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1.
现代人群形成与分化导致生活在世界不同地区的人类形成了具有明显体质特征差别的人群(或种族)。对更新世末期及全新世以来不同地理区域近代和现代人群体质特征差别、相互亲缘关系的分析是现代人群形成与分化研究的重要组成部分。本文通过对21项头骨非测量特征在近代和现代中国人群, 以及现代非洲和欧洲人群共330例标本的出现率和表现特点的观察和数据分析, 发现绝大多数特征的出现率或表现特点在三个人群间都具有不同程度的差异, 有些特征在人群间的差异甚至非常明显。与非洲及欧洲人群相比, 现代中国人头骨总体显得纤细, 眉弓、角圆枕、颧三角、颧结节等反映头骨粗壮程度的特征在现代中国人群的发育明显弱于非洲和欧洲人群。此外, 现代中国人群还具有一些明显不同于非洲和欧洲人群的头骨非测量特征, 包括锐利的眶外下缘、相对平坦的眉间鼻根点、较圆隆的颅侧壁、平坦的顶孔人字区、深弧形的上颌颧突下缘, 梯形和左右不一的鼻额-额颌缝走向等。采用判别分析可以将67.0%—79.5%的标本正确地判别归入其原来所属的组群。其中对中国人群的正确判别率分别达到70.4%和82.9%。个体标本分布显示非洲人群表现较大的分散性, 而中国和欧洲人群样本的分布明显密集集中, 提示中国和欧洲人群似乎具有更多的衍生性特征。本研究还发现多数在人群间差别显著的头骨非测量特征与头骨粗壮程度有关, 作者对相关的问题进行了分析探讨。  相似文献   

2.
为进行脂蛋白脂肪酶基因突变与中国人群高脂血症的相关性研究,采用单链构象多态性分析结合DNA序列测定的方法,对386例(其中108例高脂血症患者,278例正常对照)中国人群进行突变筛查。结果发现1个新的沉默突变L103L,1个错义突变P207L,3个剪接突变Int3/3′-ass/C(-6)→T和普遍存在的S447X多态性,其中发生在高脂血症组的P207L杂合子为亚洲首报,并对先证者的家系进行了研究,认为P207L是家族性高脂血症的病因之一,而在正常对照组中也有发现的Int3/3′-ass/C(-6)→T,对以往研究认为其是高脂血症易患因素的观点提出了相反的报告,对于普遍认为有益的多态性位点S447X,进一步研究认为其对于正常人群,特别是健康男性的保护作用更强。结论:脂蛋白脂肪酶基因变异与高脂血症的相关性十分复杂多样,大规模的人群筛查具有重要意义。  相似文献   

3.
吕锦燕 《人类学学报》2007,26(2):128-137
研究证实人类骨性[眶形态具有明显的]化变化,在现代人群之间的表现也有一定程度的差别,因而[眶形态是研究人类]化及现代人群关系的重要特征之一。但是,学术界对与眼眶形态有关的许多问题还不是很清楚,或有争议。基于这一情况,本文对3项代表眼眶形态的性状在五组全新世近代—现代人群中的表现情况进行了观测,并结合对比了部分更新世晚期人类化石标本。本文研究发现:在中国地区,人类[眶的高低变异在]化过程中具有明显的时代变化,从新石器时代起出现了区域性的差异,并一直延续到现代;方形眼眶应该是中国人群较稳定的连续性特征,其高出现率从更新世一直延续到现代;在中国人群中,眼眶外下侧缘圆钝这一特征应该也是从更新世一直延续到现代的,但是其高出现率则只维持到新石器时代为止。  相似文献   

