半滑舌鳎血淋巴细胞体外培养及其染色体制备在性别鉴定中的应用

研究建立了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Gnther)外周血淋巴细胞体外培养及染色体制备方法,确定了最佳条件为:在24℃的环境中半滑舌鳎血淋巴细胞在添加20%胎牛血清的MEM培养基中,用终浓度为0.3 mg/mL的LPS为刺激源培养72h,在结束培养前3h加入终浓度0.08g/mL秋水仙素,可获得较多、较好的染色体分裂相。利用这种方法对半滑舌鳎遗传性别进行了鉴定,同时与生理解剖观察、性腺切片、性腺细胞培养、雌性特异标记等方法进行了比较,确定了适宜各阶段不同类型鱼的性别鉴定方法,丰富了半滑舌鳎活体遗传性别鉴定的方法。       

半滑舌鳎性逆转的遗传特性研究

半滑舌鳎雌雄个体生长差异悬殊,由于性逆转而造成的其群体中雌性比例过低大大制约了养殖效率。性逆转是鱼类及两栖类生物性别决定事件中有趣的生物学问题,其发生的遗传机制鲜有研究。在该研究中,分别利用雄鱼和伪雄鱼组建10个半同胞家系,对这10个半同胞家系中的子代雌雄比进行研究,结果发现,2个伪雄鱼的家系,其后代个体中遗传雌性鱼全部逆转为生理雄鱼;在另外8个雄鱼家系中其性逆转比呈连续分布,表现为典型的数量性状特征;半滑舌鳎性逆转的遗传力较低,仅为0.058。以上结果表明,伪雄鱼作为父本的遗传可能为完全的父本效应遗传,性逆转由于其较低的遗传力不适合于做家系选育而适合于做家系内的选育或结合分子标记的遗传评估,以提高雌性比的遗传进展,半滑舌鳎逆转比的数量遗传特征说明其性别决定是多基因作用的结果。     

筛选与尼罗罗非鱼性别相关的AFLP标记

尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia)隶属于鲈形目(Perciformes)、鲈形亚目(Percoidei)、丽鱼科(Cichildae)的热带性鱼类,是联合国粮农组织向全世界推广的优良养殖鱼类,已成为世界性的主要养殖对象之一。由于繁殖快、成熟早,养殖过程中极易造成繁殖过剩,密度过大,个体过小等不利情况;另外,尼罗罗非鱼的雌雄个体之间具有明显的生长差异,从而影响产量的提高。目前解决这一问题最为理想的措施是单性养殖全雄鱼,这样既可以防止过度繁殖,又可利用雄鱼的生长优势。但是由于缺乏性别或性染色体特异的分子遗传标记,遗传性别的准确鉴定问题也一直是罗非鱼类性别控…     

AFLP标记在果树遗传育种研究中的应用

1993年 ,Ｚａｂｅａｕ等发明了一项专利技术 ,扩增片段长度多态性 (ａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔｌｅｎｇｔｈｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ ,ＡＦＬＰ) ,该技术结合了ＲＦＬＰ技术和ＰＣＲ技术的优点 ,以其高效性和高重复性等特点 ,被广泛应用于多种植物的遗传育种研究。1 .ＡＦＬＰ技术的原理和特点ＡＦＬＰ技术是基于对限制性片段的选择性扩增 ,基因组ＤＮＡ被限制性内切酶切割后 ,将限制性片段末端连上双链接头 ,根据接头序列和相邻的限制性位点序列设计引物对限制性片段进行扩增。扩增产物经电泳检测后再比较其谱带的差异。ＡＦＬＰ…     

AFLP标记的特点及其在昆虫学研究中的应用

扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）是一种新兴的很有效的分子遗传标记方法, 它通过对基因组DNA限制性内切酶酶切片段进行选择性扩增而揭示多态性,具有快速、经济简便、不需要预先知道模板DNA的信息、模板需要量少、重复性高、结果可靠及具有很高的信息含量等优点。AFLP也具有缺点,主要是标记是显性的,同其他显性标记一样,不能区分杂合体和纯合体,因而不能更好地估算种群遗传的变异,对种群遗传结构的分析不能提供更多的统计信息;AFLP技术较复杂,而且经常使用放射性同位素,对模板DNA质量要求也较高。为了克服AFLP的这些缺点,人们又在其基础上发展了其他相关技术,例如AFRP、SAMPL、DALP和TE-AFLP等。目前AFLP在昆虫方面的应用还不是很多,处于初级阶段,主要应用在生态型鉴定、种群遗传分析、连锁图谱构建等方面,相信随着其技术的发展完善,必将会越来越多地应用于昆虫学的研究中。     

