基于形态空间格局分析和最小累积阻力模型的广州市生态网络构建

构建生态网络对改善快速城市化背景下城市生态环境问题具有重要作用.本研究以广州市为研究区,采用形态学空间分析方法(MSPA)和景观指数法,提取景观连通性较好的核心区作为生态源地,并基于最小累积阻力模型(MCR)构建广州市生态廊道网络,通过重力模型和连通性指数定量分析生态网络结构,最后提出生态网络的优化对策.结果表明: 广州市共有10块核心区可作为生态源地,重要廊道有18条,一般廊道有27条,主要分布在研究区东北部;优化后的生态网络增加了5个生态源地和13条规划廊道,其结构指数有所改善;林地是生态廊道的主要组成景观,重要廊道的适宜宽度为60～100 m,规划廊道的适宜宽度为30～60 m.研究结果可为城市生态廊道规划提供科学参考.     

3S技术在哈尔滨市郊景观生态规划中的应用

利用哈尔滨市遥感数据资料,在RS、GIS 和GPS技术支持下,获取哈尔滨市郊景观格局现状及哈尔滨数字高程模型(DEM).选取平均斑块面积、景观优势度、平均坡度、平均海拔和破碎度因子对其进行综合分析,并借助 DEM 模型进行景观生态规划.结果表明,3S技术为典型景观类型的确定提供了科学依据;建立了市郊景观类型数据库,并生成景观类型专题图;土地利用现状和景观空间分布以及地形地貌和土地利用类型相结合.DEM和遥感影像的叠加,从大尺度上定性刻画市郊的景观生态规划,而景观生态规划和DEM 的叠加,更加直观地反映了市郊的景观结构,为提高区域生态功能,促进城乡一体化的健康发展提供科学依据.     

基于景观格局和网络分析法的崇明绿地系统现状和规划的评价

以崇明2005年卫星影像图、土地利用现状图为基础资料,结合崇明绿地系统规划,在地理信息系统支持下,选择崇明本岛面积大于10hm²的绿地作为节点,依照网络分析法,构建了不同的生态网络方案,通过α指数、β指数、γ指数以及成本比等网络结构指数进行不同网络方案的比较,从中选出最优的规划方案。然后在景观分析软件Fragstats支持下,运用景观格局分析方法,选用多种景观分析指数,在斑块类型层次上和景观层次上对崇明绿地系统现状、绿地系统规划以及优化后的生态网络规划方案从景观生态学角度进行了定量分析与评价,并针对现有的绿地系统规划提出了进一步完善的建议。研究结果表明崇明绿地系统规划有效地改善了绿地景观破碎化的问题,绿地斑块形状的复杂性程度增大,景观连接度得到提高,景观多样性和均匀性指数均得到较大幅度提升。而在现有绿地系统规划基础上做出的优化生态网络方案可进一步改善崇明本岛现有绿地系统的数量和质量。同时表明,生态网络分析结合景观格局分析是评价和改善绿地系统规划有效的途径。     

基于“源-汇”生态过程的长江上游农业非点源污染

景观空间格局是农业非点源污染的主要影响因素之一,关于二者的相互关系缺乏定量研究.针对长江上游的农业非点源污染问题,应用基于"源-汇"生态过程理论提出的景观空间负荷对比指数,选取9个典型的行政单元,探讨了长江上游流域景观空间格局和非点源污染之间的定量关系.结果表明,景观空间负荷对比指数对非点源污染负荷有显著的响应关系,说明景观空间负荷对比指数可作为非点源污染空间风险评价的有用方法之一.在此基础上,进一步分析了长江上游典型行政单元景观空间负荷对比指数时空演变规律.探讨了指数演变时空差异原因,认为该指数主要受到区域景观的坡度、与污染出口相对距离、高程、土地利用类型比重和农业与农村经济政策的影响.最后提出了长江上游非点源污染空间风险控制与管理的对策.     