4.
Liu XY  Li M  Yang SY  Su B  Yin LD 《动物学研究》2011,32(5):499-503
精神分裂症是一种常见的复杂精神疾病.大量的实验证据表明,遗传因素在精神分裂症的发生中起到了重要的作用.截至目前,有报道称至少100个基因与精神分裂症相关,但它们在不同人群中的重复性不好.在这些基因中,RELN在多个人群中都被证实与精神分裂症相关,表明它可能是一个真实的易感基因.目前,在RELN基因上有很多个单核苷酸多态性位点被证实与精神分裂症相关,其中研究最多的是通过全基因组关联分析发现的在RELN基因第四个内含子中的单核苷酸多态性位点rs7341475,它被证明与精神分裂症的发生相关.为了验证该位点在中国人群中是否与精神分裂症相关,作者对来自中国玉溪的病例——对照样本(400位患者和400位正常人)进行了遗传分析.结果显示,在该样本中rs7341475与精神分裂症不相关,这表明rs7341475在中国人群中可能不是致病多态性位点.  相似文献   

5.
邢松  周蜜  刘武 《人类学学报》2010,29(2):132-149
采用基于标志点的几何形态测量方法对在河南和湖北地区考古遗址出土的291颗近代人群上、下颌前臼齿(P1=72; P2=72; P1=73; P2=74)齿冠轮廓形状(包括外轮廓及内轮廓形状) 进行了分析。结果显示: P1齿冠轮廓基本对称, 颊侧部分向近远中方向突出; 齿尖夹角区呈不规则狭长菱形, 舌侧尖向近中方向偏移。P2齿冠轮廓对称,颊侧部分向近远中方向的突出程度存在明显的个体差异; 齿尖夹角区由于舌侧尖向近中方向偏移而呈不规则菱形。P1和P2内外轮廓形状具有明显的重叠范围。P1齿冠轮廓不对称, 齿冠近中舌侧部分内缩; 齿尖区靠近近中舌侧, 近似方形。P2齿冠轮廓基本对称; 齿尖区靠近齿冠中央, 因近中舌侧尖向近中方向偏移而呈不规则狭长菱形。P1和P2内外轮廓形状重叠范围很小。P1、P2齿冠和齿尖夹角区各个部分所表现出来的变异大小、方式基本相同; 依据齿尖与齿冠基底边缘的距离大小可以将P1分为两种类型, 依据颊侧部分向近远中方向的突出程度可以将P2分为两类。P1、P2变异相对于上颌两颗前臼齿来说较大, 且变异主要集中在齿冠的近远中舌侧、齿尖夹角区的后凹点和舌侧尖;两者的变异大小范围稍有差别; P1和P2主要分为三类, 区别在于颊舌径和近远中径的大小比例、齿尖区后凹点和舌侧尖的位置上。异速生长分析显示所有四颗前臼齿的大小变化对轮廓形状的影响不大。  相似文献   

6.
中国人群基因频率的主成分分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对中国人群中38个基因座的130个等位基因的频率进行了主成分分析, 绘制了主成分分布地图和主成分综合地图. 结果显示, 汉族人群的第1主成分分布反映了南方蒙古人种与北方蒙古人种间遗传结构差异的梯度变化, 而其第2主成分分布则反映了蒙古人种与高加索人种间的基因流动. 中国少数民族人群的第1主成分分布与汉族中的第2主成分相似, 而第2主成分分布则与汉族中的第1主成分相似. 当将中国汉族与少数民族的基因频率放在一起分析时, 所得出的主成分分布基本上与少数民族的相似. 中国人群基因频率的第3, 4主成分的分布则可能反映了古代某些地区人口骤增而向外扩展的历史事件. 中国人群基因频率主成分综合地图明显地显示出: 在亚洲的南、北方蒙古人种间有一明显的分界线--长江. 猜测: 如果中国现代人确实起源于非洲, 则南、北方蒙古人种的祖先在进入亚洲以前已经分开, 南方蒙古人种的祖先自非洲或中东沿海岸向东迁徙、扩展、直至东南亚, 然后折向北, 至华南, 再直至长江, 甚至可能有一段时间曾占据过长江以北的一些地区. 北方蒙古人种的祖先则在帕米尔以北地区自西向东, 直至东北亚, 再扩展至美洲、日本等地, 同时向南, 直至长江. 在近二三千年内, 北方蒙古人种才不断向长江以南扩展、渗透.  相似文献   

