共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The indeterminate inflorescence of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is heterogamous with zygomorphic ray flowers in the outer whorl of the head and actinomorphic disc flowers arrayed in arcs radiating from the centre of the head. The Chrysanthemoides (Chry) mutant is characterised by a change of the radially symmetric corolla of tubular disc flowers into a monosymmetric ligulate‐like corolla. Zygomorphy is pronounced in the disc flowers placed on the peripheral whorls of inflorescences, while the monosymmetry is less marked toward the centre of the inflorescence. Although the Chry phenotype was one of first known morphological mutants in plants, studies on the genetic control of this trait are scarce and contradictory. Our results indicate that the Chry mutation is semidominant and exclude a maternal influence. Moreover, the data gathered in F2, BC1 and F3 progenies support a genetic model involving one major locus and an unknown number of modifiers. The improved knowledge on genetic control of the Chry mutation should enhance the introduction of this trait in crossbreeding programmes designed to produce new varieties of ornamental sunflower. 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chapman MA Tang S Draeger D Nambeesan S Shaffer H Barb JG Knapp SJ Burke JM 《PLoS genetics》2012,8(3):e1002628
The genetic basis of floral symmetry is a topic of great interest because of its effect on pollinator behavior and, consequently, plant diversification. The Asteraceae, which is the largest family of flowering plants, is an ideal system in which to study this trait, as many species within the family exhibit a compound inflorescence containing both bilaterally symmetric (i.e., zygomorphic) and radially symmetric (i.e., actinomorphic) florets. In sunflower and related species, the inflorescence is composed of a single whorl of ray florets surrounding multiple whorls of disc florets. We show that in double-flowered (dbl) sunflower mutants (in which disc florets develop bilateral symmetry), such as those captured by Vincent van Gogh in his famous nineteenth-century sunflower paintings, an insertion into the promoter region of a CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like gene (HaCYC2c) that is normally expressed specifically in WT rays is instead expressed throughout the inflorescence, presumably resulting in the observed loss of actinomorphy. This same gene is mutated in two independent tubular-rayed (tub) mutants, though these mutations involve apparently recent transposon insertions, resulting in little or no expression and radialization of the normally zygomorphic ray florets. Interestingly, a phylogenetic analysis of CYC-like genes from across the family suggests that different paralogs of this fascinating gene family have been independently recruited to specify zygomorphy in different species within the Asteraceae. 相似文献
6.
Wesley Reardon David A. Fitzpatrick Mario A. Fares Jacqueline M. Nugent 《Plant molecular biology》2009,71(3):241-250
Plantago lanceolata produces small actinomorphic (radially symmetric), wind-pollinated flowers that have evolved from a zygomorphic, biotically
pollinated ancestral state. To understand the developmental mechanisms that might underlie this change in flower shape, and
associated change in pollination syndrome, we analyzed the role of CYC-like genes in P. lanceolata. Related zygomorphic species have two CYC-like genes that are expressed asymmetrically in the dorsal region of young floral meristems and in developing flowers, where
they affect the rate of development of dorsal petals and stamens. Plantago has a single CYC-like gene (PlCYC) that is not expressed in early floral meristems and there is no apparent asymmetry in the pattern of PlCYC expression during later flower development. Thus, the evolution of actinomorphy in Plantago correlates with loss of dorsal-specific CYC-like gene function. PlCYC is expressed in the inflorescence stem, in pedicels, and relatively late in stamen development, suggesting a novel role for
PlCYC in compacting the inflorescence and retarding stamen elongation in this wind pollinated species. 相似文献
7.
M. Angélica Bello Inés álvarez Rubén Torices Javier Fuertes-Aguilar 《Annals of botany》2013,112(8):1597-1612
Background and Aims
Most of the diversity in the pseudanthia of Asteraceae is based on the differential symmetry and sexuality of its flowers. In Anacyclus, where there are (1) homogamous capitula, with bisexual, mainly actinomorphic and pentamerous flowers; and (2) heterogamous capitula, with peripheral zygomorphic, trimerous and long-/short-rayed female flowers, the floral ontogeny was investigated to infer their origin.Methods
Floral morphology and ontogeny were studied using scanning electron microscope and light microscope techniquesKey Results
Disc flowers, subtended by paleae, initiate acropetally. Perianth and androecium initiation is unidirectional/simultaneous. Late zygomorphy occurs by enlargement of the adaxial perianth lobes. In contrast, ray flowers, subtended by involucral bracts, initiate after the proximal disc buds, breaking the inflorescence acropetal pattern. Early zygomorphy is manifested through the fusion of the lateral and abaxial perianth lobes and the arrest of the adaxials. We report atypical phenotypes with peripheral ‘trumpet’ flowers from natural populations. The peripheral ‘trumpet’ buds initiate after disc flowers, but maintain an actinomorphic perianth. All phenotypes are compared and interpreted in the context of alternative scenarios for the origin of the capitulum and the perianth identity.Conclusions
Homogamous inflorescences display a uniform floral morphology and development, whereas the peripheral buds in heterogamous capitula display remarkable plasticity. Disc and ray flowers follow different floral developmental pathways. Peripheral zygomorphic flowers initiate after the proximal actinomorphic disc flowers, behaving as lateral independent units of the pseudanthial disc from inception. The perianth and the androecium are the most variable whorls across the different types of flowers, but their changes are not correlated. Lack of homology between hypanthial appendages and a calyx, and the perianth double-sided structure are discussed for Anacyclus together with potential causes of its ray flower plasticity. 相似文献8.
