Ramos免疫组织化学技术的敏感性研究

观察快速微波一步法（Ｒａｍｏｓ法）免疫组织化学技术的敏感性。选用１５种辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）标记的特异性抗体（ＥＰＯＳ）,对５９例相应的恶性肿瘤组织进行快速微波免疫组织化学一步法标记。结果显示５８例为阳性（９８．３％）,其中弱阳性４例,中度阳性和强阳性为５４例。结果表明,Ｒａｍｏｓ法具有敏感性高、特异性强、快速而简便等特点,有广阔的应用前景     

浅谈免疫组化标记结果的解读与淋巴瘤的诊断

目的 提高对正确解读免疫组化结果的重要性的认识.方法 对3例淋巴瘤误诊病例进行复习,并增加相关抗体标记予以鉴别诊断.结果 例1,滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL)误诊为淋巴结淋巴组织反应性增生,与形态学观察忽略肿瘤性滤泡及对免疫表型Bc12表达的认识不足有关.例2,经典型富于淋巴细胞型霍奇金淋巴瘤(LRCHL).①误诊为FL,与形态学观察遗漏R-S细胞,以及误判免疫组化标记Bcl2、CD20有关,即将Bcl2、CD20阳性的非肿瘤细胞,误判为肿瘤细胞.②误诊为结节性淋巴细胞为主型霍奇金淋巴瘤(NLPHL)与免疫组化标记的错误解读有关,把围绕瘤细胞的背景小淋巴细胞CD20阳性,误判为R-S细胞CD20阳性;将CD30阳性的R-S细胞,误判为活化性B淋巴细胞.例3,AML误诊为T-LBL.主要是对瘤细胞表达非特异性抗体TDT、CD7、CD43的意义认识不足有关.结论 淋巴瘤的诊断是建立在形态学、免疫组化标记、临床资料和遗传学之上的,而且,免疫组化标记结果的正确解读对淋巴瘤的诊断至关重要.     

提高骨组织免疫组织化学方法质量的若干问题探讨

免疫组织化学方法 (Immunohistochemistrystaining,IHCS)技术是用已知标记的特异性抗体或抗原对组织内相应抗原或抗体定性、定位或定量检测 ,经组织化学反应 ,使标记于特异性抗体的酶、金属及荧光素等呈现出某种颜色 ,并借助于光镜 ,荧光显微镜及电子显微镜等观察其颜色变化 ,从而了解抗原抗体结合部位和数量的一门新兴检测技术 [1～ 2 ]。它具有敏感性高、特异性强、方法步骤统一等特点 ,能将形态、代谢和机能密切结合在一起 ,已广泛应用于临床病理诊断、鉴别诊断和相关学科的研究之中。近年来 ,我们针对骨及其 IHCS技术的特点 ,对如何…     

不同显色方法在显示脑动脉壁神经纤维中的应用

显示组织中抗原可以用免疫标记技术进行检测,常用的免疫标记物有：荧光素、酶和放射性核素等。其中直接用荧光标记抗体,在荧光显微镜下观察结果;用酶标记抗体加显色底物显色,在光学显微镜下可进行观察;应用放射性核素标记抗体具有灵敏度高的优点。通过这些方法可达到对组织或细胞内多种物质成分进行定性、定位和定量分析,     

免疫酶双重染色中抗体洗脱的进一步研究

本实验进一步检查了三种常用的洗脱方法从切片上除去免疫酶组织化学染色后的抗体的效果。结果表明,PAP法染色后,氧化法的抗体洗脱完全,效果可靠;酸洗法和酸洗/二甲基甲酰胺法的效果视不同抗体而不同,二甲基甲酰胺单用或用于酸洗后似无效。所用方法均不能从ABC法染色的垂体组织切片上完全除去抗体复合物。因之,将ABC法用于第一抗体来源于同一动物种的双重染色中,来显示第一种抗原时,要特别注意排除假性双标记。     

微波Envision免疫组织化学标记的特异性和敏感性研究

本文应用新建立的快速微波－Ｅｎｖｉｓｉｏｎ两步法免疫组织化学技术,分别对福尔马林固定和石蜡包埋切片的良恶性肿瘤进行免疫组织化学标记,观察该法的敏感性和特异性。所有２３种抗原均获得强阳性、低背景。整个程序在１８分钟内完成。结果表明：该法是一种特异性强、敏感性高、背景染色轻、快速和简便的新方法,可用于常规病理诊断。     

