杀虫剂对拟寄生昆虫的影响

本文综述了有关杀虫剂对拟寄生昆虫影响的研究结果,包括致死、亚致死效应,杀虫剂在寄主－拟寄生昆虫间的选择毒性,拟寄生昆虫对杀虫剂的抗性等。文章最后讨论了研究杀虫剂对拟寄生昆虫影响的意义。     

Non-target effects of kaolin and coppers applied on olive trees for the predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea

Kaolin clays and copper salts might be considered as alternative chemical control products for controlling olive pests in the contexts of both organic farming and integrated pest management programmes. Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neur. Chrysopidae) represents one of the most significant generalist predators of olive grove pests. In this study, we evaluated the side effects of these compounds on the predatory lacewing. First, kaolin and two copper salts (copper oxychloride and Bordeaux mixture) were tested on C. carnea eggs to determine their effects on egg viability and larval hatching suppression by topical application. Second, L₃ larvae were exposed to the pesticide residues on treated olive tree leaves. Third, a series of three residual tests in adults were sequentially performed as follows: residues on glass surfaces, on olive tree leaves and on small olive trees. Finally, kaolin- and water-treated eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lep. Pyralidae) were offered to L₃ larvae in both dual- and no-choice tests. C. carnea egg hatching was reduced by the kaolin treatment compared to the control treatment. Residual treatments were harmless to larvae and adults, without any deleterious effects on reproduction. L₃ larvae consistently preferred to feed on water-treated E. kuehniella eggs compared to kaolin-treated eggs. The larvae from the no-choice test that had fed ad libitum until pupation on kaolin-treated E. kuehniella eggs, pupated and emerged as healthy adults in reduced proportions compared with those that fed on water-treated eggs. In conclusion, our data suggest that both kaolin and copper products appeared to be largely harmless or only slightly harmful to the predator.     

在玻璃表面上短时接触硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的致死效应和亚致死效应（英文）

四纹豆象Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)是伊朗豇豆种子上的主要贮藏害虫。控制这一害虫时, 用生物杀虫剂比用常规杀虫剂更为合适。本研究评价了室内条件下在玻璃表面上硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象成虫的致死效应和亚致死效应。结果表明： 硅藻土处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为 1.47和0.2 g/m²; 多杀菌素处理24 h和48 h后, 对四纹豆象成虫的LC50 值分别为102.9 和68.8 mg ai/L, 说明两种化合物都对四纹豆象成虫具有较高的急性毒性。通过检测生物学参数, 研究了LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的亚致死效应。LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使四纹豆象成虫的繁殖力分别比对照降低了71.5%和17.2%, 卵孵化率降低了57.5%和27.8%, 成虫寿命缩短了74.7%和17.1%。接触LC₂₀浓度的硅藻土和多杀菌素使这一害虫的蛹期分别比对照延长了4.8%和2.3%。亚致死效应研究表明, 硅藻土和多杀菌素对四纹豆象的生命参数均产生了负面影响。总之, 致死效应和亚致死效应综合显示, 硅藻土在防治四纹豆象上具有较大的潜力。     

农药对家蚕(Bombyx mori L.)的亚致死效应研究进展

明确农药对家蚕的影响对综合评价农药的生态效应与合理使用农药具有理论和实践意义.从生长发育、经济性状和食物利用方面综述了农药对家蚕的亚致死效应;从生理代谢、组织器官亚显微结构和培养细胞方面介绍了亚致死效应产生的机制,并结合杀虫剂对其它鳞翅目昆虫亚致死影响方面的研究结果对其进行了讨论,提出了今后加强研究的重点.总的来说,亚致死剂量农药的胁迫可使家蚕幼虫眠性不齐,眠蚕体重和蛹重减轻,发育历期延长,严重者结茧(上蔟)时间推迟,且吐丝营茧功能失常,最终导致蚕茧质量下降.桑叶上残留的农药在一定程度上还会对家蚕的取食行为以及食物摄入后的消化吸收产生影响.农药对家蚕亚致死效应产生的机制目前主要有3个:家蚕体内正常生理水平和代谢平衡受到扰动、家蚕的一些重要组织器官如中肠和后丝腺等微形态结构受到损伤和家蚕卵巢细胞出现凋亡现象.农药对家蚕的亚致死效应因农药种类、试验剂量和家蚕受药时间而异,产生的机理也十分复杂.今后应着重开展新农药对家蚕亚致死效应研究,特别是对生化和分子机制方面的研究以及农药复合污染对家蚕影响的研究.     

Prosopis chilensis is a plant highly tolerant to heat shock

At temperatures between 25 and 35°C, 100% of Prosopis chilensis seeds germinated within 24 h. At higher temperatures, the germination rate was reduced; at 50°C, seeds did not germinate. After germination at 25°C, the optimal temperature for seedling growth was 35°C and the seedlings did not grow at a temperature of 50°C. However, when germination was at 35°C, the optimal temperature for seedling growth was 40°C and some seedlings grew at 50°C, suggesting that thermotolerance was induced during seed germination at 35°C. Further thermotolerance can be induced in seedlings germinated at 35°C, by exposing them to 40°C for 2h. Under these conditions, seedlings exhibited increased growth rate at 45 and 50°C. Fluorography of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins synthesized and accumulated during 2 h at temperatures of 35, 40, 45 and 50°C in the presence of [³⁵S]methionine revealed the expression of 11 proteins not detectable at 35°C. Most of the proteins present at 35°C also increased in expression. The temperature for maximal expression of these proteins was 45°C.     

