Functional response of the soil microbial community to biochar applications

Biochar has the potential to mitigate the impacts of climate change and soil degradation by simultaneously sequestering C in soil and improving soil quality. However, the mechanism of biochar's effect on soil microbial communities remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a global meta‐analysis, where we collected 2,110 paired observations from 107 published papers and used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the effects of biochar on microbial community structure and function. Our result indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance, microbial biomass C, and functional richness increased with biochar addition regardless of loads, time since application, and experiment types. Results from mixed linear model analysis suggested that soil respiration and actinomycetes (ACT) abundance decreased with biochar application. With the increase of soil pH, the effect of biochar on fungal abundance and C metabolic ability was lessened. Higher biochar pH associated with higher pyrolysis temperatures reduced the abundance of bacteria, fungi, ACT, and soil microbes feeding on miscellaneous C from Biolog Eco‐plate experiments. SEM that examined the effect of biochar properties, load, and soil properties on microbial community indicated that fungal abundance was the dominant factor affecting the response of the bacterial abundance to biochar. The response of bacterial abundance to biochar addition was soil dependent, whereas fungi abundance was mostly related to biochar load and pyrolysis temperature. Based on soil conditions, controlling biochar load and production conditions would be a direct way to regulate the effect of biochar application on soil microbial function and increase the capacity to sequester C.     

The responses of soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial communities to fresh and aged biochar soil amendments

While biochar soil amendment has been widely proposed as a soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration strategy to mitigate detrimental climate changes in global agriculture, the SOC sequestration was still not clearly understood for the different effects of fresh and aged biochar on SOC mineralization. In the present study of a two‐factorial experiment, topsoil samples from a rice paddy were laboratory‐incubated with and without fresh or aged biochar pyrolyzed of wheat residue and with and without crop residue‐derived dissolved organic matter (CRM) for monitoring soil organic matter decomposition under controlled conditions. The six treatments included soil with no biochar, with fresh biochar and with aged biochar treated with CRM, respectively. For fresh biochar treatment, the topsoil of a same rice paddy was amended with wheat biochar directly from a pyrolysis wheat straw, the soil with aged biochar was collected from the same soil 6 years following a single amendment of same biochar. Total CO₂ emission from the soil was monitored over a 64 day time span of laboratory incubation, while microbial biomass carbon and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) were determined at the end of incubation period. Without CRM, total organic carbon mineralization was significantly decreased by 38.8% with aged biochar but increased by 28.9% with fresh biochar, compared to no biochar. With CRM, however, the significantly highest net carbon mineralization occurred in the soil without biochar compared to the biochar‐amended soil. Compared to aged biochar, fresh biochar addition significantly increased the total PLFA concentration by 20.3%–33.8% and altered the microbial community structure by increasing 17:1ω8c (Gram‐negative bacteria) and i17:0 (Gram‐positive bacteria) mole percentages and by decreasing the ratio of fungi/bacteria. Furthermore, biochar amendment significantly lowered the metabolic quotient of SOC decomposition, thereby becoming greater with aged biochar than with fresh biochar. The finding here suggests that biochar amendment could improve carbon utilization efficiency by soil microbial community and SOC sequestration potential in paddy soil can be enhanced by the presence of biochar in soil over the long run.     

