不同镉水平下小麦对镉及矿质养分吸收和积累的品种间差异

土壤Cd污染不仅影响作物的生长发育和产量形成,也对食物安全产生了潜在威胁,本试验以苗期生长特性有明显差异的2个小麦品种为供试材料,设置0、0．03、0．1、0．3和1．0mg.kg^-1Cd等5种处理水平,研究不同Cd水平下两品种的生长和Cd及矿质养分吸收,结果表明,低浓度Cd（0.03mg.kg^-1)对两品种的生长和干物质积累有明显的促进作用,而高浓度Cd（＞0.3mg.kg^-1)则显著抑制生长,且受抑制程度与品种有关,甘谷534的耐性相对较强;地上部和根系的Cd含量,Cd处理水平与品种之间存在着显著的互作,低Cd水平下（＜0.1mg.kg^-1),甘谷534的Cd含量较高,而高Cd水平下,则以鄂81513的Cd含量较高;Cd处理显著影响矿质养分的吸收,鄂81513在0.1mg.kg^-1Cd水平下5种大量元素含量明显低于对照,而甘谷534变化相对较小,这与两品种生长和分蘖对Cd处理的反应表现一致。     

不同镉水平下大麦幼苗生长和镉及养分吸收的品种间差异

利用水培试验研究了不同Cd水平下大麦幼苗的Cd和几种矿质元素吸收、积累、生长和生物学产量的品种间差异 .结果表明 ,1μmol·L-1Cd处理显著降低麦苗株高、绿叶数、叶绿素计读数、地上部和根系干重 ,显著抑制植株对Zn、Mn、Cu的吸收和累积 ;品种之间存在着显著差异 ,无芒六棱受抑制最为严重 ,米麦 114和浙农 1号表现出相对较强的抗性 .麦苗Cd含量和累积量品种之间也有显著差异 ,浙农 1号的Cd含量最高 ,米麦 114最低 .相关分析表明 ,麦苗生物学产量与地上部Cd含量、累积量及根系Cd含量呈显著负相关 ,其中与地上部Cd含量的相关性最强 ,与根系Cd累积量无显著相关 .     

热带地区不同水稻品种对土壤镉胁迫的生理生化响应

以热带地区主栽品种博优225和矮糯为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了不同水稻品种对土壤外源重金属Cd胁迫的耐性机理。结果表明:在各浓度镉胁迫下,2个品种水稻都是根累积的镉含量要高于茎叶和稻壳、糙米,即根>茎叶>稻壳>糙米;随着镉胁迫浓度的增加,细胞膜受损的伤害程度越大,矮糯质膜透性略高于博优225;随着Cd浓度的升高,水稻叶片丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸含量逐渐增加,且博优225的增加幅度明显大于矮糯,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈上升趋势,且博优225明显高于矮糯;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈下降趋势;表明同样条件下博优225受Cd毒害更严重。     

不同品种菜心对镉抗性的研究

以对镉（Cd)抗性不同的两个菜心品种特青60天和迟心2号为试验材料,用盆栽土培试验的方法研究了在不同浓度Cd处理下（0mg/kg,1.0mg/kg,3.0mg/kg,10.0mg/kg)Cd在菜心体内及迁移的差异,并探讨了造成差异的机理。研究结果表明：Cd处理下,特有60天茎叶中积累的Cd比迟心2号的少,在高Cd浓度（10.0mg/kg)下,与对照相比,特青60天的干重明显增加,而迟心2号的干重则显著降低。进一步分析研究发现,在相同的Cd上,特青60天中Cd的迁移率较小,特别是在30mg/kg Cd处理下比迟心2号的低5．62％;根系细胞壁中的Cd所占的比例比迟心2号的高;特青60天根系中全硫（S）的含量比迟心2号的高,而且随着Cd处理浓度的增加,全S含量提高,但迟心2号中S含量的变化趋势与之不同;持青60天根系汁液的pH值比迟心2号的高,且汁液中Cd的含量比迟心2号的低;相关分析的结果显示;根系汁液中的Cd含量与茎叶汁液中Cd的含量呈显著的正相关关系。以上的结果可能造成了特青60天中Cd在根系内的活性和迁移能力较低,减少了Cd由根系向茎叶的迁移,从而使特青60天对Cd的抗性高于迟心2号。     

