Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Gutless Phallodrilinae (Oligochaeta,Tubificidae), with Descriptions of One New Genus and Twenty-Two New Species*

The gutless members of the subfamily Phallodrilinae are taxonomically revised and generically split off from their gut-bearing relatives. Inanidrilus Erséus, 1979, a much modified definition of which is presented, comprises the species leukodermatus (Giere, 1979) comb.n., speroi sp.n., fijiensis sp.n., bonomii sp.n., carterensis sp.n., gustavsoni sp.n., wasseri sp.n., scalprum sp.n., belizensis sp.n., aduncosetis sp.n., vacivus sp.n., triangulatus sp.n., ernesti sp.n., manae sp.n., falcifer Erséus & Baker, 1982, renaudae sp.n., extrmus (Erséus 1979) comb.n., mexicanus Erséus & Haker, 1982, and bulbosus Erséus, 1979. Olavius sp.n. is established to accommodate the species geniculatus (Erséus, 1981) comb.n., imperfectus sp.n., filithecatus (Erséus. 1981) comb.n. albidus (Jamieson, 1977) comb.n., propinquus sp.n., comorensis (Erséus. 1981) comb.n., cornuatus Davis, 1984, pellucidus sp.n., tenuissimus (Erséus, 1979) macer sp.n., caudatus (Erséus. 1979) comb.n., planus (Erséus, 1979) comb.n., clavatus (Erséus. 1981) comb.n., tantulus sp.n., longissimus (Giere, 1979) comb.n., alius sp.n., avisceralis (Erséus, 1981) comb.n., loisae sp.n., and hanssoni sp.n., Two subgenera are erected for tantulus—longissimus–alius (nominate subgenus Olavius) and avisceralis-loisae-hanssoni (Coralliodriloides subgen.n.), respectively. A tentative phylogeny of the gutless group, which appears monophyletic, is inferred on the basis of a partly computerized Wagner-tree analysis of all 38 species. According to this analysis. According to this analysis, Inanidrilus can be defined by one synapomorphy, more or less sickle-shaped penial setae, whereas Olavius can be discriminated by two such characters, (1) atrium comma-shaped/horizontal rather than erect and (2) copulatory sacs present.     

Three New Species of Minoninae (Turbellaria, Proseriata, Monocelididae) from the North Sea, with Remarks on the Taxonomy of the Subfamily

Three new species of Minoninae are described and a new genus is proposed for one of them: Minona degadti sp.n., Duplominona septentrionalis sp.n. and Duploperaclistus circocirrus gen. et sp.n. All three species occur in sublittoral sandy habitats in the Southern Bight of the North Sea, but D. circocirrus has also been found at a littoral station. The taxonomy within the subfamily Minoninae is discussed. Seven genera are considered as valid, and they are briefly diagnosed. " Peraclistus ituipus" sensu Westblad (1952) (= Duplominona westbladi Karling, 1966) is included in the new genus as Duploperuclistus westbladi (Karling, 1966) comb.n.     

Revision of the Genus Askenasia Blochmann, 1895, with Proposal of Two New Species, and Description of Rhabdoaskenasia minima N. G., N. Sp. (Ciliophora, Cyclotrichida)

ABSTRACT. The planktonic ciliate genus Askenasia Blochmann, 1895 is reviewed and the new genus Rhabdoaskenasia n. gen. is established. Askenasia is characterized by three circumferential kinety belts and a circumoral wreath of paired argyrophilic granules without recognizable cilia and nematodesmata. A "brush" is absent. Askenasia apparently lacks the key characters of the Haptorida and is thus transferred to the Cyclotrichida, family Mesodiniidae. Rhabdoaskenasia differs from Askenasia in having single files of basal bodies in all kinety belts and club-shaped extrusomes. It possesses a circumoral kinety composed of dikinetids from which nematodesmata originate, forming a distinct rhabdos. Although very similar to Askenasia in its general appearance, R. minima n. sp. could belong to another order. Based on an extensive review of the literature and on silver impregnated specimens the following Askenasia species are recognized and described in detail: A. volvox (Eichwald, 1852) Kahl, 1930, A. stellaris (Leegaard, 1920) Kahl, 1930, A. acrostomia n. sp., and A. chlorelligera n. sp. Askenasia faurei Kahl, 1930 and A. humilis Gajewskaja, 1928 are transferred to the genus Cyclotrichium: C. faurei (Kahl, 1930) n. comb., C. humilis (Gajewskaja, 1928) n. comb. The systematic position of the genus Askenasia is discussed and keys to the genera of the Mesodiniidae and to the species of Askenasia are provided.     