免疫组织化学中抗原修复的研究进展

组织中抗原性的妥善保存和抗原修复技术与免疫组织化学染色的成败有着十分密切的关系 ,因此如何妥善保存抗原以达到最大限度保留组织的抗原性及如何对抗原加以修复成为做好免疫组化染色的重要步骤。免疫组织化学 (ｉｍｍｕｎｏ ｈｉｓｔｏｃｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ) ,简称免疫组化 ,是免疫学与分子生物学技术和形态学相结合的一门学科 ,是用已知抗体 (或抗原 )检测组织细胞中的未知抗原 (或抗体 )的技术 ,具有操作简单、敏感性高、特异性强等优点 ,已广泛用于病理诊断、鉴别诊断及胚胎发育、神经解剖等相关学科的研究。大量实践证明组织中抗原性的…     

骨巨细胞瘤的免疫组织化学特征及其与组织发生和病理分级的关系

应用免疫组织化学技术, 对３２ 例骨巨细胞瘤 （ＧＣＴ） 进行了８ 种抗体标记检测。结果显示： ３２例骨巨细胞瘤中,多核巨细胞和单核基质细胞ＣＤ６８ 均为阳性反应,α１ 抗胰糜蛋白酶和溶菌酶两种抗体的阳性反应均较弱; 所有病例第Ⅷ因子相关抗原、上皮膜抗原和细胞角蛋白标记在瘤细胞中无阳性表达; 全部病例单核基质细胞波形蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ） 均为阳性反应, 而多核巨细胞几乎都为阴性反应; ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数在骨巨细胞瘤虽随Ｊａｆｆｅ 病理分级增高而呈递增趋势, Ⅰ级骨巨细胞瘤的ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数与Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级之间的ＰＣＮＡ增殖指数有显著性差异（Ｐ＜ ００１）, 但Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级之间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞ ００５）, 各级相互之间有交叉重叠现象。本文结果提示,骨巨细胞瘤可能起源于骨髓干细胞,并向成纤维细胞和单核巨噬细胞分化;Ｊａｆｆｅ病理分级与免疫组化的表达不完全一致,但ＰＣＮＡ 增殖指数对判断骨巨细胞瘤细胞增殖活性和肿瘤的预后有重要的参考意义。     

抗体Fc片段特异寡核苷酸配基介导的实时定量免疫PCR

目的:利用小鼠IgG抗体Fc片段高特异、高亲和寡核苷酸配基,构建实时定量免疫PCR检测方法,提高抗体检测的灵敏度。方法:用SELEX技术从随机寡核苷酸文库中筛选抗体Fc片段特异寡核苷酸配基,设计合成信标序列,通过不对称PCR法,制备IgG Fc片段的核酸信标配基分子;32P标记核酸信标配基,采用琼脂糖凝胶阻滞双显色法鉴定核酸信标配基与IgG Fc片段结合的亲和力和特异性;制备IgG Fc特异性寡核苷酸信标配基-抗体复合检测分子,构建小鼠IgG Fc片段特异核酸信标配基介导的实时定量免疫PCR检测方法。结果:制备了IgG Fc片段的核酸信标配基分子;凝胶阻滞放射自显影和考马斯亮蓝二次染色结果显示该核酸信标配基分子与IgG Fc片段具有高度亲和力和活性,而且只与非变性IgG结合,与变性IgG不结合;IgG Fc片段的特异核酸信标配基与IgG结合形成复合检测分子,有效完成了信号传递和实时定量PCR信号放大过程。结论:初步建立了一种全新的核酸信标配基介导的免疫PCR检测方法,可有效提高现有IgG类抗体免疫检测的灵敏度和特异性。     

重组人血清白蛋白抗体检测方法的建立及确证

目的：建立一种高灵敏度、高特异性、操作简单快捷、通量高的重组人血清白蛋白（rHSA）抗体检测方法。方法：采用桥连ELISA法,即将rHSA包被于96孔板,加入待测血样及阳性对照,用辣根过氧化物酶标记的rHSA检测,显色读取D_450nm/D_570nm值：用此方法确定临界值、方法灵敏度、精密度、血药浓度对检测方法的影响,再以免疫清除法进行确证。结果：通过桥连ELISA法确定临界值为0．0492,方法灵敏度为352ng／mL,方法板间、板内精密度均小于20％,且血药中的rHSA浓度为20μg／mL时不影响抗体的检测;经免疫清除法可将假阳性样本排除,从而提高了方法的特异性．结论：建立的方法可以准确、快速地检测出rHSA的特异性抗体。     

A new rapid immunohistochemical staining technique using the EnVision antibody complex.