7.
人类颞骨因其复杂的表面及内部结构成为演化研究的重要解剖部位之一,然而由于缺乏对现代人颞骨形态与变异的细致研究及对比数据,对颞骨一些特征的定义和鉴定价值还存在争议。迄今为止,尚无学者对现代中国人群颞骨形态与变异做过专门研究。有鉴于此,本文对颞骨乳突后部一些典型性状的形态变异在现代中国人及部分古人类的表现情况进行了研究。研究结果表明:1)除乳突旁隆起的发育水平存在性别差异外(不受地区差异影响),乳突切迹、枕乳嵴、枕动脉沟的出现率和发育水平既不受地区差异影响,又无性别差异。2)现代中国人乳突后部形态总体表现为窄而深的乳突切迹、明显的乳突旁隆起、以及发育程度较弱的枕动脉沟和枕乳嵴;3)在本文所研究的性状中,乳突切迹、乳突切迹前端隆起、乳突旁隆起、枕乳嵴和枕动脉沟均呈现不同程度的个体变异;4)一些被认为属于尼安德特人衍生特征的性状在中国古人类和现代中国人的乳突后部都有出现;5)本文研究的颞骨乳突后部形态特征在中国更新世晚期人类的表现与现代中国人接近。  相似文献   

8.
【目的】检测深圳地区环境水体和人群的诺如病毒(No Vs),探讨其是否在两者之间循环传播。【方法】2014年3月至2015年2月检测24份深圳茅洲河河水标本和287份腹泻患者粪便标本。河水标本经过混合纤维素酯膜和PEG法二次浓缩后提取核酸,粪便标本无需浓缩,稀释离心后直接提取核酸。应用实时荧光逆转录PCR初步分型,RT-PCR扩增ORF2保守区域衣壳蛋白(VP1)基因后测序确定亚型、分析不同来源病毒的同源性;同时建立基因进化树,进一步分析不同来源No Vs的亲缘关系。【结果】在河水标本和腹泻患者粪便标本中,No Vs阳性率分别为23.1%和17.4%,其中上下游河水标本阳性率分别为8.3%和41.7%,河水中No VGI型和No VGII型的阳性率为16.7%和8.3%。扩增阳性样本发现茅洲河水中检出No V主要是GI.6型,其次是GII.4 Sydney_2012型,而从腹泻胃肠炎患者粪便标本中检出No Vs主要是No VGII.4Sydney_2012型和少量的GII.3型。同时期水体和人群粪便标本来源的No VGII.4 Sydney_2012型VP1基因相似性98.2%–100.0%。【结论】No VGII.4 Sydney_2012型是深圳地区主要的流行株。No Vs在环境水体和人群中于某种程度上存在循环传播。  相似文献   

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目的:研究中国北方人群TCF7L2基因rs11196218和rs290487多态性的分布特点及其与血脂谱的相关性。方法:对1255例中国北方人群TCF7L2基因进行单核苷酸多态性检测,同时检测其血脂水平,分析血脂水平与上述基因的相关性。结果:在中国北方人群中TCF7L2基因rs11196218位点AA,AG和GG基因型频率分别为6.61%,39.68%和53.71%,等位基因A、G频率分别为26.45%和73.55%;而rs290487位点TT,CT和CC基因型频率分别为37.45%,45.98%和16.57%,等位基因T,C频率分别为60.44%和39.56%。rs11196218A/G与血清低密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇水平具有相关性(P≤0.05),而rs290487C/T与血脂水平无相关性(P0.05)。结论:在中国北方人群中存在TCF7L2基因rs11196218A/G和rs290487C/T单核苷酸多态性,且其变异频率大,rs11196218A/G与血脂异常相关。  相似文献   

11.
    