氮磷添加对亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤微生物群落特征的影响

为了探讨氮磷添加对土壤微生物特点的影响,选择安徽省池州仙寓山常绿阔叶老龄林,设定了4个水平的氮磷添加试验,即对照(CK,0 kg N/hm~2)、低氮(LN,50 kg N/hm~2)、高氮(HN,100 kg N/hm~2)、高氮+磷(HN+P,100 kg N/hm~2+50 kg P/hm~2)。利用氯仿熏蒸法和Biolog微平板技术,分析不同水平氮磷添加对不同土层(0-10 cm、10-20 cm和20-30 cm)土壤微生物生物量C(MBC)、N(MBN)和微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明:MBC、MBN随土层加深而降低,且差异性极显著,MBC与MBC/MBN比在氮磷添加后均表现出显著性差异;土壤微生物群落的代谢活性随土层加深而降低,HN与LN处理的土壤微生物活性最高;Mc Intosh、Shannon和Simpson多样性指数在不同土层和不同N、P添加水平上都存在差异,表层土壤微生物多样性指数差异性较为显著。土壤微生物对羧酸类、氨基酸类和碳水类碳源利用率最高;主成分分析显示不同土层的土壤微生物碳源利用上有明显的变化,表层土壤微生物碳源利用在不同N、P添加水平上有明显的空间变异性,其他土层分布较为集中,空间差异性主要表现在对碳水类与羧酸类碳源的利用上。土层与氮、磷添加剂量对土壤微生物生物量C、N及功能多样性都有显著影响,其中高氮处理对表层土壤微生物影响最大。     

生物炭对温室黄瓜不同连作年限土壤养分和微生物群落多样性的影响

以温室黄瓜连作6年和10年土壤添加质量比为5%生物炭为处理,以不添加生物炭为对照,采用桶栽的方法,研究了生物炭对不同年限连作土壤养分和微生物群落多样性的影响.结果表明: 与连作土壤相比,生物炭处理的连作6年土壤的黄瓜单株产量提高11.4%,连作10年土壤产量提高62.8%.施入生物炭显著降低了2种连作土壤容重,显著提高了有机质、速效磷含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)和pH;显著提高了土壤细菌数量和细菌/真菌,降低了真菌和尖孢镰刀菌数量,使土壤类型由真菌型向细菌型转变,尤其对连作10年土壤作用最为明显,土壤细菌和细菌/真菌分别是未处理的2.00和3.64倍,真菌和尖孢镰刀菌数量分别是未处理的54.8%和55.9%.土壤微生物群落碳源利用分析表明,10年连作土壤施入生物炭可显著提高土壤微生物活性、Shannon指数和均匀度指数,分别是未处理的1.50、2.14和1.31倍,同时显著提高了土壤微生物对糖类、氨基酸类、酚酸类和胺类碳源的利用强度,分别是未处理的1.62、1.81、1.74和1.93倍.相关性分析表明,土壤容重、速效磷含量、CEC和pH 4个指标对微生物群落变化的影响较显著.综上,生物炭通过对连作土壤理化性质及土壤微生物生态系统的改善,优化了黄瓜根区环境,促进了黄瓜产量的提高,缓解了温室黄瓜连作障碍.     

生物质炭对水稻土团聚体微生物多样性的影响

生物质炭施用对土壤微生物群落结构的影响已有报道,但土壤团聚体粒组中微生物群落对生物质炭施用的响应的研究还相对不足。以施用玉米秸秆生物质炭两年后的水稻土为对象,采用团聚体湿筛法,通过高通量测序对土壤团聚体的微生物群落结构与多样性进行分析,结果表明:(1)与对照相比,生物质炭施用显著促进了大团聚体(2000—250μm)的形成,并提高了团聚体的稳定性。(2)不同粒径团聚体间微生物相对丰度存在显著差异。在未施生物质炭的处理(C0)中,随着团聚体粒径增大,变形菌门、子囊菌门、β-变形杆菌目、格孢腔菌目的相对丰度逐渐降低,而酸杆菌门、担子菌门、粘球菌目、类球囊霉目的相对丰度逐渐升高。(3)生物质炭施用显著改变了团聚体间的微生物群落结构。与C0处理相比,生物质炭施用处理的大团聚体中变形菌门、鞭毛菌门和β-变形杆菌目的相对丰度分别显著提高了14.37%、33.28%和33.82%;微团聚体(250—53μm)中酸杆菌门、子囊菌门和粘球菌目的相对丰度分别显著降低了20.15%、19.93%和17.66%;粉、黏粒组分(<53μm)中担子菌门的相对丰度升高90.25%,而子囊菌门和鞭毛菌门的相对丰...     

