濒危植物紫斑牡丹胚离体培养

以MS为基本培养基 ,添加不同浓度的BA、NAA及其组合 ,对濒危植物紫斑牡丹的胚进行体外培养。实验结果显示在没有添加任何激素的培养基上 ,离体胚生长类似种子萌发时胚的生长模式 ,子叶扩大伸长 ,达到约种子大小时停顿 ,根伸长生长极其显著 ;BA促进子叶膨大生长 ,当BA浓度增大时根生长受到抑制 ;NAA促进愈伤组织形成 ,抑制根生长。 0 .1mg·L- 1BA促进紫斑牡丹胚的胚轴、根生长 ,有利于幼苗形成。     

火炬松(Pinus taeda L.)合子胚愈伤组织的器官发生和植株再生

以火炬松(Pinus taeda L.)的成熟合子胚为外植体在附加NAA和BA的TE培养基上诱导产生了淡黄色、疏松、有光泽的颗粒状愈伤组织。经过愈伤组织的保持和增殖培养及不定芽原基的诱导培养后,进行了不同激素、低温处理和蔗糖浓度对不定芽分化的影响实验。结果表明,在附加0.5 mg·L~(-1)IBA和2 mg·L~(-1)BA的TE培养基上,愈伤组织上的不定芽分化频率最高达62.15%。不定芽分化的最佳低温处理时间是5—6周,最佳蔗糖浓度是25—30 g·L~(-1)。不定芽经伸长培养后取高于1cm的小苗用于生根。在附加IBA、BA和GA_3的TE培养基上不定芽的生很频率最高达46%。     

塔杨松散型均质胚性愈伤组织培养体系

为了获得塔杨(Populus×canadensis Moench‘Tower’)松散型、均质、胚性愈伤组织(LHEC),以塔杨试管苗叶片为外植体,通过不同浓度激素(BA、KT、2,4-D)、蔗糖和无机盐处理,建立了松散型愈伤组织(LC)诱导—继代培养—胚性愈伤诱导的高效体系。结果显示:塔杨叶片在低蔗糖和低无机盐(1/4MS+2 mg·L~(-1)2,4-D+1mg·L~(-1)BA+10 g·L~(-1))的培养基上培养可以诱导出完全的LC(诱导率100%)。LC在继代培养基(MS+2.0mg·L~(-1)2,4-D+2.0 mg·L~(-1)BA+Vc100 mg·L~(-1)+30 g·L~(-1))上进行2~3次转接后,再转移到LHEC培养基(MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1)2,4-D+3 mg·L~(-1)BA+Vc100 mg·L~(-1)+40 g·L~(-1)蔗糖)上培养4~5周(每7天转接1次),即可诱导出具有许多球状体(原胚状体)的松散型胚性愈伤组织。此外,适当的2,4-D与BA浓度比例,可以使LC保持细胞的松散特性、不形成根、无褐变,生长快;含有30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖的培养基利于LC生长和LHEC的形成;维生素C能较好的抑制继代培养中的褐变;BA有利于形成LC,而KT有利于紧密型愈伤组织的形成,同时BA处理的愈伤组织生长较KT处理的快;当2,4-D浓度为0.5~1 mg·L~(-1)时,随着BA浓度的增加,LHEC的数量也随之增加,当BA为3 mg·L~(-1)时,LHEC数量达到最大值100%。本文还对影响愈伤组织胚性化的主要因素进行了讨论。提出的各项建议对均质胚性愈伤组织LHEC的培养有重要的指导意义。     