Rapid immunohistochemical investigation, in addition to staining with hematoxylin and eosin, would be useful during intraoperative frozen section diagnosis in some cases. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the recently described EnVision system, a highly sensitive two-step immunohistochemical technique, could be modified for rapid immunostaining of frozen sections. Forty-five primary antibodies were tested on frozen sections from various different tissues. After fixation in acetone for 1 min and air-drying, the sections were incubated for 3 min each with the primary antibody, the EnVision complex (a large number of secondary antibodies and horseradish peroxidase coupled to a dextran backbone), and the chromogen (3,3'diaminobenzidine or 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole). All reactions were carried out at 37C. Specific staining was seen with 38 antibodies (including HMB-45 and antibodies against keratin, vimentin, leukocyte common antigen, smooth muscle actin, synaptophysin, CD34, CD3, CD20, and prostate-specific antigen). A modification of the EnVision method allows the detection of a broad spectrum of antigens in frozen sections in less than 13 min. This method could be a useful new tool in frozen section diagnosis and research. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:623-630, 2001)     

A one-day double-labelling technique for tissue specimens: Immunogold-silver staining forin situ hybridization combined with alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immunohistochemistry for antigens

Summary An improved technique is described that addresses the problems of sensitivity, specificity, the use of hazardous radioactive equipment and time consumption in immunohistochemical labelling and double labelling ofin situ hybridization of tissue specimens. It consists of a two-step protocol in which digoxigenin-uridine triphosphate (UTP) labelled riboprobes in thein situ hybridization step are visualized by the immunogold-silver staining method, and double labelling of tissue antigens is achieved by the application of an alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase staining step. We tested this protocol using snap-frozen tissue sections of synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The target mRNA was detected by perforin or cathepsin D riboprobes, the double labelling was performed using anti-collagen type IV and alpha-smooth muscle actin antibodies. It is concluded that, in comparison with an established three-to four-day double-labelling protocol used in many laboratories, this one-day combination is currently the most rapid assay of reliable quality for double labelling ofin situ hybridization products and tissue antigens.     

Signal amplification by combining two advanced immunohistochemical techniques

The immunohistochemical techniques known as EnVision trade mark + System (EVS) and Mirror Image Complementary Antibody (MICA) were recently introduced into laboratory practice because of their high sensitivity. In this paper these techniques were compared and their sequences combined to obtain a new method possibly more sensitive than the original ones. The immunohistochemical staining employing the avidin-biotin complex (ABC), largely used as routine, was adopted as a term of comparison. Samples from the small and large intestine of pigs and sheep were fixed in Bouin and embedded in Paraplast. The primary antibodies utilized were directed against the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and chromogranin A (Cr A). Targets of these antibodies were nerve structures of the intestinal wall, as well as endocrine cells scattered in the mucosa of the bowel, defined neuroendocrine cells or paraneurons. The EVS method appeared as slightly superior to the MICA method regarding sensitivity of detection. The EVS/MICA (combined) method resulted four/eight times more effective than the original techniques regarding sensitivity of detection and staining intensity, both at low and high dilutions of the primary antibodies. Of these latter, immunopositive structures were still clearly identifiable, at a dilution of 1:256,000. Such efficiency could be explained by the high number of revealing molecules of peroxidase contained in the new sequence. The application of the combined method is recommended when a small quantity of tissue antigens needs to be detected immunohistochemically.     

细胞周期调控因子的表达与肺癌预后关系的研究

应用细胞周期调控因子P^27kipl,Rb单克隆抗体和CDK4多克隆抗体,对54例肺鳞状细胞癌的纤支镜活镜标本和10例正常肺组织进行免疫组织化学染色研究。结果发现：54例肺鳞癌中,P^27kipl阳性表达率为928/54）51.9%。表达水平与患预后呈正相关。P^27kipl表达是影响肺癌患预后的主要因素。CDK4阳性表达率（26/54）为48.1%,Rb阳性表达率（33/54）为61.1%。表达水平与患预后呈正相关。结果表明：P^27kipl低表达可作为判断肺鳞癌患预后差的一个独立的有效标记指标,CDK4表达对鉴别良恶性病变有一定意义,Rb表达可作为判断肺鳞癌预后的有意义指标。     