木槿品种对镉胁迫的生理响应及耐镉能力评价

研究镉胁迫对木槿的生理影响,比较木槿品种的镉耐受能力,为镉污染地区的植物材料选择提供依据.以3个木槿品种为材料,采取盆栽控制试验,测定其生长、生理指标,通过隶属函数分析综合比较品种耐镉能力.木槿的株高与地径增长量、叶绿素A+B与可溶性蛋白含量随胁迫浓度增加呈先上升后降低或逐渐降低趋势,而且随时间延长,降低程度不断加强;...     

镉不同积累型作物品种对镉吸收、转运和积累特性的研究进展

农田土壤镉污染问题日趋严重, 利用可食部位低积累镉的农作物品种成为保障食品安全的有效策略之一。镉在作物可食部位的累积与镉的吸收转运有关。分析了根系对镉的吸收、镉向地上部的运输和分配及镉在细胞内的分布和结合形态与作物积累镉的关系, 指出作物品种间的镉积累差异受以上多种因素的调控, 但不同作物之间影响镉积累的主要因素存在差异。同时提出在对低镉积累作物品种的筛选和机制研究方面还有很多工作需要开展。     

9个高羊茅品种初期生长对镉胁迫的响应

用Cd²⁺浓度0（对照）、25、50、75 mg/L分别处理9个高羊茅品种种子,测定供试品种种子发芽势、发芽率、幼苗苗高、根长、鲜重、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、质膜透性等8项指标,比较9个品种耐镉性。结果表明:与对照相比,在不同浓度Cd²⁺胁迫下,家园的发芽势和发芽率以及麦哲伦鲜重呈先略上升后下降趋势,其余品种的均呈下降趋势;9个高羊茅品种幼苗根长、苗高、叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势;9个高羊茅品种丙二醛含量和质膜透性均呈上升趋势。对测定的8项指标进行综合评价结果显示:在Cd²⁺25 mg/L胁迫下,9个品种耐Cd²⁺性由强到弱的顺序为热浪>翠碧A>里园2号>缤狗>麦哲伦>家园>宇宙星>回报>爱瑞3号;在Cd²⁺50 mg/L胁迫下,耐Cd²⁺性的顺序为热浪>翠碧A>缤狗>麦哲伦>里园2号>家园>宇宙星>爱瑞3号>回报;在Cd²⁺ 75 mg/L胁迫下,耐Cd²⁺性的顺序为热浪>缤狗>里园2号>翠碧A>家园>麦哲伦>爱瑞3号>宇宙星>回报。所以,在治理Cd²⁺污染土壤时,要根据污染严重程度,合理选用高羊茅品种。     

不同桃树品种上桃蚜遗传多样性的研究

桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)寄主广泛,是一种全球性的广食性害虫。为了探明不同桃树品种对桃蚜遗传分化的影响,我们采用微卫星分子标记技术对白油蟠桃,黄油蟠桃等7个桃树品种上的桃蚜进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明,7对微卫星引物在171个样本中检测到118个等位基因,平均每个位点有16.857个等位基因。不同品种桃树上桃蚜的遗传多样性较为丰富,表明种内存在着较大的遗传变异。种群间没有遗传分化或分化不明显,这可能是种群间存在着明显的基因交流而造成的,说明桃树品种间的差异对桃蚜的分化影响较小。     