施用控释氮肥对稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的影响

借助农业部望城红壤水稻土生态环境野外观测试验站的控释氮肥试验,研究了施用控释氮肥对水稻不同生育期间稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮动态变化的影响。试验共设5个处理:①CK,(不施氮肥);②Urea(施用尿素);③CRNF(施用与处理②等氮量的控释氮肥);④70%CRNF(施用控释氮肥,用氮量为处理②的70%);⑤50%CRNF+M(施用控释氮肥和猪粪,总氮量为处理②的70%,其中控释氮肥用量为处理②的50%,猪粪含氮量为处理②的20%)。结果表明,施肥后10 d,施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳和氮均达最高,随生育进程推进逐渐下降,成熟期有一定的回升;施肥初期,施用等氮量的控释氮肥处理(CRNF)土壤微生物量碳、氮含量较尿素处理(Urea)分别增加5.4%和22.5%,而水稻生育中后期,控释氮肥处理(CRNF)土壤微生物量碳、氮含量较尿素处理(Urea)下降幅度大,该处理向地上部提供氮素营养较尿素处理高;施氮量较高的CRNF处理,土壤微生物生物量碳低于控释氮肥节氮处理(70%CRNF),但在大多数取样时期,土壤微生物量氮高于控释氮肥节氮处理(70%CRNF);控释氮肥配施有机肥的节氮处理较其他单施化肥处理显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量。控释氮肥与有机肥配施,不仅能节约氮肥用量,而且能明显地提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮的含量。     

有机无机缓释复合肥对土壤微生物量碳、氮和群落结构的影响

研究缓释复合肥不同用量对土壤微生物量碳、氮和群落结构多样性的影响,在农业生产上广泛应用缓释复合肥有着重要意义。试验采用室内长期恒温培养和磷脂脂肪酸法,以化肥和普通复合肥适量施用养分量为对比,研究缓释复合肥适量、高量和超高量施肥水平对土壤微生物PLFA含量的影响规律。结果表明,SRF1、SRF2、SRF3(缓释复合肥适量、高量和超高量)较CK(不施肥)和CF1(化肥适量)显著增加土壤微生物量碳,且较CK、CF1和CCF1(普通复合肥适量)显著增加土壤微生物量氮。土壤微生物量碳、氮随着缓释复合肥施肥水平的增加而增加,但没有随着施肥水平的倍量增加而倍量增加,且SRF2和SRF3无显著差异。缓释复合肥(SRF1、SRF2和SRF3)较CK、CF1和CCF1增加土壤PLFA的种类和含量,且总PLFA含量增加7.4%—26.7%、17.6%—38.7%和12.8%—33.0%,3个施肥水平以SRF2作用效果最好,总PLFA含量最高,分别较SRF1和较SRF3高16.4%和17.9%。土壤细菌、放线菌、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌PLFA含量以SRF1和SRF2显著高于CF1和CCF1。主成分分析和聚类分析显示施肥处理分布较多PLFA的优势种群,SRF3与SRF1和SRF2的PLFA结构差别较大。综上认为,适量施肥水平以缓释复合肥较化肥和普通复合肥对土壤微生物的作用显著,其中缓释复合肥3个施肥水平以高量施肥水平作用最好。     