Geographic variation in body size is common within many animal species. The causes of this pattern, however, remain largely unexplored in most vertebrate groups. Bats are widely distributed globally owing to their ability of powered flight. Most bat species encounter a variety of climatic conditions across their distribution range, making them an ideal taxon for the study of ecogeographic patterns in body size. Here, we used adult least horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus pusillus, to test whether geographic variation in body size was determined by heat conservation, heat dissipation, climatic seasonality, or primary productivity. We measured body mass and head-body length for 246 adult bats from 12 allopatric colonies in China. We quantified the ecological conditions inhabited by each colony, including mean maximum temperature of the warmest month, mean minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and annual net primary productivity (ANPP). Body mass and head-body length, 2 of the most reliable indicators of body size, exhibited marked differences between colonies. After controlling for spatial autocorrelation, the mean minimum temperature of the coldest month explained most of the variation in body size among colonies, regardless of sex. The mean maximum temperature, climatic seasonality, and ANPP had limited power in predicting body size of males or females in comparison with mean minimum temperature. These results support the heat conservation hypothesis and suggest adaptive responses of body size to cold climates in cave-dwelling bats.  相似文献   

12.
Ecogeographical rules linking climate to morphology have gained renewed interest because of climate change. Yet few studies have evaluated to what extent geographical trends ascribed to these rules have a genetic, rather than environmentally determined, basis. This applies especially to Allen's rule, which states that the relative extremity length decreases with increasing latitude. We studied leg length in the common frog (Rana temporaria) along a 1500 km latitudinal gradient utilizing wild and common garden data. In the wild, the body size-corrected femur and tibia lengths did not conform to Allen's rule but peaked at mid-latitudes. However, the ratio of femur to tibia length increased in the north, and the common garden data revealed a genetic cline consistent with Allen's rule in some trait and treatment combinations. While selection may have shortened the leg length in the north, the genetic trend seems to be partially masked by environmental effects.  相似文献   

13.
一种六妹羊肚菌的新型柄腐病害   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘天海  周洁  王迪  何晓兰  唐杰  陈影  王嘉  彭卫红 《菌物学报》2021,40(9):2229-2243
近年来,四川等地种植的六妹羊肚菌先后爆发柄腐病害,造成严重经济损失。本研究对该病害发生情况进行了调查,从四川、河南、甘肃、贵州4个省收集的12份六妹羊肚菌柄腐病子实体,分离纯化得到37株真菌和3株细菌。根据柯赫氏法则,对所有分离纯化得到的疑似病原菌进行了回接试验,最终确定GJB-3菌株为柄腐病的病原菌。经ITS、RPB2EF1α序列分析,结合菌落形态和显微特征鉴定柄腐病的病原菌为Fusarium nematophilum。本研究为后期羊肚菌生产病害防控提供了有效的基础数据。  相似文献   

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Geomyoid rodents provide a great study system for the analysis of sexual dimorphism. They are polygynic and many inhabit harsh arid environments thought to promote sexual dimorphism. In fact, there has been extensive work published on the sexual size dimorphism of individual populations and species within this rodent clade. However, little work has been undertaken to assess the evolutionary patterns and processes associated with this sexual dimorphism. We use multivariate analyses of cranial measurements in a phylogenetic framework to determine the distribution of size and shape dimorphism among geomyoids and test for Rensch’s rule. Our results suggest that sexual dimorphism is more common in geomyids than heteromyids, but it is not in fact universal. There is evidence for variation in sexual dimorphism across populations. Additionally, in many taxa, geographic variation appears to overwhelm existing sexual dimorphism. We find support for the repeated independent evolution of shape and size dimorphism across geomyoid taxa, but we do not find support for an association between size and shape dimorphism. There is no evidence for Rensch’s rule in geomyoids, whether at the superfamily or family level. Together, our findings suggest that there is no single explanation for the evolution of sexual dimorphism in geomyoids and that, instead, it is the product of numerous evolutionary events. Future studies incorporating phylogenetic relationships will be necessary to paint a more complete picture of the evolution of sexual dimorphism in geomyoids.  相似文献   