植物激素对驳骨丹茎愈伤组织生长和器官再生的作用

在驳骨丹离体茎切段培养中,用MS基本培养基,分别附加2毫克/升BA和0.2毫克/升NAA诱导愈伤组织,附加1毫克/升BA诱导芽分化;以2/1MS基本培养基分别附加0.5毫克/升NAA、IBA、IAA和2,4-D进行诱导发根试验,除2,4-D无效外,均能生根形成再生植株。根据上述试验结果,设计不同浓度的BA和NAA组合,进行愈伤组织继代培养,讨论这两种激素对愈伤组织生长和器官再生的调节作用。主要结果为:1.低浓度的BA和NAA组合比较有利促进愈伤组织的生长,且以中等浓度的BA和低浓度NAA的效果最佳;2.单独附加BA,其浓度在0.25—4.0毫克/升范围内,都能促进芽分化,而完全抑制了根的发生。当单加NAA,在0.5—6.0毫克/升的浓度范围内,能促进根的形成,而随其浓度的升高抑制芽的分化;3.细胞分裂素与生长素的比值>0.5时,有利芽分化而抑制根的发生,当比值<0.6时,有利根形成而抑制或减弱细胞分裂素促进芽分化的作用。在这里讨论了生长素和细胞分裂素之间对报、芽形成的拮抗作用。     

药用植物组织培养的研究——Ⅲ、三分三愈伤组织的分化对莨菪碱、东莨菪碱含量的影响

从三分三种子萌发的根、茎、叶和花药、种皮诱导的愈伤组织,均含有莨菪碱、东莨菪碱。其含量和生长速度均以茎、叶愈伤组织为最高。根、茎、叶愈伤组织,在培养基中分别加入各种植物激素,培养时表明:BA(6-苄基嘌呤)促进芽的分化,NAA促进根的分化,2,4-D则抑制根的分化,GA_3(赤霉酸)影响很小。获得了三种愈伤组织只分化根不分化芽(加NAA 1毫克/升)和只分化芽不分化根(每升中加BA0.2毫克和2,4-D 0.2毫克)的良好结果。分化的这些芽或根的诱导频率,以茎、叶愈伤组织为高。分化的芽或根中均含有莨菪碱及东莨菪碱,但其含量相应地比它们的未分化的愈伤组织约低1～4倍。薄层层析结果表明,愈伤组织中有6种生物碱,茎、叶愈伤组织中,还有一种在紫外光下显蓝色荧光的物质,而分化的根或芽及花药愈伤组织中只有4种生物碱。看来,在离体培养下的三分三愈伤组织是有莨菪碱和东莨菪碱合成的全能性。这两种生物碱似乎并非最终的代谢产物,它们可能参与了器官建成中的代谢过程。文中还讨论了莨菪碱和东莨菪碱的合成部位问题。     

胡杨杂种叶片组培技术研究

目的:优化胡杨杂种叶片组培技术进而为其遗传转化研究奠定基础。方法:以胡杨杂种叶片为外植体,以WPM为基本培养基,研究不同植物生长调节剂对叶片诱导愈伤组织、愈伤组织诱导不定芽、以及不定芽进一步诱导不定根的作用效果。结果:胡杨杂种叶片最佳脱菌方式:0.1%HgCl_2脱菌5 min;叶片诱导愈伤组织的最适培养基为WPM+0.4 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.4 mg·L~(-1)NAA,诱导率可达100%;愈伤组织诱导不定芽的最适培养基为WPM+0.5 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.2 mg·L~(-1)NAA,诱导率可达100%;诱导不定根的最适培养基为1/2WPM+2.0 mg·L~(-1)IBA+0.02 mg·L~(-1)NAA+0.2 mg·L~(-1)GA_3,生根率可达100%。以上3种培养基均需添加30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖,30 g·L~(-1)琼脂,pH调至5.8。结论:本研究建立了以胡杨杂种叶片为外植体的组培技术,为后序进行胡杨杂种批量化生产及其遗传转化研究提供重要参考。     