湖北省马尾松精准适宜性空间分布

马尾松作为南方主要的造林树种,研究其适宜性精准空间分布对其退化评价、造林选地等具有生产指导价值。本研究采用多元线性回归克里金模型利用R语言对湖北省降雨量、气温等15个气象因子进行30×30m的空间插值,插值结果作为气象因子空间变量,插值的交叉检验结果≥90%。利用30m的DEM提取坡度、坡向、高程3个地形因子空间变量。首先利用年均温、最冷月最低温、年降水量、高程、土壤类型等限制性因子进行空间叠加排除不适宜的空间单元,然后在可能适宜的空间单元内,再基于18个空间变量和294个样方数据,利用最大熵模型(MAXENT)计算每个格网的适宜性指数,最后按照适宜指数进行适宜性分类。区别于以往大尺度区域研究,其结果是落实到地块尺度的精准计算。结果表明:ROC模型的评价效果达到较好水平(ROC=0.826),高程、土壤、降雨相对标准差、最湿季降雨量、坡度、年均温为湖北省马尾松的适宜性主要影响因子,马尾松中、强适宜区主要分布在湖北省东北部及中北部地区,主要分布在高程低于1200m、坡度在40°以下、年均温13-18℃的区域,中等及以上适生区面积共计4.65万km~2,占湖北省总面积的25.01%。     

珠三角城市群景观生态格局评价与优化

景观生态格局评价与优化对珠三角城市群森林质量精准提升与城市高质量发展具有重要的理论指导意义。本研究基于2021年森林资源管理“一张图”数据和数字高程模型数据,采用形态空间格局分析与最小累计阻力模型方法,对珠三角城市群景观生态格局进行评价与优化。结果表明：珠三角城市群可作为生态源地的斑块共435861块,面积为7346.60 km²,占珠三角面积的13.4%,通过面积与斑块重要性指数选取30个斑块作为研究区的生态源地,面积为2792.59 km²,占珠三角面积的5.1%。珠三角城市群整体自然环境优秀,生态阻力等级较小,外围生态阻力低,核心生态阻力高,林分类型与景观格局仍有较大调整空间,需通过调整林分树种组成与空间分布的方式进行优化。以30个生态源地、103个重点生态廊道和95个生态节点优化珠三角城市群生态网络,优化后的可能连接度指数和整体连接度指数提升率分别为297.5%和695.1%。优化结果能有效连接各生态源地,扩散生态源地的生态服务功能。     

疏勒河流域景观生态风险评价与生态安全格局优化构建

以疏勒河流域为研究区域,利用RS和GIS技术,建立基于景观格局的景观生态风险指数,分析研究区域内景观生态风险的时空变化特征和聚集模式。利用最小累积阻力模型,以自然保护区、水域、林地等作为生态"源地",以生态安全水平、海拔和坡度作为阻力因子生成阻力面,构建流域生态安全格局,识别潜在廊道和节点,建立优化后的生态安全网络。结果表明:疏勒河流域北部的生态风险高于南部,生态风险水平在30年间有所改善,1980—1995年生态风险等级退化的区域主要位于流域西南部和东部;1995—2010年等级退化的区域面积小于1980—1995年。景观生态风险指数在空间上呈正的自相关性,30年间空间自相关程度有所减弱,空间趋同性逐渐降低。优化后的生态网络将生态源地、潜在廊道和节点等景观组分结合,充分利用已有的河流水系,打通廊道,避开城镇工矿用地和交通干线,并在生态脆弱区设置关键点作为物种扩散的"踏板"。     

海岛植被景观异质性空间特征对地形变化的响应——以大长山岛为例

海岛植被景观异质性作为海岛生态系统健康状况的重要表现形式之一,其变化过程与机制影响着海岛生态系统生态学过程。本文利用遥感技术和景观生态学方法,以大长山岛作为研究对象,识别了海岛植被景观异质性空间变异对地形因子的响应规律。结果表明:1)高程、坡度与植被景观异质性参数在空间上显著相关,并具有相似的变化趋势,与其负相关依次为:面积加权平均斑块分维数(AWMPFD)总边缘长度(TE)斑块数量(NP)面积加权平均形状指数(AWMSI),与其呈正相关的为:平均斑块大小(MPS)平均斑块边缘密度(MPE)。2)坡向对植被景观异质性影响不明显,在小尺度区域内,坡向与TE、MPE相关性不显著,与其他4个景观指数弱相关。     