Z. Sladký 《Biologia Plantarum》1986,28(1):31-37
Growth regulators participate in the differentiation of floral parts, determining the developmental path of the respective
type of inflorescence. The effect depends on the expression of the peculiarities of floral part differentiation, the recognition
of the character of endogenous substances in certain stages and the choice of the suitable regulator for application. In the
primitive flower ofPapaver petals and stamens are formed from the peripheral meristem with a lower content of auxins and a higher level of gibberellic
substances. The pistil arises later from central tissues with a higher level of auxins and inhibitory substances. The stamens
are more sensitive to the higher level of auxin substances, and by a suitable application of GA3 and BAP they can be transformed into petals; in this way double flower forms arise. In the differentiation of floral parts
ofCampanula, Rosa andMelandrium similar regularities assert themselves in time successions, but in another spatial arrangement. Sex differentiation of diclinous
flowers ofMelandrium is based on differences in heterochromosomes XY and XX. The rise of the zygomorphic flower ofVeronica is accompanied by a different distribution of endogenous substances which affect the development of petals, stamens and the
pistil.
The differentiation of flowers in the racemose inflorescence occurs in the acropetal succession, and lateral primordia inCampanula develop into actinomorphic regular flowers, whereas inDigitalis they are zygomorphic and only the terminal flower is peloric. In the initial phases the staminate tassel and the pistillate
ear in maize are identical. Earlier differentiation of the terminal pistillate tassel is connected with a higher level of
gibberellins and the later development of the lateral pistillate ear is accompanied by the increase in auxin-like substances
and inhibitions. Similar correlations were found in the development of staminate catkins and the differentiation of pistillate
flowers in terminal buds ofJuglans regia. By the application of auxin-like substances it is possible to achieve the transformation of primordia of the staminate tassel
into the pistillate ear in maize or to regulate the number of staminate catkins and pistillate flowers on twigs of the walnut
tree. In the capitulum of the sunflower differences arise between peripheral pistillate ray flowers and hermaphrodite tubular
ones. By applying GA3 and BAP the number of ray flowers is increased. If the normal course of inflorescence differentiation is affected with a
suitable type of regulator, a range of floral abnormalities appears which permit to assess the intervention in different developmental
stages and the reaction of the primordium to the applied type of regulator. Abnormalities also suggest some phylogenetic correlations. 相似文献
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Shirley C. Tucker 《American journal of botany》1988,75(2):205-224
The characteristic of heteromorphic inflorescences in some mimosoid legumes such as Neptunia is a puzzling one which can be approached developmentally. Each spicate inflorescence of Neptunia pubescens includes three types of flowers: perfect in the upper half, functionally male just below the middle, and sterile or neuter at the base. Developmental studies of the inflorescence show that order of initiation of bracts on the inflorescence is acropetal, but that order of subsequent development of flowers is both acropetal and basipetal on the axis. Bract growth and initiation of the axillary floral apices at the base are inhibited or retarded, while those in the middle and upper levels continue development without interruption. The three types of floral primordia are similar during initiatory stages of organ formation and through early development. At mid-development, differences arise in floral symmetry, petal form, stamen form, and size and shape of the carpel. The functionally male flowers become strongly dorsiventral and zygomorphic while the other two morphs remain actinomorphic or nearly so. Heteromorphy arises from a combination of early suppression of organogeny plus mid-stage innovations of zygomorphy and lateral expansion of stamen primordia. These divergent developmental pathways in one inflorescence can be interpreted in part using Gould's concept of heterochrony: changes in timing of developmental events to produce different structures. Other changes in Neptunia cannot be explained by this concept, however; such changes as omission of processes (i.e., meiosis) in some organs, or addition of processes not normally present (i.e., blade formation in stamen primordia which become staminodia). It is becoming evident from work on this and other legume flowers that actual loss of organs is rare, compared to initiation followed by suppression or modification. 相似文献
14.