移植肾活检组织C4d免疫组化方法的比较

目的探讨移植肾活检组织C4d免疫组化检测方法 ,寻求其实验的标准化。方法 121例移植肾活检和10例供肾标本根据ALPCO抗体手工免疫组化结果将病例分为四个组:C4d弥漫阳性组、局灶阳性组、阴性组和供肾组,采用ALPCO和ABCAM两种C4d抗体,石蜡切片行手工免疫组化和全自动免疫组化机器套染技术(以下简称机器套染),比较两种抗体和染色方法的染色结果。结果 ALPCO和ABCAM两种抗体手工免疫组化和机器套染在肾小球毛细血管基底膜(GBM)和肾小管周围毛细血管(PTC)均有良好着色,在20例ALPCO抗体手工免疫组化为弥漫阳性组标本中,染色强度在+至+++之间,而机器套染均为+,有7例标本机器套染染色强度低于手工染色,但并不改变染色的弥漫程度,另有3例其机器套染为局灶阳性;而ABCAM抗体其手工免疫组化和机器套染染色强度除1例为阴性外,其余均为+,有3例手工免疫组化和4例机器套染为局灶阳性。对于ALPCO抗体手工免疫组化为局灶阳性组的标本,其机器套染和AB-CAM抗体染色重复性较差:其机器套染有1例为阴性,而ABCAM抗体手工免疫组化有2例、机器套染有3例为阴性。ALPCO抗体手工免疫组化阴性组和供肾组标本,其机器套染和ABCAM抗体染色均为阴性,重复性良好。同时机器套染与手工免疫组化相比,拥有更好的染色背景,而且大大缩短了染色时间,更有利于急诊肾活检和免疫组化实验的标准化。结论虽然ALPCO和ABCAM两种抗体染色效果有小的差异,但总体重复性良好。ABCAM抗体在染色过程中尤其是机器套染应注意防止假阴性。手工免疫组化和机器套染联合使用为C4d免疫组化染色提供更为快捷、可靠的技术保障。     

Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections.

We describe a new approach for retrieval of antigens from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and their subsequent staining by immunohistochemical techniques. This method of antigen retrieval is based on microwave heating of tissue sections attached to microscope slides to temperatures up to 100 degrees C in the presence of metal solutions. Among 52 monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies tested by this method, 39 antibodies demonstrated a significant increase in immunostaining, nine antibodies showed no change, and four antibodies showed reduced immunostaining. In particular, excellent immunostaining results were obtained with a monoclonal antibody to vimentin as well as several different keratin antibodies on routine formalin-fixed tissue sections after pre-treatment of the slides with this method. These results showed that after antigen retrieval: (a) enzyme predigestion of tissues could be omitted; (b) incubation times of primary antibodies could be significantly reduced, or dilutions of primary antibodies could be increased; (c) adequate staining could be achieved in long-term formalin-fixed tissues that failed to stain by conventional methods; and (d) certain antibodies which were typically unreactive with formalin-fixed tissues gave excellent staining.     

Isolation and visualization of Met-72-positive, metastatic variants present in B16 melanoma tumor masses

Metastatic variants of the B16 melanoma displaying high experimental metastatic potential have been shown to express high levels of a 72,000-dalton glycoprotein (Met-72) on their cell surface (Kimura AK, Xiang J: J Nat Can Inst 76:1247-1253, 1986). Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) directed against the Met-72 determinant have been used in this study as immunohistochemical reagents on preparations of fresh B16 melanoma tumors and their metastases. These immunohistochemical analyses have utilized frozen sections, impression smears, and cytospin preparations of fresh tumors harvested at various time points during tumor growth, to view the presence and location of Met-72-positive metastatic variants within tumor masses. Biotinylated anti-Met-72 MoAbs were reacted with freshly dissociated tumor cells from a B16 melanoma ovarian metastasis. These cells were then reacted with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-streptavidin and analyzed by flow cytometry. A discrete population of positively staining cells was detected and isolated by cell sorting techniques. Met-72-positive cells were then cloned and reanalyzed after several weeks of in vitro expansion and found to have high experimental metastatic potential to ovaries. Frozen sections of subcutaneous tumors and their metastases were analyzed by immunoperoxidase techniques. A consistent finding in these studies has been that the few tumor cells which showed high intensity of Met-72 staining were positioned perivascularly and at the invading front of B16 melanoma tumors.     

The animal research kit (ARK) can be used in a multistep double staining method for human tissue specimens.

The newly developed Animal Research Kit (ARK) offers a simple and economic way of biotinylating mouse primary antibodies for background-free immunostaining of mouse and rat tissue specimens. Biotinylation involves the use of a biotinylated goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin Fab fragment mixed with a mouse primary antibody and subsequent blocking with normal mouse immunoglobulin. Because a reliable immunoenzyme double staining procedure on human tissue specimens with two unlabeled mouse primary antibodies of identical subclass is almost impossible, we have tested the performance of ARK biotinylation of one primary antibody in a multistep indirect/direct staining protocol. The multistep double staining procedure involved the subsequent application of an unlabeled mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1 detected with an enzyme-labeled EnVision reagent, normal mouse serum for blocking, followed by a biotinylated mouse MAb 2 and enzyme-labeled streptavidin. Alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase enzymatic activities were developed last. Double staining results obtained with an ARK biotinylated reagent were compared with a truly biotinylated reagent using N-hydroxy succinimide-biotin for conjugation. It appeared that both biotinylation procedures revealed identical double staining results. Although a limited number of antibody combinations have been tested, it is clear that this double staining procedure will be successful for many antibody pairs.