基于GIS、景观格局和网络分析法的厦门本岛生态网络规划

 以厦门本岛2000年Landsat-TM卫星影像解译的土地利用现状图、绿地系统现状图与规划图为基础资料,在地理信息系统（GIS）支持下,运用景观格局分析方法,选用多种景观指数,评价了厦门本岛绿地系统的现状与已有规划。在此基础上,应用网络分析法构建了旨在优化生态网络的不同新方案。通过α指数、β指数、γ指数等网络结构指数,进行不同方案的比较,从中选出最优的规划方案。将选出的生态网络E的廊道宽度设为50 m,叠加到厦门市绿地系统规划图上,并应用景观指数,定量评价了该优化方案对厦门本岛绿地系统的改善情况。其结果表明：该优化方案能使景观的破碎化程度得到改善,绿地斑块形状的复杂性程度进一步增加,景观连接度得到提高,说明优化方案生态网络E可进一步明显改善厦门本岛现有绿地系统的数量和质量。我们的研究结果也表明：应用景观指数和网络分析法相结合的方法,不仅可以定量评价城市绿地系统现状以及规划的合理性,而且可以优化城市生态网络的方案,使其更符合城市生态网络建设的整合性、和谐性、流通性、安全性、多样性和持续性原则。     

沈阳城市绿地系统的景观生态评价

运用景观生态学原理和方法,选取多样性指数、均匀度指数、破碎度指数、分离度指数、分维度指数、连通性指数等8个景观格局指数对沈阳市城市绿地系统的景观格局进行分析。结果表明:沈阳城市绿地景观总体表现为绿地率较低,绿地斑块分布不均衡,景观结构不合理,破碎度较高,分维数较低,景观类型较齐全,均匀度较低,景观分离度较小。针对存在的问题,提出了沈阳城市绿地景观生态规划建议。     

Relating landscape to stream nitrate-N levels in a coastal eastern-Atlantic watershed (Portugal)

We apply a linear regression mixed effects model to explore the influence of landscape factors on nitrate-N concentrations in a coastal watershed of Portugal. Landscape composition and configuration metrics, together with variables assessing the physical characteristics of the study area, were used. The analysis was performed using seasonal data from the years 2001 and 2006. The seasonal influence was included as a random effect to account for temporal correlations. Together, the fixed and the random factors explain 78% of the variance, whereas the fixed factors alone explain 10%. Urban, slope, elevation and aggregation index of urban class contribute to the differences found in the NO₃⁻-N concentrations. Urban has the weakest effect, whereas slope and elevation show a conditioned negative effect on nitrate-N. The effect of slope gets stronger for higher standard deviations of elevation and the effect of the standard deviation of elevation, measuring the variation of elevation within a sub-watershed, gets stronger for steeper slopes. Of the configuration class level metrics included in the analysis, only aggregation index of urban played a significant role in the final model, and it revealed to be related to urban percentage. The influence of landscape configuration metrics, though observed by others, was not obvious in this study. Future analysis evaluating the effect of metrics selection could be performed.     