高寒草甸退化对祁连山土壤微生物生物量和氮矿化速率的影响

为深入了解高寒草甸退化对草原生态系统中土壤微生物碳氮量、土壤氮矿化及土壤微生物相关酶的变化特征,以祁连山东缘4个不同退化程度(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和极度退化)的高寒草甸为研究对象,采集了深度为0—10 cm的土壤样品,并对不同退化程度高寒草甸中植物因子、土壤理化性质、土壤氨化速率、土壤硝化速率、土壤净氮矿化速率以及转化氮素的相关酶和微生物进行了相关研究。结果表明:(1)随退化程度的加剧,高寒草甸土壤中氨化速率和净氮矿化速率逐渐降低,硝化速率逐渐升高;(2)高寒草甸的退化降低了有关氮素转化相关酶,如土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶的活性,而β-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶的活性呈先下降后上升趋势,且在极度退化草地活性最高;(3)随退化程度的加剧,高寒草甸土壤中微生物生物量碳和氮的含量逐渐降低,同时土壤基础呼吸、土壤微生物熵和代谢熵的指数也呈下降趋势。RDA分析表明,高寒草甸中氨化速率和净氮矿化速率与微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、土壤基础呼吸、植物高度、植被盖度、地上生物量、蛋白酶、脲酶以及亮氨酸氨基肽酶呈显著正相关,而硝化速率则表现为负相关性。因此,高寒草甸退化对土壤微生物特性以及氮素转化和...     

内生真菌对氮添加羽茅根际土壤特性和微生物群落的影响

内生真菌不仅能改变与其共生植物的生理和生长指标,还可通过宿主植物间接对土壤的理化性质和微生物群落结构产生影响。以天然禾草——羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)为研究材料,探究在不同施氮水平下,内生真菌的种类对不同基因型的宿主植物根际土壤理化性质和微生物群落产生何种影响。结果表明,内生真菌侵染显著提高了羽茅根际土壤的pH值和微生物总量,但降低了土壤中真菌与细菌的比值。同时,土壤的pH值还受到了内生真菌种类的影响,其中感染Epichlo3 sibirica的羽茅根际土壤pH显著高于感染Epichlo3 gansuense-1的羽茅,而感染Epichlo3 gansuense-2的羽茅根际土壤pH与感染E.gansuensis-1、E.sibirica菌的羽茅相比没有显著差异。另外,内生真菌感染与否、内生真菌种类、施氮量以及宿主植物基因型对土壤总碳、总氮、微生物及碳矿化能力均无显著影响。     

氮添加土壤微生物群落结构影响微生物碳利用效率

尽管近年来中国氮(N)沉降水平逐渐趋于稳定,但中国东南地区N沉降相比于其他地区仍处于较高水平。N沉降对陆地生态系统碳循环过程的影响不容忽视。微生物碳利用效率(CUE)是指微生物将吸收的碳转化为生物量碳的效率,高微生物CUE意味着高土壤有机碳存储潜力。因此,探究N沉降背景下微生物CUE的变化将有助于进一步认识陆地生态系统土壤碳存储的变化。然而,目前关于N沉降下微生物群落结构的变化如何影响微生物CUE鲜有报道。在福建省泉州市戴云山国家级自然保护区的罗浮栲林通过N添加模拟N沉降。实验共包括三个N添加处理：对照(CT,+0 kg hm^-2 a^-1)、低氮(LN,+40 kg hm^-2 a^-1)和高氮(HN,+80 kg hm^-2 a^-1)。测定不同处理土壤基本理化性质、微生物生物量、酶活性和CUE,并使用高通量测序对微生物群落结构和多样性进行测定。结果表明,N添加显著影响微生物CUE,随着N添加水平的增加,CUE逐渐增加;相反,土壤pH、可提取有机碳(EOC)和微...     