16.
Campbell P  Good JM  Dean MD  Tucker PK  Nachman MW 《Genetics》2012,191(4):1271-1281
Hybrid sterility in the heterogametic sex is a common feature of speciation in animals. In house mice, the contribution of the Mus musculus musculus X chromosome to hybrid male sterility is large. It is not known, however, whether F(1) male sterility is caused by X-Y or X-autosome incompatibilities or a combination of both. We investigated the contribution of the M. musculus domesticus Y chromosome to hybrid male sterility in a cross between wild-derived strains in which males with a M. m. musculus X chromosome and M. m. domesticus Y chromosome are partially sterile, while males from the reciprocal cross are reproductively normal. We used eight X introgression lines to combine different X chromosome genotypes with different Y chromosomes on an F(1) autosomal background, and we measured a suite of male reproductive traits. Reproductive deficits were observed in most F(1) males, regardless of Y chromosome genotype. Nonetheless, we found evidence for a negative interaction between the M. m. domesticus Y and an interval on the M. m. musculus X that resulted in abnormal sperm morphology. Therefore, although F(1) male sterility appears to be caused mainly by X-autosome incompatibilities, X-Y incompatibilities contribute to some aspects of sterility.  相似文献   

17.
    
Haloxylon ammodendron is a xerophytic perennial shrub or small tree that has a high ecological value in anti-desertification due to its high tolerance to drought and salt stress. Here, we report a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of H. ammodendron by integrating PacBio’s high-fidelity sequencing and Hi-C technology. The assembled genome size was 685.4 Mb, of which 99.6% was assigned to nine pseudochromosomes with a contig N50 value of 23.6 Mb. Evolutionary analysis showed that both the recent substantial amplification of long terminal repeat retrotransposons and tandem gene duplication may have contributed to its genome size expansion and arid adaptation. An ample amount of low-GC genes was closely related to functions that may contribute to the desert adaptation of H. ammodendron. Gene family clustering together with gene expression analysis identified differentially expressed genes that may play important roles in the direct response of H. ammodendron to water-deficit stress. We also identified several genes possibly related to the degraded scaly leaves and well-developed root system of H. ammodendron. The reference-level genome assembly presented here will provide a valuable genomic resource for studying the genome evolution of xerophytic plants, as well as for further genetic breeding studies of H. ammodendron.  相似文献   

18.
    
Progressively loss of neural and glial cells is the key event that leads to nervous system dysfunctions and diseases. Several neurodegenerative diseases, for instance Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are associated to aging and suggested to be a consequence of deficiency of neural stem cell pool in the affected brain regions. Endogenous neural stem cells exist throughout life and are found inspecific niches of human brain. These neural stem cells are responsible for the regeneration of new neurons to restore, in the normal circumstance, the functions of the brain. Endogenous neural stem cells can be isolated, propagated, and, notably, differentiated to most cell types of the brain. On the other hand, other types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells can also serve as a source for neural stem cell production, that hold a great promise for regeneration of the brain. The replacement of neural stem cells, either endogenous or stem cell-derived neural stem cells, into impaired brain is highly expected as a possible therapeutic mean for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, clinical features and current routinely treatments of agerelated neurodegenerative diseases are documented. Noteworthy, we presented the promising evidence of neural stem cells and their derivatives in curing such diseases, together with the remaining challenges to achieve the best outcome for patients.  相似文献   

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Although we know there is considerable variation in gut microbial composition within host species, little is known about how this variation is shaped and why such variation exists. In humans, obesity is associated with the relative abundance of two dominant bacterial phyla: an increase in the proportion of Firmicutes and a decrease in the proportion of Bacteroidetes. As there is evidence that humans have adapted to colder climates by increasing their body mass (e.g. Bergmann''s rule), we tested whether Firmicutes increase and Bacteroidetes decrease with latitude, using 1020 healthy individuals drawn from 23 populations and six published studies. We found a positive correlation between Firmicutes and latitude and a negative correlation between Bacteroidetes and latitude. The overall pattern appears robust to sex, age and bacterial detection methods. Comparisons between African Americans and native Africans and between European Americans and native Europeans suggest no evidence of host genotype explaining the observed patterns. The variation of gut microbial composition described here is consistent with the pattern expected by Bergmann''s rule. This surprising link between large-scale geography and human gut microbial composition merits further investigation.  相似文献   

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