轮叶党参的组织培养及植株再生研究

以轮叶党参为材料,研究了不同外植体、激素组合、培养基及光照条件对愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的影响.结果表明,叶片是轮叶党参组织培养较为合适的外植体.外植体在添加0.5 mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D+1.0 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA+0.5 mg·L~(-1) KT的MS培养基上愈伤组织诱导率最高可达100%;愈伤组织转移到附加0.75 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA+0.5 mg·L~(-1) NAA的MS培养基进行继代培养,增殖后的愈伤组织转移到附加0.5 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA+0.2 mg·L~(-1) NAA的1/2MS分化培养基进行分化,其分化率达89.4%;将分化出的芽转接到附加0.2 mg·L~(-1) IAA+0.2 mg·L~(-1) NAA的1/2MS培养基,生根率达92.5%.暗培养诱导出愈伤组织后转到16 h·d~(-1)光照条件下,愈伤组织增殖倍数和分化率显著提高,再生苗健壮,长势强.     

濒危中药材太白米组织培养及总黄酮含量测定

以太白米(Notholirion bulbuliferum)地下小鳞茎为外植体,通过在MS基本培养基添加不同浓度2,4-D、KT、TDZ和NAA,研究不同植物生长调节剂对太白米愈伤组织诱导的影响.结果显示,4种植物生长调节剂在不同水平上对愈伤组织诱导有显著作用(2,4-D、TDZ,P<0.01;NAA、KT,P<0.05),诱导愈伤组织的最佳激素组合是0.5 mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D+0.5 mg·L~(-1) NAA+0.2 mg·L~(-1) KT+0.1 mg·L~(-1) TDZ,愈伤组织在该培养基上继代培养有不定芽分化,如用相同浓度ZT代替KT则分化的不定芽增多.HPLC分析显示野生小鳞茎、愈伤组织和不定芽中总黄酮含量无显著差异,分别为干重的13.3%、11.4%和11.9%.     

非洲菊组培快繁技术的优化

6个品系非洲菊的快繁技术优化试验结果表明,花托是最好的外植体,其起始培养需要高浓度的6-BA,基因型对其离体培养响应有明显影响。经优化的花托快繁条件为:起始4周,1/2MS+BA10+NAA0.2(mg.L~(-1)下同);愈伤组织出苗4周、小苗增殖3周,MS+BA3.0+NAA0.2;生根3周,1/2MS+IAA1.0。花托的4周直接成芽率71％,花托愈伤组织的4周成芽率97％,小苗增殖倍数10倍以上,生根率99％,平均每苗7.4条根、根长30mm。     

诺丽叶片的离体再生

以诺丽(Morinda citrifolia)叶片为外植体,在添加不同激素种类和浓度的MS培养基上进行离体培养,建立两种离体再生模式:模式Ⅰ为先脱分化愈伤组织,再分化不定根和不定芽;模式Ⅱ为直接培养生根后分化不定芽。结果表明:在模式Ⅰ中,诱导诺丽叶片产生愈伤组织的最优培养基为MS+0.1 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+2.0mg·L~(-1)2,4-D;诱导叶片愈伤组织再分化出不定根和不定芽的最优培养基为MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.4 mg·L~(-1) NAA或MS+2.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.4 mg·L~(-1) NAA,其中MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.4 mg·L~(-1) NAA生根时间最早为10 d左右,根系较发达,而MS+2.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.4 mg·L~(-1) NAA生根时间在15 d左右,根系发达。在模式Ⅱ中,诱导叶片直接生根长芽的培养基为MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.4 mg·L~(-1) NAA。将模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅱ中,完成诺丽叶片离体再生的苗切下后接种到MS+0.2 mg·L~(-1) NAA培养基中诱导生根,15 d左右分化出不定根,45 d获得完整植株。该研究结果为后续的遗传转化和基因改良研究奠定了基础。     