Scale-dependent relationships between landscape structure and microclimate

This paper examined the scale-dependent relationships between landscape structure (e.g., slope, elevation, and overstory canopy coverage) and microclimate (e.g., air and soil temperatures and soil moisture) at different spatial scales along a 10050 m transect in the Southeastern Missouri Ozarks, USA. The landscape structure and microclimate variables were measured every 10 m along the transect during the growing season, June to September, 1996. We used the simple correlation analysis and "moving window" technique (no overlap between two adjacent windows) to examine the correlation coefficients between landscape structure and microclimate variables at scales or window sizes from 10 m to 2000 m. Because the sample size decreased rapidly in the "moving window" method, we also used the standardized cross-variogram to investigate the relationships between landscape structure and microclimate variables at a larger range of scales from 10 m to 8000 m. We found that the relationships between landscape structure and microclimate were apparently scale-dependent along the transect, suggesting the interactions between landscape structure and microclimate were stronger at some scales than others. The landscape structure variables were poor in explaining the variation of each microclimate variable at fine scales (e.g., 10 m). The correlations between elevation and microclimate variables were, in general, significantly improved with the increase of scales, while the improvement was less significant for slope and canopy coverage. Of the landscape structure variables, elevation, in general, had a higher correlation with the microclimate variables than slope and overstory canopy coverage at most scales examined. Our results suggest that small scales (e.g., < 100 m) are not suitable to study the relationships/interactions between landscape structure and microclimate and larger scales (e.g., > 500 m) are more appropriate though the relationships vary at the larger scales. Both the simple correlation analysis and standardized cross-variogram analysis were effective and, in general, consistent in characterizing the scale-dependent relationships between landscape structure and microclimate. Meanwhile, the standardized cross-variogram had the advantage to examine the relationships at large scales over the correlation analysis because the sample size reduced rapidly in the correlation analysis.     

基于景观安全格局的香格里拉县生态用地规划

通过构建不同水平的景观安全格局,可以为区域的生态用地规划提供相应对策。香格里拉县近年来随着经济的发展生态安全问题已经提到日程。选择研究区内的5个自然保护区和风景名胜区为"源",以生物多样性保护为目标,选择地表景观类型、坡度两个因子及相应的阻力因子系数进行分析。采用GIS中的空间分析工具,计算建立了地表景观类型、坡度两个单因子的最小累积阻力面,在此基础上,利用加权叠加方法构建了两个因子的最小累积阻力面。根据最小累积阻力阈值,建立了"源"间生态廊道及"源"与外部联系的辐射道,确定了关键的战略点,最终完成景观安全格局的构建。基于生物多样性目标得到了低、中、高3个不同安全水平的生态用地分别占研究区总面积的12.81%、44.1%和80.3%。为制定研究区生态安全策略提供了重要参考。     

土地利用模型CLUE-S在辽宁省中部城市群规划中的应用

土地利用模型在分析、模拟和预测景观格局和过程中发挥着重要的作用。本文应用CLUE-S模型以辽宁省中部城市群为例,探讨了该模型在规划中的应用。在分析研究区1988—2004年景观格局和景观变化的驱动力基础上,对CLUE-S模型进行了参数设置。根据研究区的实际情况设置了3个规划预案:历史趋势预案、生态保护预案和城市规划预案,分别从2004年一直模拟到2024年;并将城市规划方案的结果与辽宁中部城市群的规划进行了对比,结果表明,CLUE-S模型模拟结果更符合实际情况,是区域规划有力的技术手段和科学支撑,能够对规划结果进行预测和评价。     

Analysis of the Role of Topography in the Spatial Differentiation of Landscapes Using Geoinformation and Statistical Methods

This article considers the patterns of correlations between the topography and spatial organization of the landscapes of two hierarchic levels (stows and groups of stows). A number of basic topographic parameters that are most significant for landscapes are obtained according to the digital elevation model of the basin of a minor river using geoinformation methods. The correlations are revealed using discriminant analysis. The greatest contribution to the discrimination of landscape units is made by the elevation. The directional slope is more significant for the discrimination of stows, while the standard deviation of slope is more significant for the discrimination of groups of stows. The latter parameter in combination with the profile curvature, as well as the wetness index, are significant for extracting valley geosystems. The same method was used to analyze the air temperature during the vegetation period as a factor that differentiates the conditions of the location of landscape units. The valley geosystems are grouped as colder ones, while the pyrogenic site is grouped as that with the highest amplitude of temperatures.     

