaclitaxel (10-DAP) using xylan as the sole carbon and energy source. The C-7 xylosidase produced by the four strains obtained was an extracellular inducible enzyme enabling the biotransformation to be carried out directly in microbial suspension cultures. The four strains were identified as Streptomyces matensi, Arthrobacter nicotianae, Achromobacter piechaudii, and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida by morphological, physiological, and genetical characteristics. Several chemicals were confirmed as activating the enzyme activity, in which magnesium acetate improved the maximal substrate concentration from 0.1 to 0.5 g l⁻¹ at complete transformation in S. matensi suspension cultures. The non-mucous, extracellular activity and high substrate concentration characters of S. matensi facilitate both the upstream production of the enzyme, and downstream extraction and purification of the enzyme and the product.     

Escherichia coli binary culture engineered for direct fermentation of hemicellulose to a biofuel

Metabolic engineering has created several Escherichia coli biocatalysts for production of biofuels and other useful molecules. However, the inability of these biocatalysts to directly use polymeric substrates necessitates costly pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis prior to fermentation. Consolidated bioprocessing has the potential to simplify the process by combining enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation into a single step but requires a fermenting organism to multitask by producing both necessary enzymes and target molecules. We demonstrate here a binary strategy for consolidated bioprocessing of xylan, a complex substrate requiring six hemicellulases for complete hydrolysis. An integrated modular approach was used to design the two strains to function cooperatively in the process of transforming xylan into ethanol. The first strain was engineered to coexpress two hemicellulases. Recombinant enzymes were secreted to the growth medium by a method of lpp deletion with over 90% efficiency. Secreted enzymes hydrolyzed xylan into xylooligosaccharides, which were taken in by the second strain, designed to use the xylooligosaccharides for ethanol production. Cocultivation of the two strains converted xylan hemicellulose to ethanol with a yield about 55% of the theoretical value. Inclusion of other three hemicellulases improved the ethanol yield to 70%. Analysis of the culture broth showed that xylooligosaccharides with four or more xylose units were not utilized, suggesting that improving the use of higher xyloogligomers should be the focus in future efforts. This is the first demonstration of an engineered binary culture for consolidated bioprocessing of xylan. The modular design should allow the strategy to be adopted for a broad range of biofuel and biorefinery products.     

Construction of a Xylan-Fermenting Yeast Strain through Codisplay of Xylanolytic Enzymes on the Surface of Xylose-Utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells

Hemicellulose is one of the major forms of biomass in lignocellulose, and its essential component is xylan. We used a cell surface engineering system based on α-agglutinin to construct a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain codisplaying two types of xylan-degrading enzymes, namely, xylanase II (XYNII) from Trichoderma reesei QM9414 and β-xylosidase (XylA) from Aspergillus oryzae NiaD300, on the cell surface. In a high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, xylose was detected as the main product of the yeast strain codisplaying XYNII and XylA, while xylobiose and xylotriose were detected as the main products of a yeast strain displaying XYNII on the cell surface. These results indicate that xylan is sequentially hydrolyzed to xylose by the codisplayed XYNII and XylA. In a further step toward achieving the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of xylan, a xylan-utilizing S. cerevisiae strain was constructed by codisplaying XYNII and XylA and introducing genes for xylose utilization, namely, those encoding xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase from Pichia stipitis and xylulokinase from S. cerevisiae. After 62 h of fermentation, 7.1 g of ethanol per liter was directly produced from birchwood xylan, and the yield in terms of grams of ethanol per gram of carbohydrate consumed was 0.30 g/g. These results demonstrate that the direct conversion of xylan to ethanol is accomplished by the xylan-utilizing S. cerevisiae strain.     

Induction of xylanase and β-xylosidase in Cellulomonas flavigena growing on different carbon sources

When Cellulomonas flavigena CDBB-531 was grown on glucose, xylose, glycerol, solka floc, sugarcane bagasse or xylan, xylanase activity was found only in the fermentation broth, while -xylosidase activity was always associated with the cells. Both enzymes were inducible, sugar-cane bagasse was the best inducer, solka floc and avicel were moderately good, while xylan was poor. A synergistic effect on xylanase and -xylosidase synthesis was observed when cellulose and hemicellulose were used together as carbon sources. When this strain was grown on glucose, cellobiose, arabinose or xylose, only low levels of both enzymes were detected. These results indicate that xylanase and -xylosidase were carbon-source-repressed by readily metabolizable substrates. The effect of glycerol on enzymes that were already induced was studied. The addition of glycerol caused a significant decrease in the levels of xylanases, while -xylosidase activity remained unchanged.     