Taxonomic Studies of Phallodrilinae (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) from the Great Barrier Reef and the Comoro Islands with Descriptions of Ten New Species and One New Genus

A taxonomic and morphological account of a collection of Phallodrilinae from coralline sands at Heron Island in Australia's Great Barrier Reef is given. Ten new forms are described: Jamiesoniella athecata gen. et sp.n. Phallodrilus rectisetosus heronensis subsp.n. P. geniculatus sp.n. P. filithecatus sp.n. P. clavatus sp.n. (latter three all devoid of an alimentary canal), Bathydrilus superiovasatus sp.n. Coralliodrilus atriobifidus sp.n. C. oviatriatus sp.n. C. parvigenitalis sp.n. and the gutless C. avisceralis sp.n. Morphological notes are given for Phallodrilus albidus Jamieson, 1977 and Bathydrilus rohdei (Jamieson, 1977). The new meiobenthic genus Jamiesoniella is characterized by having simple atria with only one pair of prostate glands, which are attached to ectal parts of atria, and by lacking spermathecae and penial setae, The genus is probably related to Aktedrilus Knöllner and Bacescuella Hrabě. A gutless species, Phallodrilus comorensis sp.n. is described from the Comoro Islands in the Mozambique Channel (W Indian Ocean).     

Thinempis, a new genus from Australia and New Zealand (Diptera: Empididae), with notes on the tribal classification of the Empidinae

The genus Thinempis (Diptera: Empididae) is newly described and includes six species, four from Australia – T.austera sp.n., T.esperance sp.n., T.minuta sp.n., and T.turimetta sp.n., and two from New Zealand – T.otakouensis (Miller) comb.n., and T.takaka sp.n. It occurs in coastal habitats and is defined by a unique synapomorphy, a modified triangular female oviscapt (tergum 10). However, the genus shows variable expression in characters considered to be of higher taxonomic importance in the Empidinae. The tribes Hilarini and Empidini are discussed and redefined.     

New species of Alaus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera: Elateridae,Agrypninae, Hemirhipini)

Four new species of Alaus Eschscholtz, 1829 are described: A. cinnamomeus n. sp., A. latlpennls n. sp., A. serlceus n. sp. and A. thoracopunctatus n. sp. Three species removed from Chalcolepldlus Eschscholtz, 1829, are transferred to this genus: A. allcll (Pjatakowa, 1941) n. comb., A. haroldl (Candèze, 1878) n.comb. and A. unlcus (Fleutiaux, 1910) n. comb. The characters of external morphology of these seven species and male and female genitalia, when available, are described and illustrated. An identification key for all species of the genus is included: A. allcll (Pjatakowa, 1941) n. comb., A. calcarlpllosus Casari, 1996, A. cinnamomeus n. sp., A. haroldl (Candèze, 1878) n. comb., A. latlpennls n. sp., A. lusclosus (Hope, 1832), A. melanops Leconte, 1863, A. myops (Fabricius, 1801), A. nobllls Sallé, 1855, A. oculatus (Linnaeus, 1758), A. patrlclus (Candèze, 1857), A. plebejus Candèze, 1874, A. serlceus n. sp., A. thoracopunctatus n. sp., A. tricolor (Olivier, 1790), A. unlcus (Fleutiaux, 1910) n. comb., A. veracruzanus Casari, 1996 and A. zunianus Casey, 1893.     