酚酸类物质对三七幼苗的化感影响

该文研究了不同浓度的阿魏酸、对香豆酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香草酸5种酚酸类物质对三七幼苗生长和生理的影响。结果表明:处理后,三七幼苗的苗高、根长、可溶性蛋白质含量、根系活力、CAT以及POD活性均有所降低。其中,阿魏酸各处理组幼苗的苗高及POD活性均显著降低,50、100 mg·L~(-1)的对香豆酸以及100 mg·L~(-1)的香草酸处理组幼苗苗高也分别比对照显著降低16.19%、16.67%和29.29%;对香豆酸、丁香酸以及对羟基苯甲酸各处理组幼苗根长均显著低于对照;香草酸处理组幼苗的根系活力也显著低于对照,且幼苗的CAT活性在10、50、100 mg·L~(-1)丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及香草酸处理下也达到了显著降低水平。此外,1 mg·L~(-1)阿魏酸以及100 mg·L~(-1)香草酸处理组幼苗的叶绿素含量也均显著降低;中高浓度的阿魏酸、对香豆酸、丁香酸、对羟基苯甲酸增加了三七幼苗的MDA含量,而香草酸在0.1、1、10、100 mg·L~(-1)浓度下显著降低幼苗的MDA含量;丁香酸、香草酸、对羟基苯甲酸以及中高浓度的对香豆酸增加了三七幼苗的SOD活性,且香草酸各处理组均达到了显著性水平。综上结果表明,5种酚酸类物质对三七幼苗均具有一定的化感抑制作用,但各酚酸物质的作用方式及强度并不完全一致,阿魏酸的化感影响较大,这为进一步研究三七的化感自毒作用提供了一定的理论参考。     

Effects of flaxseed,raw soybeans and calcium salts of fatty acids on apparent total tract digestibility,energy balance and milk fatty acid profile of transition cows

Oilseeds offer some protection to the access of ruminal microorganisms and may be an alternative to calcium salts of fatty acids (FA), which are not fully inert in the ruminal environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different sources of FA supplementation on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, milk yield and composition, and energy balance (EB) of cows during the transition period and early lactation. We compared diets rich in C18:2 and C18:3 FA. Multiparous Holstein cows were randomly assigned to receive one of the four diets: control (n=11); whole flaxseed (WF, n=10), 60 and 80 g/kg (diet dry matter (DM) basis) of WF during the prepartum and postpartum periods, respectively; whole raw soybeans (WS, n=10), 120 and 160 g/kg (diet DM basis) of WS during the prepartum and postpartum periods, respectively; and calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CSFA, n=11), 24 and 32 g/kg (diet DM basis) of CSFA during the prepartum and postpartum periods, respectively. Dry cows fed WF had higher DM and net energy of lactation (NE_L) intake than those fed WS or CSFA. The FA supplementation did not alter DM and NDF apparent total tract digestibility, dry cows fed WF exhibited greater NDF total tract digestion than cows fed WS or CSFA. Feeding WS instead of CSFA did not alter NE_L intake and total tract digestion of nutrients, but increased milk fat yield and concentration. Calculated efficiency of milk yield was not altered by diets. FA supplementation increased EB during the postpartum period. Experimental diets increased long-chain FA (saturated and unsaturated FA) in milk. In addition, cows fed WS and CSFA had higher C18:1 trans-11 FA and C18:2 cis, and lower C18:3 FA in milk than those fed WF. Furthermore, cows fed CSFA had higher C18:1 trans-11 and cis-9, trans-11 FA than cows fed WS. Although supplemental C18:2 and C18:3 FA did not influence the milk yield of cows, they positively affected EB and increased unsaturated long-chain FA in milk fat.     

Identification of glutamine chain lengths of endogenous Folypoly-γ-glytamates in rat tissues

A simplified procedure for the determination of the glutamate chain lengths of endogenous tissue folate is described.Natural pteroylpoly-γ-glutamates in tissue extracts, irrespective of their one-carbon moiety, were converted by a reductive cleavage procedure to a homologous series of p-aminobenzoylpoly-γ-glutamates, differing only in glutamate chain length. Desalting and concentration of the extracts were achieved by absorbing the derivatives on active charcoal followed by their elution with ethanol: ammonia. Aminobenzoylpolyglutamates were separated by DEAE- cellulose chromatography and quantitated by a colorimetric procedure for primary aromatic amines.The major endogenous folates in rat liver and kidney were pteroylpentaglutamate derivatives with smaller amounts of pteroyltetra- and hexaglutamate.     