Optimization of cellulase-free xylanase production by a novel yeast strain

Summary A novel yeast strain, NCIM 3574, isolated from a decaying wood produced up to 570 IU ml^–1 of xylanolytic enzymes when grown on medium containing 4% xylan. The yeast strain also produced xylanase activity (40–50 IU ml^–1) in the presence of soluble carbon sources like xylose or arabinose. No xylanase activity was detected when the organism was grown on glucose. The crude xylanase preparation showed no activity towards cellulolytic substrates but low levels of -xylosidase (0.1 IU ml^–1) and -l-arabinofuranosidase (0.05 IU ml^–1) were detected. The temperature and pH optima for the crude xylanase preparation were 55°C and 4.5 respectively. The crude xylanase produced mainly xylose from xylan within 5 min. Prolonged hydrolysis of xylan produced xylobiose and arabinose, in addition to xylose, as the end products. The presence of arabinose as one of the end products in xylan hydrolysate could be due to the low levels of arabinofuranosidase enzyme present in the crude fermentation broth.     

Production of xylooligosaccharides from enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan by the white-rot fungi Pleurotus

The white-rot fungi basidiomycetes Pleurotus sp. BCCB068 and Pleurotus tailandia were used to degrade oat-spelt xylan under submerged fermentation over a period of 40 days. Activities of endo-1,4-β-xylanase and β-xylosidase and xylan degradation products were determined. Xylan degradation by Pleurotus sp. BCCB068 and P. tailandia reached 75.1% and 73.4%, respectively. The formation of xylooligosaccharides and the simple sugars xylose, arabinose, cellobiose, mannose, and maltose were observed for both strains. The xylan degradation exhibited by these Pleurotus strains indicates they have potential for use in biotechnological processes related to degradation of hemicellulose sources.     

Profiling degradants of paclitaxel using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry substructural techniques

A rapid and systematic strategy based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) profiling and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) substructural techniques was utilized to elucidate the degradation products of paclitaxel, the active ingredient in Taxol. This strategy integrates, in a single instrumental approach, analytical HPLC, UV detection, full-scan electrospray MS, and MS–MS to rapidly and accurately elucidate structures of impurities and degradants. In these studies, degradants induced by acid, base, peroxide, and light were profiled using LC–MS and LC–MS–MS methodologies resulting in an LC–MS degradant database which includes information on molecular structures, chromatographic behavior, molecular mass, and MS–MS substructural information. The stressing conditions which may cause drug degradation are utilized to validate the analytical monitoring methods and serve as predictive tools for future formulation and packaging studies. Degradation products formed upon exposure to basic conditions included baccatin III, paclitaxel sidechain methyl ester, 10-deacetylpaclitaxel, and 7-epipaclitaxel. Degradation products formed upon exposure to acidic conditions included 10-deacetylpaclitaxel and the oxetane ring opened product. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide produced only 10-deacetylpaclitaxel. Exposure to high intensity light produced a number of degradants. The most abundant photodegradant of paclitaxel corresponded to an isomer which contains a C3–C11 bridge. These methodologies are applicable at any stage of the drug product cycle from discovery through development. This library of paclitaxel degradants provides a foundation for future development work regarding product monitoring, as well as use as a diagnostic tool for new degradation products.     

Assessment of the biomass hydrolysis potential in bacterial isolates from a volcanic environment: biosynthesis of the corresponding activities

The biomass degrading enzymatic potential of 101 thermophilic bacterial strains isolated from a volcanic environment (Santorini, Aegean Sea, Greece) was assessed. 80?% of the strains showed xylanolytic activity in Congo Red plates, while only eight could simultaneously hydrolyze cellulose. Fifteen isolates were selected on the basis of their increased enzyme production, the majority of which was identified as Geobacilli through 16S rDNA analysis. In addition, the enzymatic profile was evaluated in liquid cultures using various carbon sources, a procedure that revealed lack of correlation on xylanase levels between the two cultivation modes and the inability of solid CMC cultures to fully unravel the cellulose degrading potential of the isolates. Strain SP24, showing more than 99?% 16S DNA similarity with Geobacillus sp. was further studied for its unique ability to simultaneously exhibit cellulase, xylanase, β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase activities. The first two enzymes were produced mainly extracellularly, while the β-glycosidic activities were primarily detected in the cytosol. Maximum enzyme production by this strain was attained using a combination of wheat bran and xylan in the growth medium. Bioreactor cultures showed that aeration was necessary for both enhanced growth and enzyme production. Aeration had a strong positive effect on cellulase production while it negatively affected expression of β-glucosidase. Xylanase and β-xylosidase production was practically unaffected by aeration levels.