半滑舌鳎脑芳香化酶基因cDNA克隆及表达分析

为研究脑型芳香化酶(P450aromB)在半滑舌鳎性别分化中的作用,采用同源克隆策略,从半滑舌鳎脑分离了2184bp长的脑型芳香化酶的全长cDNA,该基因编码498个氨基酸。氨基酸序列和系统发育分析表明,P450aromB属于脑型P450arom,P450aromB的氨基酸序列与其他鱼类脑型P450arom的同源性较高(48.3%-66.1%),与性腺型P450arom的同源性较低(34.2%-49.9%),与自身的性腺型芳香化酶同源性为45.1%。RT-PCR分析表明:P450aromB mRNA的表达具有明显组织特异性,P450aromB只在性腺、脑、鳃和皮肤中表达,且脑中表达量远高于性腺,而在雌雄鱼的其他组织中都不表达。经过甲基睾酮浸浴处理和高温诱导半滑舌鳎由雌性性反转为雄性后,脑中P450aromB的表达量降低,这些结果表明P450aromB参与了半滑舌鳎的性腺分化和性别决定过程。     

半滑舌鳎基因组的提取及ISSR反应体系的建立

目的:比较CTAB法和STE法提取半滑舌鳎基因组DNA的效果,通过优化半滑舌鳎ISSR-PCR反应体系,将新型分子标记简单重复间序列(Inter-simple sequence repeat,ISSR),引用到半滑舌鳎遗传多样性研究中。方法:以95%酒精固定的半滑舌鳎鳍条为材料,运用CTAB法和STE法提取基因组DNA,同时分析了模板DNA、Mg2 、dNTPs、引物浓度,以及退火温度对ISSR-PCR扩增结果的影响。结果:CTAB法提取的基因组DNA质量好于STE法提取的结果,同时确立了稳定性强、重复性好的半滑舌鳎ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系和扩增参数。在25lμPCR反应体系中包括:1×PCR缓冲液,2mmol/L MgCl2,0.2mmol/L dNTP,0.2μmol/L ISSR引物,20ng模板DNA,1.5U Taq DNA聚合酶。反应程序为:94℃预变性5min,然后进入PCR循环,即94℃变性45s,52℃退火45s,72℃延伸90s,共进行40个循环。最后72℃延伸10min。结论:ISSR-PCR反应体系稳定可靠,该新型分子标记可应用于半滑舌鳎遗传多样性研究中。     

DNA分子标记在雌雄异株植物性别鉴定中的应用

雌雄异株植物中不同性别的植株所产生的经济效应和生态效应存在一定的差异,在生产实践中,选取适宜性别的植株进行栽培有助于提高效率,避免不必要的浪费。然而,性别鉴定的常用方法大多是根据表型、代谢产物含量及活性等方面的差异,在成株阶段进行的,鉴定结果的可靠性和准确性都有一定的局限。近几年,DNA分子标记技术应用于雌雄异株植物的性别鉴定研究中,获得了快速准确的鉴定结果。在比较常用性别鉴定方法的基础上,主要就常用DNA分子标记在雌雄异株植物性别鉴定中的研究进展做一概述并对该领域的研究提出展望。     

半滑舌鳎AKT-ineracting protein基因的克隆及免疫应答表达分析

研究克隆了半滑舌鳎Cynoglossus semilaevis膜蛋白AKT-interacting protein (AKTIP)基因, 研究了其在健康组织中的表达模式、鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)感染后免疫组织和不同病原物刺激外周血淋巴细胞中的表达特征。通过常规克隆和RACE技术, 获得的半滑舌鳎AKTIP基因全长cDNA序列为1224 bp, 其中包括5'-UTR为116 bp, 3'-UTR为117 bp和完整的ORF序列891 bp, 编码296个氨基酸, 预测蛋白质的等电点(PI)为9.12,分子量是33.74 kD; 同源比对发现半滑舌鳎AKTIP的氨基酸序列在不同物种之间具有较高的保守性; 荧光实时定量PCR (qRT-PCR)检测到半滑舌鳎各个组织中均有AKTIP基因的表达, 在卵巢中表达量最高; 鳗弧菌感染半滑舌鳎后, AKTIP基因在肝、鳃、血液、肠、头肾和脾中均上调表达; 病原模拟物PGN、LPS、poly I:C和WGP刺激半滑舌鳎外周血淋巴细胞均诱导AKTIP基因下调表达。研究表明半滑舌鳎AKTIP基因参与了机体免疫反应为给半滑舌鳎免疫防御技术的研究提供理论依据。     