Zygomorphic flowers are usually more complex than actinomorphic flowers and are more likely to be visited by specialized pollinators.
Complex zygomorphic flowers tend to be oriented horizontally. It is hypothesized that a horizontal flower orientation ensures
effective pollen transfer by facilitating pollinator recognition (the recognition-facilitation hypothesis) and/or pollinator
landing (the landing-control hypothesis). To examine these two hypotheses, we altered the angle of Commelina communis flowers and examined the efficiency of pollen transfer, as well as the behavior of their visitors. We exposed unmanipulated
(horizontal-), upward-, and downward-facing flowers to syrphid flies (mostly Episyrphus balteatus), which are natural visitors to C. communis. The frequency of pollinator approaches and landings, as well as the amount of pollen deposited by E. balteatus, decreased for the downward-facing flowers, supporting both hypotheses. The upward-facing flowers received the same numbers
of approaches and landings as the unmanipulated flowers, but experienced more illegitimate landings. In addition, the visitors
failed to touch the stigmas or anthers on the upward-facing flowers, leading to reduced pollen export and receipt, and supporting
the landing-control hypothesis. Collectively, our data suggested that the horizontal orientation of zygomorphic flowers enhances
pollen transfer by both facilitating pollinator recognition and controlling pollinator landing position. These findings suggest
that zygomorphic flowers which deviate from a horizontal orientation may have lower fitness because of decreased pollen transfer. 相似文献
15.
Mark van Kleunen Anna Meier Moritz Saxenhofer Markus Fischer 《Journal of Plant Ecology》2008,1(3):173
Aims Floral traits are frequently used in traditional plant systematics because of their assumed constancy. One potential reason for the apparent constancy of flower size is that effective pollen transfer between flowers depends on the accuracy of the physical fit between the flower and pollinator. Therefore, flowers are likely to be under stronger stabilizing selection for uniform size than vegetative plant parts. Moreover, as predicted by the pollinator-mediated stabilizing selection (PMSS) hypothesis, an accurate fit between flowers and their pollinators is likely to be more important for specialized pollination systems as found in many species with bilaterally symmetric (zygomorphic) flowers than for species with radially symmetric (actinomorphic) flowers.Methods In a comparative study of 15 zygomorphic and 13 actinomorphic species in Switzerland, we tested whether variation in flower size, among and within individuals, is smaller than variation in leaf size and whether variation in flower size is smaller in zygomorphic compared to actinomorphic species.Important findings Indeed, variation in leaf length was significantly larger than variation in flower length and width. Within-individual variation in flower and leaf sizes did not differ significantly between zygomorphic and actinomorphic species. In line with the predictions of the PMSS, among-individual variation in flower length and flower width was significantly smaller for zygomorphic species than for actinomorphic species, while the two groups did not differ in leaf length variation. This suggests that plants with zygomorphic flowers have undergone stronger selection for uniform flowers than plants with actinomorphic flowers. This supports that the relative uniformity of flowers compared to vegetative structures within species, as already observed in traditional plant systematics, is, at least in part, a consequence of the requirement for effective pollination. 相似文献
16.
Breeding system and bumblebee drone pollination of an explosively pollen‐releasing plant,Meliosma tenuis (Sabiaceae)
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
- Explosive pollen release is a mechanism used by some angiosperms that serves to attach pollen to a pollinator's body. It is usually adopted by species with zygomorphic tubular flowers and pollinated by birds and bees. The tree genus Meliosma (Sabiaceae, Proteales) has unique disc‐like flowers that are externally actinomorphic, but internally zygomorphic, and release pollen explosively.
- To elucidate the adaptive significance of explosive pollen release, we observed flowering behaviour, the breeding system and pollinator visits to flowers of the Japanese species Meliosma tenuis in a temperate forest. Flowers bloomed in June and were nectariferous and protandrous. Explosive pollen release was triggered by slight tactile stimuli to anther filaments or staminodes in male‐stage flowers.
- Because pollen cannot come into contact with the pistils enclosed by staminodes, M. tenuis is functionally protandrous. Artificial pollination treatments revealed that M. tenuis is allogamous. The dominant flower visitors were nectar‐seeking drones of the bumblebee species Bombus ardens (Apidae). The drones’ behaviour, pollen attachment on their bodies and fruit set of visit‐restricted flowers suggest that they are the only agent triggering the explosive pollen release mechanism, and are the main pollinator of M. tenuis.