Morphology and Phylogeny of Three New Loxophyllum Species (Ciliophora,Pleurostomatida) from Mangrove Wetlands of Southern China

Three new pleurostomatid ciliates, Loxophyllum meridionale sp. n., L. salinum sp. n., and L. planum sp. n., isolated from brackish waters of mangrove wetlands in southern China, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. The main characteristic feature of L. meridionale sp. n. is the presence of three contractile vacuoles (CVs) along its dorsal margin. Loxophyllum salinum sp. n. can be identified by the presence of three closely spaced CVs along the ventral margin and 12–15 right and four to six left kineties. Loxophyllum planum sp. n. is characterized by the combination of two macronuclei, a single, subterminal CV, and the absence of cortical granules. Phylogenetic trees based on the small subunit rDNA sequence data recovered Loxophyllum as a monophyletic group within the pleurostomatids. Loxophyllum meridionale sp. n., L. salinum sp. n., and L. planum sp. n. were all nested within the Loxophyllum clade. Based on its ciliary pattern and general morphological features, Loxophyllum asetosum is transferred to the genus Amphileptus and a new combination is suggested: Amphileptus asetosus (Burkovsky 1970) comb. n. [basionym L. asetosum Burkovsky 1970].     

Pseudobalta, a New Australian Ovoviviparous Cockroach Genus (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blattellidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae)

Pseudobalta , a new blattellid genus, is described. It differs from oviparous Balta Tepper in being ovoviviparous and the male having a tergal gland on the first abdominal segment. Pseudobalta comprises two species previously placed in Balta (P. pusilla (Hebard) comb.n. and P. cinctella (Hebard) comb.n.) and P. queenslandica sp.n. This is the fourth known blattellid, and the second taxon in the Pseudophyllodromiinae, that reproduces by ovoviviparity.     

A New Family, Genus, and Seven New Species of Entodiniomorphida (Protozoa) from the Gut of African Rhinoceros

ABSTRACT. This report deals with a group of ciliated protozoa with short ciliary bands found mainly in the cecum of black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758), and white rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum (Burchell, 1817) from southern Africa. A new genus, Rhinozeta , based on the sum total of the characteristics of seven new related species is described. The species described are R. rhinozeta n. sp., R. triciliata n. sp., R. caecalis n. sp., R. addoensis n. sp., R. cristata n. sp., R. multiplatus n. sp., and R. unilaminatus n. sp. The specific features of the new genus make it incompatible with any of the known families of the Order Entodiniomorphida containing the ciliates present in the digestive tract of herbivorous mammals. This merits the creation of a new family, the Rhinozetidae.     

A New Family of Entodiniomorph Protozoa from the Marsupial Forestomach, with Descriptions of a New Genus and Five New Species

ABSTRACT. A unique group of entodiniomorph protozoa was found in forestomach contents from quokka ( Setonix brachyurus ), western grey kangaroo ( Macropus fuliginosus ), red kangaroo ( Macropus rufus ) and euro ( Macropus robustus erubescens ). A new genus, Macropodinium n.g., containing five new species, is described. Three species are described from forestomach contents of the quokka: Macropodinium baldense n. sp., Macropodinium moiri n. sp. and Macropodinium setonixum n. sp. A single species, Macropodinium ennuensis n. sp., is described from the red kangaroo and euro. The last species, Macropodinium yalanbense n. sp., is described in forestomach contents from the western grey kangaroo. At least three distinct features in the new genus are incompatible with any of the described families in the order Entodiniomorphida. On this basis, the new family Macropodiniidae has been created.     

A New Genus and Five New Species of the Gelechiid-Moth Tribe Gelechiini (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae,Gelechiinae) from Laos and Malaysia

Entomological Review - A new genus, Anicula gen. n. (Gelechiidae) with the type species A. tristificula sp. n., and four new species of the genus Gelechia Hubner (G. festa sp. n., G. exigua sp. n.,...     

Australian gall-inducing scale insects on Eucalyptus: revision of Opisthoscelis Schrader (Coccoidea, Eriococcidae) and descriptions of a new genus and nine new species