半滑舌鳎血红蛋白α1的基因克隆及其在短期低氧胁迫下的表达分析

该文克隆了海洋鱼类——半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis,Cs)的血红蛋白α1 (CsHb-α1)基因全长cDNA序列,并研究了其在短期低氧胁迫下的表达变化.CsHb-α1 cDNA全长594 bp,编码144个氨基酸.氨基酸序列分析表明,该基因与其他物种的Hb具有较高的序列相似性.实时定量PCR检测显示CsHB-α1在心、肝、脾脏、肾脏和血液中表达量较高.与对照组相比(溶解氧:6.2 mg/L),在短期(5～120 min)及36 h低氧胁迫(溶解氧:1.0 mg/L)后,CsHb-α1在心、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、血液和腮腺中表达量明显升高.这表明Hb-α1的上调是半滑舌鳎适应低氧胁迫的一个重要分子组成.     

Cloning,characterization of two female-specific AFLP markers and development of PCR-based sex identification method for the half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

Two female-specific AFLP(amplified fragment length polymorphism)markers(named CseF464 and CseF136)were isolated by using one selective primer combination(E-AGC/M-CTG)from the genomic DNA of 20 females and 20 males of the half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis.Both the markers were re-amplified,recovered from the agarose gels,cloned and sequenced.Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the length of the two markers were 468 bp and 134 bp,respectively,and the sequences showed no similarity to each othe...     

Development and characterization of 60 novel EST-SSR markers in half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

Sixty novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed from expressed sequence tags (EST) of half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis exploited in the laboratory. The number of alleles, observed and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from two to 16, from 0·0833 to 1·0000 and from 0·0816 to 0·913, respectively. Of these SSRs, 20 had significant homology to known genes by BLASTx (basic local alignment search tool x) search. For cross-species amplification, there are 53 positive amplifications in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus with 12 polymorphic loci and 51 positive amplifications in Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis with 11 polymorphic loci. These new EST-SSR markers will be useful for genetic studies and genome mapping of C. semilaevis and its closely related fishes.     

Identification and expressional analysis of two cathepsins from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)

Cathepsins are a family of lysosomal proteases that play an important role in protein degradation, antigen presentation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Cathepsins are divided into three groups, i.e., cysteine protease, serine protease, and aspartic protease. Cathepsin D and cathepsin L, which are aspartic protease and cysteine protease respectively, have been identified in a number of teleosts; however, the immunological relevance of fish cathepsins is largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and analyzed the expression profiles of a cathepsin D (CsCatD) and a cathepsin L (CsCatL) homologs from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). CsCatD is composed of 396 amino acid residues and shares 67.6-88.4% overall sequence identities with fish and human cathepsin D. Structurally CsCatD possesses an aspartic endopeptidase domain, which contains two conserved aspartic acid residues that form the catalytic site. CsCatL is 336 residues in length and shares 64.7-90.2% overall sequence identities with fish and human cathepsin L. CsCatL has an N-terminal cathepsin propeptide inhibitor domain followed by a Papain family cysteine protease domain, the latter containing four conserved catalytic residues: Gln-133, Cys-139, His-279, and Asn-303. Recombinant CsCatL purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent protease activity. Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis detected constitutive expression of CsCatD and CsCatL in multiple tissues, with the lowest level found in heart and the highest level found in liver. Experimental challenge of tongue sole with the bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum and megalocytivirus caused significant inductions of both CsCatD and CsCatL expression in kidney and spleen in time-dependent manners. Immunization of the fish with a subunit vaccine also enhanced CsCatD and CsCatL expression in the first week post-vaccination. These results suggest involvement of CsCatD and CsCatL in host immune reactions to bacterial and viral infections and in the process of antigen-induced immune response.     