Fine-scale analysis reveals cryptic landscape genetic structure in desert tortoises

Characterizing the effects of landscape features on genetic variation is essential for understanding how landscapes shape patterns of gene flow and spatial genetic structure of populations. Most landscape genetics studies have focused on patterns of gene flow at a regional scale. However, the genetic structure of populations at a local scale may be influenced by a unique suite of landscape variables that have little bearing on connectivity patterns observed at broader spatial scales. We investigated fine-scale spatial patterns of genetic variation and gene flow in relation to features of the landscape in desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), using 859 tortoises genotyped at 16 microsatellite loci with associated data on geographic location, sex, elevation, slope, and soil type, and spatial relationship to putative barriers (power lines, roads). We used spatially explicit and non-explicit Bayesian clustering algorithms to partition the sample into discrete clusters, and characterize the relationships between genetic distance and ecological variables to identify factors with the greatest influence on gene flow at a local scale. Desert tortoises exhibit weak genetic structure at a local scale, and we identified two subpopulations across the study area. Although genetic differentiation between the subpopulations was low, our landscape genetic analysis identified both natural (slope) and anthropogenic (roads) landscape variables that have significantly influenced gene flow within this local population. We show that desert tortoise movements at a local scale are influenced by features of the landscape, and that these features are different than those that influence gene flow at larger scales. Our findings are important for desert tortoise conservation and management, particularly in light of recent translocation efforts in the region. More generally, our results indicate that recent landscape changes can affect gene flow at a local scale and that their effects can be detected almost immediately.     

Spatial modelling of the barn owl Tyto alba habitat using landscape characteristics derived from SPOT data

Landscape parameters extracted from classified SPOT satellite imagery are used as independent variables for predicting potential habitat areas of the barn owl Tyto alba in a landscape north-east of Brussels, Belgium Field data on the nest sites, recorded during 9 yr, are used as the dependent variable A canonical correlation analysis of the landscape characteristics of 'successful breeding and non-breeding sites' selects a set of most significant parameters contributing to the distinction between suitable and unsuitable breeding habitat parameters measuring the spatial configuration and fragmentation of landscape elements, such as deciduous woods and grasslands, in combination with some visual characteristics of the open spaces in the landscape The selected set of parameters formed the basis for the calculation of a habitat model, whereby potential breeding sites could be located throughout the complete study area, at specific levels of confidence The results showed the relevance of this method for landscape ecological research and nature conservation planning     

Toward ecologically scaled landscape indices

Nature conservation is increasingly based on a landscape approach rather than a species approach. Landscape planning that includes nature conservation goals requires integrated ecological tools. However, species differ widely in their response to landscape change. We propose a framework of ecologically scaled landscape indices that takes into account this variation. Our approach is based on a combination of field studies of spatially structured populations (metapopulations) and model simulations in artificial landscapes. From these, we seek generalities in the relationship among species features, landscape indices, and metapopulation viability. The concept of ecological species profiles is used to group species according to characteristics that are important in metapopulations' response to landscape change: individual area requirements as the dominant characteristic of extinction risk in landscape patches and dispersal distance as the main determinant of the ability to colonize patches. The ecological profiles and landscape indices are then integrated into two ecologically scaled landscape indices (ESLI): average patch carrying capacity and average patch connectivity. The field data show that the fraction of occupied habitat patches is correlated with the two ESLI. To put the ESLI into a perspective of metapopulation persistence, we determine the viability for six ecological profiles at different degrees of habitat fragmentation using a metapopulation model and computer-generated landscapes. The model results show that the fraction of occupied patches is a good indicator for metapopulation viability. We discuss how ecological profiles, ESLI, and the viability threshold can be applied for landscape planning and design in nature conservation.     

道路对林地景观连接度的影响——以巩义市为例

基于景观连接度原理,借用景观连接度指数,在地理信息系统支持下,探讨了巩义市山区林地景观在不同距离阈值下连接度的变化,定量分析了道路对林地景观连接度的影响。结果显示,随着景观距离阈值的增大,无论是否有道路,林地景观整体可能连通性指数值都表现为逐渐增大;对林地景观连接度起"非常高"和"高"作用的林地斑块数量都比较少,但占林地总面积比例较大,面积大的林地斑块在提高景观连接度中起的作用较大;道路的分割使得林地斑块重要值降低,就单一斑块而言,随着景观距离阈值的增大,分割成的小斑块的重要值降低程度在逐渐减小。