生物炭对菜园土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

研究生物炭的施用及其与不同肥料混施对菜园土壤中微生物群落功能多样性的影响,为农业废弃物的合理利用和菜园土优化培肥提供科学依据和理论指导。以清远市连州县代表性菜园土(属肥熟旱耕人为土)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,利用BIOLOG方法对10个施肥处理(对照CK(0%生物碳+无肥)、T1(0%生物碳+0.1%商品有机肥)、T2(0.1%生物碳+无肥)、T3(0.25%生物碳+无肥)、T4(0.5%生物碳+无肥)、T5(1%生物碳+无肥)、T6(100(N)+30(P_2O_5)+75(K_2O)mg/kg干土)、T7(0.1%生物碳+0.1%商品有机肥)、T8(0.1%生物碳+100(N)+0(P_2O_5)+75(K_2O)mg/kg干土)、T9(0.1%生物碳+100(N)+30(P_2O_5)+75(K_2O)mg/kg干土)、T10(0.1%生物碳+0.1%商品有机肥+100(N)+0(P_2O_5)+75(K_2O)mg/kg干土))的土壤微生物群落功能多样性进行分析。结果表明:(1)T1和T3处理比其它处理显著提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率(P0.05),但生物炭施用量增加会降低平均颜色变化率(AWCD值);(2)T1处理可以显著提高土壤微生物的群落物种均匀度(Mclntosh指数),而T3处理显著提高土壤微生物的物种丰富度和均匀度(Shannon和Mclntosh指数);(3)T1和T3处理对聚合物类、碳水化合物类、羧酸类、氨基酸类和酚类碳源利用率最高;(4)添加化肥处理中磷肥的施用可以提高土壤微生物活性,增加土壤微生物碳源利用能力,而氮肥和钾肥的添加显著降低了土壤微生物的碳源利用能力;(5)主成分分析表明,T1、T2和T3处理的微生物碳代谢功能群结构相似;单施有机肥或适量生物炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响较混合施用更为显著;化学磷肥的添加及在施用化肥的基础上配施适量生物炭改变了土壤微生物对碳源种类的利用。     

土壤微生物量氮含量、矿化特性及其供氮作用

论述了土壤中微生物体氮的含量及其影响因素,土壤微生物量氮的矿化特性及其与土壤矿化氮间的关系,土壤微生物量氮含量与土壤供氮指标间的关系等。提出研究不同生态系统中土壤微生物量氮的含量及其变化规律,不同耕作栽培措施对土壤微生物量氮含量的影响。土壤微生物量在土壤氮素保持和释放中的作用,土壤微生物量氮的转化率与其供氮量间的关系;土壤微生物量氮与作物氮素吸收间的关系等,是土壤微生物量氮方面应重点研究的问题。     

生物炭及炭基硝酸铵对土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

以小麦-玉米轮作交替种植下的田间试验为平台,探讨施用生物炭及3种炭基硝酸铵氮肥对土壤主要化学肥力因子、土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响。田间试验共设6个处理,依次为:对照(施磷、钾肥,CK);生物炭(BC);硝酸铵氮肥(AN);掺混型生物炭基氮肥(CH);固-液吸附型生物炭基氮肥(XF);化学反应型生物炭基氮肥(FY)。结果表明,生物炭及3种生物炭基氮肥均显著提高土壤有机碳含量,并有效降低了有效磷和速效钾的含量。与CK处理相比较,CH、BC处理的土壤微生物量碳含量分别增加了22.10%、17.45%,而AN、XF、FY 3个处理则分别减少了9.09%、10.86%、1.46%;不同施肥处理土壤微生物量氮较CK均有增加,且BC、XF处理差异达显著水平,BC处理的增幅最大,达66.53%,XF处理的增幅次之,达到了62.78%,AN处理的增幅最小,为24.86%。与CK处理比较而言,FY、XF、CH均增加土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性,且增加效应均依次减弱,FY、XF处理均增加碱性磷酸酶活性,而CH处理降低了碱性磷酸酶活性。FY、XF、CH较CK处理均可显著增加小麦产量,增产率分别为36.61%、22.58%、20.72%,且增产效果依次减弱。     

Impact of long-term nitrogen addition on carbon stocks in trees and soils in northern Europe