半滑舌鳎精子发生和精子形成的超微结构

用电子显微镜对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)精子发生的过程及精子的超微结构进行了观察。半滑舌鳎精巢属于小叶型,精小叶由各期生精细胞和支持细胞构成。半滑舌鳎的精子发生经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞,再经过精子形成过程发育成为精子。初级精母细胞成熟分裂的前期Ⅰ,同源染色体经历了联会复合体形成和解聚的变化。在精子形成的过程中,精细胞大致经历了核质浓缩、线粒体迁移及鞭毛的发生等过程。核质浓缩时,精细胞核内位于植入窝周围的染色质首先由细颗粒状浓缩成粗大颗粒状,然后细胞核其他部位的染色质也逐渐浓缩成粗大颗粒状。这些已浓缩成粗大颗粒状的染色质再进一步浓缩为电子密度高的均匀状物质。随着核质的浓缩,核外膜与核内膜之间的间隙增大形成核膜间隙,核内一些没有参与染色质浓缩的物质通过出芽形成囊泡,先排入核膜间隙,然后再外排到细胞质中。核浓缩过程中细胞核的体积和表面积都大大缩小;鞭毛的形成与细胞核的浓缩是同步进行的,当一对中心粒移近细胞核时,核膜凹陷形成植入窝,其周围染色质浓缩的同时,远端中心粒(基体)逐渐向后产生轴丝。成熟精子无顶体,头细长,主要为核占据,核凹窝发达,线粒体4-5个环绕在鞭毛基部形成袖套,尾细长,具侧鳍,尾部轴丝为"9 2"结构。     

Gene cloning and expression analysis of IRF1 in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)

Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) was known to play key roles in antiviral defense in several species, and some other important biological processes. In this report, full length cDNA of IRF1 from Cynoglossus semilaevis (CsIRF1) was identified. It was of 1,455 bp, containing a 5′ UTR of 104 bp, a 3′ UTR of 541 bp with a poly (A) tail and an ORF of 810 bp encoding a putative protein of 269 amino acids. The putative CsIRF1protein contained one conserved IRF domain (1–113aa), and two low complexity regions (140–158aa and 230–242aa, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CsIRF1 was conserved in the teleost evolutionary branch, which was independent of mammalian, birds and amphibians. Additionally, CsIRF1 had the 96 % homology with marine fishes, while 66 % with freshwater fishes. The expression profiles of CsIRF1was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR in healthy tissues and in immune tissues challenged with different pathogens [Vibrio anguillarum and Lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV)], respectively. CsIRF1 was widely expressed in healthy tissues of Cynoglossus semilaevis and with the highest expression in blood, as much as 19 times of that in liver. V. anguillarum and LCDV both induced the CsIRF1 gene expression distinctly in liver, with the peak value reached to 98-fold at 6 h and 25-fold at 24 h, respectively. The bacteria induced CsIRF1 suddenly up-expression in each detected tissues. However, at the initial stage of the challenge of virus LCDV, the CsIRF1 expression in blood and spleen were up regulated; on the contrary, its expression in liver and head kidney were down regulated, 0.3 and 0.4-fold 6 h post virus injection, respectively. These results suggested that CsIRF1 gene might involve in not only antiviral activity but also antibacterial procedure, indicating its vital role in Cynoglossus semilaevis innate defense system.     

Isolation and characterization of Toll-like receptor 9 in half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are considered as key sensors to trigger the host's innate immune system and adaptive immune responses by recognizing various PAMPs and initiating signal transduction. TLR9, as a member of TLR family, mediates the recognition of unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motifs commonly found in both bacterial and viral genomes. In the current study, the TLR9 gene was isolated from one of flatfish species, half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). In the 4588 bp genomic sequence, three exons, two introns, and 5′ UTR of 23 bp and 3′ UTR of 342 bp were identified. Putative amino acid sequence was 1062 residues long, including a typical conserved cytosolic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain, 14 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs, with greater than 60% identity to gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus orthologs. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated a broad expression of csTLR9, especially in spleen and gonads. No statistically significant changes were observed for csTLR9 mRNA levels in spleen and head kidney after inactive Vibrio anguillarum immunisation. In C. semilaevis ontogeny, the expression of csTLR9 appeared to be developmentally regulated. The presence of maternal TLR9 mRNA and the dramatic decrease of TLR9 expression at metamorphic stage indicated TLR9 might be involved in C. semilaevis development. Comparing sequence and expression profile of csTLR9 with mammalian and other piscine TLR9s suggested that the main function of TLR9 might be conserved across vertebrates, although species-specific features were present.