不同品种万寿菊对镉胁迫的生长和生理响应

以6个万寿菊品种为研究对象,研究了不同浓度的重金属镉（Cd）胁迫（0、200、400、600 mg/L）对万寿菊基径、株高以及百叶重、茎叶重和单花质量等生长指标及其质膜透性（丙二醛、相对电导率）、保护酶活性（SOD、POD、CAT、APX）以及光合特性(叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率)等生理指标的影响。结果显示:(1)低于400 mg/L的Cd胁迫对6个万寿菊品种的基径、株高无明显影响,而百叶重、茎叶重和单花质量却随着Cd浓度的增加显著降低,尤其是‘大英雄’和‘迪阿哥’2个品种表现的抗性较差。(2)随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加,各品种丙二醛（MDA）含量和相对电导率（REC）显著增加,而其保护酶活性不同程度降低。(3)Cd胁迫降低了万寿菊的叶绿素Chl a+b含量和Chl a/b,且抗性差的品种降低的幅度更大;叶片净光合速率（Pⁿ）明显降低,但蒸腾速率(T^r)和气孔导度(G^s)相对降幅较小,对水分利用效率（WUE）影响较小。研究表明,不同品种万寿菊对Cd毒害响应存在明显的差异,且Cd胁迫下生理响应的差异是品种间耐性差异的重要原因之一;抗性差的品种在高浓度Cd胁迫下,光合作用能力降低,抗氧化系统酶的活性受到显著抑制,膜质过氧化加剧,且品种‘珍妮’和‘金门’的抗性强于其他品种,可选择作为Cd污染区栽植植物。     

蒸腾作用及根系特征对不同品种油菜吸收镉的影响

采用营养液培养试验研究了12个油菜品种地上部的镉含量、蒸腾速率和根系形态特征(根长、根表面积、根体积),并对不同品种油菜地上部镉含量与蒸腾速率和根系形态特征进行了相关分析。结果表明:不同品种油菜对镉的吸收累积有显著差异,油菜地上部镉含量以鲜质量计为1.8～4.4mg·kg-1,相差1.5倍,同时不同品种油菜的蒸腾速率与根系形态均存在显著性差异;蒸腾速率和根表面积、根体积均与不同油菜品种地上部镉浓度、吸镉总量呈显著正相关(P0.01),根长只与油菜吸镉总量呈显著正相关,表明高的蒸腾强度和发达的根系均能促进油菜地上部镉的累积量。     

Two forms of exopolygalacturonase increase as peach fruits ripen

Abstract. Freestone peach cultivars are distinguished from clingstone cultivars by a more extensive softening of the mesocarp tissue, and by the separation of mesocarp and endocarp during ripening. Cultivars of both types have been reported to develop exopolygalacturonase activity during ripening, but the enzyme has not been characterized in any detail. During development of freestone peaches ( Prunus persica L. var Coronet), two exopolygalacturonase enzymes were detected 42, 65 and 85 d after full bloom and in ripe fruit. During ripening one enzyme (exoPG 1) increased 36-fold and the other (exoPG 2) 90-fold but exoPG 2 accounted for a 73% of the total activity in ripe fruit. ExoPG 1 was purified 24-fold and exoPG 2 540-fold. ExoPG 2 is a slightly acidic glycoprotein. ExoPG 1 and exoPG 2 differ slightly in their pH optima and in their responses to calcium: each produces monogalacturonic acid as a reaction product. Similar enzymes were found in Flavorerest, a semi-freestone peach.     

中国武夷山脉地区野生毛桃资源收集与初步评价

为明确中国武夷山脉地区野生毛桃(Prunus persica(L.) Batsch)资源分布现状,对浙江、江西、福建武夷山脉地区野生毛桃资源进行了系统的考察、收集和评价。此次考察共收集野生毛桃资源244份,来自于武夷山脉地区24个采集点。物候期评价发现这些资源多态性丰富。相关性分析显示,叶芽萌动期、花期与采集点海拔、纬度呈极显著正相关。果实评价显示果实性状多态性丰富。通过2年抗涝性评价,初步筛选出53株较抗涝野生毛桃资源后代单株。净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率与淹水时间相关性分析显示淹水时间与净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均呈极显著负相关,而净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率三者之间呈极显著正相关关系。     

The formation and distribution of ice within dormant and deacclimated peach flower buds

Abstract A freeze-fixation technique was used to examine the distribution of ice crystals and the pattern of freezing in peach flower buds. In dormant buds, ice crystals formed at localized sites within the bud axis and scales. Ice crystal formation disrupted tissues and mechanical injury from repetitive freezethaw cycles was apparent. There was evidence of ice formation in the floral organs of dormant buds exposed to ?25°C but none observed in buds exposed to either ?5 or ?10°C. The distribution of ice crystals was different in deacclimated buds. In addition to large ice crystals within the subtending bud axis and scales, evidence of large crystals within the developing floral organs was noted. These crystals were most prominent in the lower portions of the developing flower and peduncle, and caused a separation of the epidermal layer from adjacent cells. The distribution of ice crystals within both dormant and deacclimated peach flower buds corroborated the results of previous thermal analysis experiments.     