- The finding that bumblebee workers rarely visit these flowers suggests that the explosive pollen release has another function, namely to discourage pollen‐harvesting bumblebee workers.
17.
18.
Undoubted lines of evidence point out that members of CYCLOIDEA (CYC) 2 clade are essential players to control flower symmetry and, amusingly, also are determinants of capitula architecture (pseudanthium). In several species, CYC-like genes influence the androecium patterning, but to date, the function of these genes in the development of gynoecium organs is less clear. In this review, we first reported details about floral symmetry and an overview of genes and molecular mechanisms regulating the development of zygomorphism in different angiosperm lineages (e.g., basal and core eudicots and monocots). Then, we paid emphasis on the role of CYC-like genes in the development of heterogamous inflorescence of sunflower as well as other Asteraceae and some species within the Dipsacaceae family. Helianthus annuus is particularly attractive because it represents a useful model to study the role of CYC-like genes on shaping floral corolla as well as the differentiation of reproductive organs in different flowers of pseudanthia. A special attention was reserved to inflorescence morphology mutants of sunflower (i.e., Chrysanthemoids2 and tubular ray flower) because they provide useful information on the role of CYC-like genes in the radiate capitulum evolution. Finally, we discuss data from literature to suggest that CYC-like genes are also co-opted to regulate stamen and carpel differentiation likely throughout their interaction with the cell cycle and flower organ identity genes. The recruitment of reproductive organs in ray flowers also supports the phylogenetic origin of a radiate inflorescence of sunflower from a discoid capitulum and suggests that in sterile zygomorphic ray flower primordia the latent identity to differentiate both microsporangium and macrosporangium was conserved. 相似文献
19.
Susan Singer John Sollinger Sonja Maki Jason Fishbach Brad Short Catherine Reinke Jennifer Fick Laura Cox Andrew McCall Heidi Mullen 《The Botanical review》1999,65(4):385-410
We are characterizing a suiteof Pisum sativum mutants that alter inflorescence architecture to construct a model for the genetic regulation of inflorescence development
in a plant with a compound raceme. Such a model, when compared with those created forAntirrhinum majus andArabidopsis thaliana, both of which have simple racemes, should provide insight into the evolution of the development of inflorescence architecture.
The highly conserved nature of cloned genes that regulate reproductive development in plants and the morphological similarities
among our mutants and those identified inA. majus andA. thaliana enhance the probability that a developmental genetics approach will be fruitful. Here we describe sixP. sativum mutants that affect morphologically and architecturally distinct aspects of the inflorescence, and we analyze interactions
among these genes. Both vegetative and inflorescence growth of the primary axis is affected byUNIFOLIA TA, which is necessary for the function ofDETERMINATE (DET).DET maintains indeterminacy in the first-order axis. In its absence, the meristem differentiates as a stub covered with epidermal
hairs.DET interacts withVEGETATIVE1 (VEG1).VEG1 appears essential for second-order inflorescence (I2) development.veg1 mutants fail to flower or differentiate the I2 meristem into a rudimentary stub,det veg1 double mutants produce true terminal flowers with no stubs, indicating that two genes must be eliminated for terminal flower
formation inP. sativum, whereas elimination of a single gene accomplishes this inA. thaliana andA. majus. NEPTUNE also affects I2 development by limiting to two the number of flowers produced prior to stub formation. Its role is independent ofDET, as indicated by the additive nature of the double mutantdet nep. UNI, BROC, and PIM all play roles in assigning floral meristem identity to the third-order branch.pim mutants continue to produce inflorescence branches, resulting in a highly complex architecture and aberrant flowers.uni mutants initiate a whorl of sepals, but floral organogenesis is aberrant beyond that developmental point, and the double
mutantuni pim lacks identifiable floral organs. A wild-type phenotype is observed inbroc plants, butbroc enhancesthe pim phenotype in the double mutant, producing inflorescences that resemble broccoli. Collectively these genes ensure that only
the third-order meristem, not higher- or lower-order meristems, generates floral organs, thus precisely regulating the overall
architecture of the plant.
Gene symbols used in this article: For clarity a common symbolization is used for genes of all species discussed in this article.
Genes are symbolized with italicized capital letters. Mutant alleles are represented by lowercase, italicized letters. In
both cases, the number immediately following the gene symbol differentiates among genes with the same symbol. If there are
multiple alleles, a hyphen followed by a number is used to distinguish alleles. Protein products are represented by capital
letters without italics. 相似文献
20.