The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of fertiliser N on C stocks in trees (stems, stumps, branches, needles, and coarse roots) and soils (organic layer +0–10 cm mineral soil) by analysing data from 15 long-term (14–30 years) experiments in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris stands in Sweden and Finland. Low application rates (30–50 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) were always more efficient per unit of N than high application rates (50–200 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Addition of a cumulative amount of N of 600–1800 kg N ha⁻¹ resulted in a mean increase in tree and soil C stock of 25 and 11 kg (C sequestered) kg⁻¹ (N added) (“N-use efficiency”), respectively. The corresponding estimates for NPK addition were 38 and 11 kg (C) kg⁻¹ (N). N-use efficiency for C sequestration in trees strongly depended on soil N status and increased from close to zero at C/N 25 in the humus layer up to 40 kg (C) kg⁻¹ (N) at C/N 35 and decreased again to about 20 kg (C) kg⁻¹ (N) at C/N 50 when N only was added. In contrast, addition of NPK resulted in high (40–50 kg (C) kg⁻¹ (N)) N-use efficiency also at N-rich (C/N 25) sites. The great difference in N-use efficiency between addition of NPK and N at N-rich sites reflects a limitation of P and K for tree growth at these sites. N-use efficiency for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration was, on average, 3–4 times lower than for tree C sequestration. However, SOC sequestration was about twice as high at P. abies as at P. sylvestris sites and averaged 13 and 7 kg (C) kg⁻¹ (N), respectively. The strong relation between N-use efficiency and humus C/N ratio was used to evaluate the impact of N deposition on C sequestration. The data imply that the 10 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ higher deposition in southern Sweden than in northern Sweden for a whole century should have resulted in 2.0 ± 1.0 (95% confidence interval) kg m⁻² more tree C and 1.3 ± 0.5 kg m⁻² more SOC at P. abies sites in the south than in the north for a 100-year period. These estimates are consistent with differences between south and north in tree C and SOC found by other studies, and 70–80% of the difference in SOC can be explained by different N deposition.     

Plant community structure, soil properties and microbial characteristics in revegetated quarries

Quarries are an important type of degraded land in southern China requiring ecological improvement and rehabilitation. In this study, plant community structure, soil properties, and microbial biomass and community function were examined at different rehabilitated phases in three quarries, namely Turret Hill Quarry, Lam Tei Quarry and Shek O Quarry, in Hong Kong. Results show that plant species richness and the percentage of native species increased with rehabilitated ages in the three quarries. The highest coverage of woody species was found at older phases, while the lowest woody coverage occurred at younger phases. Soils were strongly to moderately acidic in reaction, and more acidic soils were found in the older than in the younger sites. Organic C as well as total N and P accumulated in soil along with secondary succession in the three quarries, which were positively correlated with woody species richness. Older phases had higher total microbial biomass C and N which were positively correlated with soil organic C, total N and extractable NO₃-N, as well as woody species coverage and native species richness as shown by the biplot of redundancy analysis. Diversity of utilized carbons suggested that metabolic abilities developed gradually with rehabilitation ages in Shek O Quarry, but Turret Hill Quarry and Lam Tei Quarry had similar patterns of carbon source utilization. Principal component analysis further revealed consistent differences in metabolic diversity. Woody coverage and native species richness were significantly correlated with carbon source utilization and functional diversity.     

有机肥氮投入比例对双季稻田根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响

为探明不同有机肥氮素占总氮投入的百分比对双季稻区早、晚稻各生育时期稻田根际土壤微生物的影响,本研究以大田定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K₂SO₄提取法和化学分析法系统分析了施用化肥N(M₁)、30%有机肥N(M₂)、50%有机肥N(M₃)、100%有机肥N(M₄)和无N对照(M₀)5个不同施肥处理双季稻田根际土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和微生物熵的差异.结果表明: 在早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,施肥措施均能提高稻田根际土壤MBC、MBN和微生物熵,各施肥处理根际土壤MBC、MBN和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期为最低值;其中,各处理双季稻田根际土壤MBC、MBN、MBC/MBN值和微生物熵一般均表现为M₄＞M₃＞M₂＞M₁＞M₀,M₂、M₃和M₄处理间均无显著差异,但均显著高于M₀处理.可见,单独施用化肥措施对提高根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵效果有限,施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施提高根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的效果较好.     