氨基酸L-和D-异构体对离体小麦胚植株生长的影响

5种氨基酸L-和D-异构体对离体小麦胚植株生长的影响结果表明,在1~7 mmol.L-1浓度范围内,脯氨酸异构体均不抑制植株生长;缬氨酸和蛋氨酸的L-型严重抑制生长,D-型不抑制或轻微抑制;丙氨酸则相反,L-型无抑制作用,D-型是严重抑制类型;丝氨酸的L-型轻微抑制生长,D-型严重抑制生长。生长结果也表明,DL-异构体的抑制作用介于D-型和L-型之间。     

氨基酸分析仪测定饲料添加剂——叶酸的方法

用６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸于１１０℃条件下水解饲料添加剂——叶酸,使之游离出谷氨酸,用氢氧化钠中和调节ｐＨ到２,氨基酸分析仪测定谷氨酸含量,经与标准叶酸水解样品比较,计算出叶酸的纯度。该方法重现性好,变异系数ＣＶ＝０．０８％,平均回收率为９８．３４％,浓度与峰面积呈线性相关,相关系数ｒ＝０．９９８７,可随氨基酸分析同时进行,不需改变任何分析条件。     

Separation and simultaneous determination of nalidixic acid, hydroxynalidixic acid and carboxynalidixic acid in serum and urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Separation in capillary electrophoresis is governed by various factors, including buffer type, buffer concentration, pH, temperature, voltage and micelles. Through proper adjustment of these parameters, nalidixic acid and its two major metabolites, 7-hydroxynalidixic and 7-carboxynalidixic, could be separated by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using an electrophoretic electrolyte consisting of 50 mM borate buffer (pH 9) containing 25 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate and 10% acetonitrile. A linear relationship between concentration and peak area for each compound was obtained in the concentration range 0.15–100 μg ml⁻¹, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999 and detection limits in the 0.2–0.7 ng ml⁻¹ range. Intra- and inter-day precision values of about 0.8–1.2% RSD (n=11) and 1.3–2.0% RSD (n=30), respectively, were obtained. The method has been applied to the analysis of nalidixic acid and its two major metabolites in serum and urine with limits of sensitivity lower than 0.8 ng ml⁻¹.     

Characterization of Transgenic Rice Plants Expressing an Arabidopsis FAD7

Fatty acid -3 desaturase (FAD) is the key enzyme catalyzing the formation of trienoic fatty acids. We utilized an Arabidopsis FAD7 gene and the seven independent transgenic rice plants harbouring 1 to 3 copies of this gene were generated. The expression of FAD7 mRNA was different among independent transgenic lines regardless of the copy number. The total linolenic acid (18:3) contents reduced by about 7 – 32 % in transgenic rice plants but the linoleic acid (18:2) content increased accordingly. With or without wounding treatments, the jasmonate content was higher in transgenic lines than in wild-type rice plant. The transgenic lines overproducing jasmonate also showed increased expression of PR1b mRNA and allene oxide synthase inresponse to wounding.     

Achievements and challenges of sialic acid research

Sialic acids are one of the most important molecules of life, since they occupy the terminal position on macromolecules and cell membranes and are involved in many biological and pathological phenomena. The structures of sialic acids, comprising a family of over 40 neuraminic acid derivatives, have been elucidated. However, many aspects of the regulation of their metabolism at the enzyme and gene levels, as well as of their functions remain mysterious. Sialic acids play a dual role, not only are they indispensable for the protection to and adaptation of life, but are also utilised by life-threatening infectious microorganisms. In this article the present state of knowledge in sialobiology, with an emphasis on my personal experience in this research area, is outlined including a discussion of necessary future work in this fascinating field of cell biology.