We revise the genus Opisthoscelis Schrader, and erect the genus Tanyscelisgen. n. with Opisthoscelis pisiformis Froggatt as its type species. Species of both genera induce sexually dimorphic galls on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in Australia, with Opisthoscelis subrotunda Schrader also in Papua New Guinea. We synonymise the following taxa (junior synonym with senior synonym): Opisthoscelis fibularis Froggatt, syn. n. with Opisthoscelis spinosa Froggatt; Opisthoscelis recurva Froggatt, syn. n. with Opisthoscelis maculata Froggatt; Opisthoscelis globosa Froggatt, syn. n. (= Opisthoscelis ruebsaameni Lindinger) with Opisthoscelis convexa Froggatt; and Opisthoscelis mammularis Froggatt, syn. n. with Opisthoscelis verrucula Froggatt. We transfer seven Opisthoscelis species to Tanyscelis as Tanyscelis conica (Fuller), comb. n., Tanyscelis convexa (Froggatt), comb. n., Tanyscelis maculata (Froggatt), comb. n., Tanyscelis maskelli (Froggatt), comb. n., Tanyscelis pisiformis (Froggatt), comb. n., Tanyscelis spinosa (Froggatt), comb. n., and Tanyscelis verrucula (Froggatt), comb. n. We redescribe and illustrate the adult female of each named species of Opisthoscelis for which the type material is known, as well as the first-instar nymph of the type species of Opisthoscelis (Opisthoscelis subrotunda) and Tanyscelis (Opisthoscelis pisiformis). We describe four new species of Opisthoscelis: Opisthoscelis beardsleyi Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Opisthoscelis thurgoona Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Opisthoscelis tuberculataHardy & Gullan, sp. n., and Opisthoscelis ungulifinis Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., and five new species of Tanyscelis: Tanyscelis grallator Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Tanuscelis megagibba Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Tanyscelis mollicornuta Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., Tanyscelis tripocula Hardy & Gullan, sp. n., and Tanyscelis villosigibba Hardy & Gullan, sp. n. We designate lectotypes for Opisthoscelis convexa, Opisthoscelis fibularis, Opisthoscelis globosa Froggatt, Opisthoscelis maculata, Opisthoscelis mammularis, Opisthoscelis maskelli, Opisthoscelis pisiformis, Opisthoscelis recurva, Opisthoscelis serrata, Opisthoscelis spinosa, and Opisthoscelis verrucula. As a result of our taxonomic revision, Opisthoscelis has six species and Tanyscelis has 12 species. We describe the galls of females for all 18 species and galls of males for 10 species of Opisthoscelis and Tanyscelis, and provide photographs of the galls for most species. A key to the adult females of the species of both genera is included.     

The genus Antillothrips Stannard, with descriptions of two new species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)

Abstract. The genus Antillothrips Stannard ( Elatea Faure, syn.n.) is redefined with a key to the ten species: australis sp.n.; exastis (Ananthakrishnan & Kudo) stat.n. comb.n.; cingulatus (Hood) (= Haplothrips (Hindsiana) sakimurai Moulton syn.n.; Xenothrips opacus Ananthakrishnan & Kudo syn.n.); graminellus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish; hartwigi sp.n.; malabaricus (Ananthakrishnan); micropterus Pitkin; nayari (Ananthakrishnan); stannmdi (Faure) comb.n.; varius (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish). Lectotypes are designated for opacus and exastis.     

Species of Trifoliovarium Yamaguti, 1940 (Digenea: Lecithasteridae) from Australian waters,with a description of T. draconis n. sp. and a cladistic study of the subfamily Trifoliovariinae Yamaguti, 1958

Three species of Trifoliovarium are described from marine fishes from Moreton Bay, Queensland: T. triacanthi (Parukhin, 1964) n. comb. (syns Hysterolecitha triacanthi Parukhin, 1964; T. triacanthi Bilqees, 1973; T. triacanthusi Gupta & Ahmad, 1976) from Tripodichthys angustifrons; T. ovarilobulus (Wang, 1989) n. comb. (syn. Hysterolecithia [sic] ovarilobuls) from Paramonacanthus japonicus and Pelates quadrilineatus: and T. draconis n. sp. from Callionymus sublaevis and C. belcheri. A list of the species of the subfamily Trifoliovariinae is given along with a key. A cladistic study of the subfamily based on 23 characters is presented, the results of which indicate the monophyly of the genus Assitrema and the paraphyly of Trifoliovarium.     