Water uptake regulation in peach trees with split-root systems

The water uptake of 3- to 4-year-old peach trees ‘May-crest/Prunus Damas’ grown in an aerated nutrient solution was studied using a split-root system. Each container and the whole tree were weighed independently to measure water absorption by both parts of the root system and tree transpiration. Water potential of leaves was measured with a pressure chamber. Water potential of roots was estimated using root suckers sealed in plastic bags before the measurement. The nutrient solution was removed from one container so that half the root system was left in humid air for 48 h. Water potential of roots left in solution decreased, which (partly) maintained water absorption and thus transpiration. No modification of root hydraulic resistance was required to simulate the experimental results. Nevertheless, enhancement of absorption by the roots supplied with solution cannot compensate for the water loss by transpiration. Depletion of water from the plant essentially came from the non-absorbing roots. This was demonstrated by substituting vegetable oil for nutrient solution around one half of the split-root system, and by following the changes in root volume on the basis of Archimedes principle. Conflicting results in the literature about apparent changes in hydraulic resistance are discussed.     

Phenolic compounds (hydroxycinnamic acids,flavan-3-ols,flavonols) profile in fruit of Italian peach varieties

Interest in phenolic compounds of fruit is growing due to their positive effects on reducing the risk of cardiovascular and carcinogen diseases. The role of the flesh colour, of the tissue (exocarp or mesocarp) and of the cultivar on the content of phenolic compounds (hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, flavonols) was evaluated in peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, with a HPLC-DAD analysis, on 10 varieties deriving from the Italian breeding programmes, never previously characterized by this approach. The flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin and procyanidin B1) were the most abundant class of phenolic compounds in peach cultivars analysed. Among hydroxycinnamic acids, neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids were also identified and measured in the peach cultivars analysed. Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside was the only flavonol found in the exocarp of all the cultivars evaluated, but in the mesocarp of only some cultivars. Content of phenolic compounds was confirmed to be strongly dependent on the cultivar and, in general, the content was significantly higher in exocarp than in mesocarp. An overall significant difference in phenolic compounds as associated with flesh colour was not observed.     

2种补血草属植物幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

以盐生植物大叶补血草和黄花补血草为实验材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对其幼苗叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛含量等的影响,探讨这些生理指标的变化与补血草耐盐性的关系。结果表明,150mmol/LNaCl胁迫均使大叶补血草和黄花补血草幼苗叶片的叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和叶绿素总量降低,而过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,且这种胁迫效应随处理时间的延长而增强,在相同胁迫时间段,大叶补血草各指标的减少或增加幅度明显大于黄花补血草;NaCl胁迫使大叶补血草叶片可溶性蛋白含量降低,却使黄花补血草可溶性蛋白含量增加。表明,NaCl胁迫对大叶补血草的伤害更大,黄花补血草的耐盐性可能强于大叶补血草。     

不同品种苦荞麦不同器官总黄酮含量的比较分析

Total flavonoids content in stems,leaves and seeds of seven cultivars of Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn.and a cultivar of F.esculentum Moench were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry.The results show that total flavonoids content in leaves is higher.Total flavonoids content among different cultivars of F.tataricum has a great difference.Among seven cultivars of F.tataricum,total flavonoids content is the highest in leaves and seeds of ’Jiande Tartary Buckwheat’ with 106.16 and 24.09 mg·g-1,respectively,and in stems of ’Dingbian Tartary Buckwheat’ with 34.65 mg·g-1.The comprehensive analysis result indicates that ’Jiande Tartary Buckwheat’ is the best germplasm resources of F.tataricum and worth to further extension.