毒死蜱亚致死剂量对灰飞虱致害性和繁殖力的影响

为科学用药防治灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)提供理论依据, 采用麦秆浸渍法测定毒死蜱对灰飞虱成虫的室内活性, 并用Parafilm小袋法和滤纸漏斗法测定毒死蜱亚致死剂量对灰飞虱蜜露排泄量、 虫体增重、 产卵量等指标的影响。Parafilm小袋法的测定结果表明, 经毒死蜱亚致死剂量（0.21 mg/L有效成分）处理的灰飞虱单雌蜜露分泌量和虫体增重分别比对照增加10.99%和22.22%, 但与对照相比无显著差异（P>0.05）; 单雌产卵量为79.6±26.4个, 比对照增加12.27%, 差异达到极显著水平（P<0.01）。滤纸漏斗法的测定结果表明, 处理过的灰飞虱雌成虫蜜露分泌面积为119.74±5.90 mm², 比对照增加13.06%, 差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）。毒死蜱亚致死剂量处理后对灰飞虱蜜露分泌量、 虫体增重和单雌产卵量均表现不同程度的促进作用, 说明毒死蜱亚致死剂量可能会导致灰飞虱致害性加剧。本研究结果对深入研究杀虫剂对灰飞虱种群的亚致死效应具有重要的参考价值。     

Sublethal responses of the German cockroach to vapors of commercial pesticide formulations

The effects of vapors of four commercial propoxur formulations and their solvent systems (blanks) on dispersal of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), of a laboratory susceptible and two propoxur-resistant field strains were studied. Little or no dispersal occurred in experiments with water-based formulations (emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder). Rapid dispersal occurred in experiments with aerosol and propoxur-in-oil formulations and their blanks. The order from most rapid to slowest dispersal was as follows: propoxur-in-oil, aerosol, aerosol blank and oil blank. Each strain differed from the others in response to at least one of the test materials.

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Résumé L'étude a porté sur les effets des vapeurs de quatre formules commerciales de propoxure et de leurs solvants sur la dispersion d'une souche sensible de laboratoire et de deux souches résistantes de la nature de B. germanica L.. Avec des solutions aqueuses, concentré émulsifiable ou poudre mouillable, la dispersion est faible ou nulle. Une dispersion rapide est obtenue avec des aérosols ou des formules de propoxure en solution dans l'huile ou avec ces solvants seuls. Le classement, du dispersant le plus rapide au plus lent, est le suivant: Propoxure dans l'huile, aérosol, solvant d'aérosol, solvant de solution huileuse. Chaque souche diffère des autres pour au moins une réaction à l'une des substances testées.

     

Sublethal effects on seabirds after the Prestige oil-spill are mirrored in sexual signals

It has been suggested that sexual signals may be a useful measure of environmental quality as they represent the sum of environmental pressures on the animal. Accordingly, it has been proposed that carotenoid-based coloration may be especially valuable in monitoring and detecting the sublethal effects of toxic pollutants in the environment. Here, we evaluate whether the carotenoid-based coloration in the bill of adult yellow-legged gulls reflects oil-induced sublethal effects in breeding colonies affected by the Prestige oil spill. In 2004, we took blood samples from 27 adult birds at four insular breeding colonies located in the pathway of the Prestige oil spill. We measured the size of the red bill spot area and analysed plasma biochemical parameters indicative of sublethal effects of oil contamination in gulls, including glucose, total protein, creatinine, inorganic phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase. We showed that the size of their red bill spot area was positively related to body condition, while negatively related with AST levels, an enzyme that is commonly used as an indication of hepatic damage in birds. Hence, the present study provides support for the idea that carotenoid-based colour integuments may be a useful measure of environmental quality.     

八种杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发育和繁殖的亚致死效应

用胃毒触杀法确定8种常用杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodoriphaga 3龄幼虫的LC₂₀和LC₅₀剂量后,以其LC₂₀分别处理3龄幼虫,将存活幼虫正常饲养,测定该剂量药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率,成虫存活率、雌雄比、单雌产卵量及卵孵化率等指标的影响。结果表明:毒死蜱等4种药剂的影响较显著,其影响程度由高到低依次为毒死蜱＞辛硫磷＞阿维菌素溴虫腈;而另4种药剂丙硫克百威、灭多威、丁硫克百威和吡虫啉则影响不显著。此外也测定了用后4种药剂LC₅₀剂量处理的存活试虫的上述生物学指标,结果表明：除化蛹率和羽化率较对照降低且差异显著外,其他生物学指标与对照处理无明显变化。