Encarsia or Encarsiella? – redefining generic limits based on morphological and molecular evidence (Hymenoptera,Aphelinidae)

Abstract.  The genus Encarsiella ( syn.n. ) (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae) is synonymized with Encarsia on the basis of molecular and morphological characters. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted of the D2 expansion region of the 28S ribosomal DNA including thirty-eight Encarsia species. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed a polyphyletic origin of Encarsiella and confirmed the results of earlier analyses indicating the paraphyly of Encarsia . Four species are described as new ( Encarsia bifasciata sp.n. , E. caelata sp.n. , E. obliqua sp.n. and E. pilosa sp.n. ). The following species are transferred from Encarsiella to Encarsia : Encarsia aleurodici ( Girault, 1916 ) comb.n. , E. amabilis ( Huang & Polaszek, 1998 ) comb.n. , E. boswelli ( Girault, 1915 ) comb.n. , E. magniclava ( Girault, 1915 ) comb.n. , E. narroi Gómez & García comb.n. , E. nepalensis ( Polaszek & Hayat, 1992 ) comb.n. , E. noyesi ( Hayat, 1983 ) comb.n. , E. pithecura ( Polaszek, 1999 ) comb.n. , E. tachii ( Polaszek & Hayat, 1992 ) comb.n. , E. taiwanensis ( Chou & Chou, 1994 ) comb.n. and E. tamaulipeca ( Myartseva & Coronado-Blanco, 2002 ) comb.n. The generic limits of Encarsia are re-defined based on a re-assessment of morphological characters, and the results are discussed with respect to the current classification of the aphelinid subfamily Coccophaginae.     

New Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the North Atlantic Ocean. VI. Eight New Species of the Genera Paranannopus Lang and Cylindronannopus Coull (Cletodidae)

Paranannopus trisetosus sp.n., P. singulosetosus sp.n., P. denticulatus sp.n., P. uniarticulatus sp.n., P. variabilis sp.n., P. kunzi sp.n. and Cylindronunnopus bispinosus sp.n. are described and classified to the three evolutionary groups within the genus Paranannopus. P. variabilis, P. kunzi and P. hicksi belong to the first evolutionary group with Enp P2-P4 3:3:2-segmented. All three species differ from each other and the closely related species in the setation of the swimming legs P1-P5 and to some extent in the segmentation of the Al. P. trisetosus belongs to the second group with Enp P2-P4 2-segmented, and it differs from the closely related P. atlanticus Coull in the setation of the segment 2 Exp P1, P4 and of the P5. P. singulosetosus, P. uniarticulatus and P. denriculutus represent the third evolutionary group with at most I-segmented Enp P2-P4. They differ from each other in the segmentation of the Enp P2-P4 and the setation of the swimming legs P2-P4 and to some extent in the segmentation of the Exp A2. Cylindronunnopus bispinosus differs from the closely related species C. elongatus (Becker et al. ) comb.n. in the setation of the P5. Updated keys are given for both genera. All species were collected at the Iceland-Faroe Ridge from depths between 435 and 2500 m.     

Two New Species of Chaetopterygini (Trichoptera,Limnephilidae) from North-Eastern Turkey

In the present study, two new species of the tribe Chaetopterygini (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) from north-eastern Turkey are described and illustrated. Rizeiella camiliensis sp.n. is the second species of the northern Anatolian genus Rizeiella and Kelgena macahelensis sp.n. is the third species of the Caucasian genus Kelgena.     

Revision of the Alamirinae (Diptera: Phoridae)

Abstract. The genus Couturiera Disney, 1979, only known in the female sex, is synonymized with Perissa Borgmeier, 1967, only known in the male sex, a syn.n., thus solving the problem of the 'missing' males of the Alamirinae. Perissa kensmithi (Disney) comb.n., P.lewisi (Disney) comb.n. and P.orientalis (Disney & Peterson) comb.n. are transferred from Couturiera. Perissa couturieri Disney is synonymized under P. lewisi (Disney) and C.palawanensis Disney under P.georgei Disney. Perissa latiptera sp.n., P.oligoseta sp.n., P.tinglei sp.n. and Perittophora couturieri gen.n., sp.n., are described from Zimbabwe. A key to the twelve species of Alamirinae is provided. It is hypothesized that the Alamirinae may be paraphyletic, by virtue of exclusion of the Termitoxeniinae. The latter is probably polyphyletic, in that each Alamirinae genus is probably the sister group of a different Termi-toxeniin clade.