氮添加对亚热带毛竹林土壤微生物群落结构的影响

氮沉降会影响森林生态系统地上(如植物生产力和组成)和地下特性(如土壤养分循环),进而影响土壤微生物群落结构和功能。本研究以亚热带戴云山毛竹林为对象,设置N0(0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、N20(20 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、N80(80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1) 3个施氮水平,进行3年的氮沉降模拟实验。通过测定土壤基本理化性质、腐殖化指数和微生物磷脂脂肪酸等指标,研究氮添加对毛竹林土壤养分、腐殖化指数和微生物群落结构的影响。结果显示,N20显著增加土壤腐殖化指数,降低土壤中碱性阳离子总量(K⁺,Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺)、革兰氏阳性菌(G⁺)、革兰氏阴性菌(G^-)、总磷脂脂肪酸含量和G⁺/G^-。与N20相比,N80处理土壤NO₃^-     

盐渍化土壤根际微生物群落及土壤因子对AM真菌的影响

为探明盐渍化土壤影响下AM真菌与根际土壤间的关系,试验选取宁夏碱化龟裂土、草甸盐土、盐化灌淤土3种类型4个样地上典型植被群落,测定了植物根际土壤养分含量、微生物群落结构、AM真菌侵染率以及孢子密度。结果显示:盐渍化土壤根际微生物碳源利用类型显著不同,对芳香类化合物的代谢能力整体较弱;红寺堡草甸盐土上微生物优势群落为氨基酸代谢类群,惠农盐化灌淤土为多聚化合物代谢群,西大滩碱化龟裂土为碳水化合物代谢群。AM真菌孢子密度与微生物碳源代谢群间的关系比较复杂。其中,惠农样点根际土壤孢子密度与多聚化合物微生物代谢群呈显著正相关,西大滩地区孢子密度与碳水化合物微生物代谢群呈显著正相关。土壤有机质、全盐、全氮、碱解氮等土壤肥力因子及土壤中的HCO-3、Na+、Cl-等盐基离子含量能解释AM真菌孢子密度与土壤环境因子之间相互关系的大部分信息。较高的HCO-3浓度促进了AM真菌侵染率的提高,但高盐浓度下Na+和Cl-降低了菌根侵染率。土壤对AM真菌孢子密度、侵染率的影响因土壤盐分组成类型的不同而异。研究结果为深入了解AM真菌多样性,促进宁夏盐碱地的合理开发与利用提供了理论依据。     

氮素添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤团聚体微生物群落的影响

大气氮沉降增加作为全球气候变化的重要因素,其对土壤生态系统影响的研究受到了生态学家的广泛关注。土壤微生物是有机物分解和养分循环的主要参与者,在维持土壤的功能多样性和可持续发展方面发挥着重要的作用。氮沉降的激增会引起土壤微生物群落结构和功能的改变。土壤中营养物质在不同团聚体组分中分布的不均匀,为微生物提供了空间异质微生境。为揭示草原土壤不同粒径团聚体中微生物群落分布及其对氮素添加响应特征。自2010年起,在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原典型地段设置N₀（0 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅（15 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₃₀（30 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₅₀（50 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₀₀（100 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅₀（150 kg hm^-2 a^-1）6个氮素添加处理模拟氮沉降野外控制试验。采用磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA）法测定>2 mm、0.25-2 mm和<0.25 mm 3个粒径土壤团聚体中微生物PLFA含量,探讨氮素添加对土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明：氮素添加提高了土壤碳、氮含量,降低了土壤pH。氮素添加显著提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸总量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和真菌/细菌（Fungi/bacteria,F/B）、革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌（Gram-positive bacteria/gram-negative bacteria,G⁺/G^-）的比值（P<0.05）,降低了土壤团聚体微生物Margalef丰富度指数（P<0.05）。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体微生物总PLFAs、真菌PLFAs含量、G⁺/G^-、F/B与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈显著正相关关系,与C/N值负相关。综合研究表明,连续8年氮素添加显著提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量、降低了土壤pH;提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体真菌群落,土壤有机碳、全氮的固持与真菌群落的增加有关。