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1.
长期以来赭石利用行为被视为人类行为现代性的标志之一,受到国内外考古学界的普遍关注。本文回溯和梳理了全球背景下赭石利用的起源、发展及其与人类演化史的关系。在现代人广泛分布于全球之后,赭石利用行为更加丰富和多样化地出现在各地,然而现有考古证据表明该行为并不是解剖学意义上的现代人突变性的发明。赭石利用不能被单纯地定义为现代人行为,而应是有着长久演化积累的现代性行为之一。在长期传播与演化过程中,赭石的功能从意识形态、艺术表达等逐渐扩展到作为矿物成分被用于实际生产生活。赭石的利用历史可追溯到中更新世中期,但其广泛分布仍与晚更新世以来现代人的广泛扩散直接相关,对于理解现代人的意识形态、社会组织方式以及艺术表达、精神文化发展都具有重要的意义。国内目前所发表的相关考古学证据相对较少,以下马碑遗址为代表的材料,也恰处于现代人在全球广泛扩散的窗口期,并伴有进步的细小石器镶嵌使用的证据,成为认识东亚现代人行为的关键性考古证据。  相似文献   

2.
刘武  周蜜  邢松 《人类学学报》2018,37(2):159-175
欧洲与亚洲古人类之间的关系一直是人类演化研究的关注点。基于对化石形态的研究,一些学者认为中国与欧洲古人类之间在更新世中、晚期存在一定程度的基因交流,并提供了支持基因交流的系列形态证据,但古人类学界对其中一些形态特征的人群属性、功能意义及形成机制存在不同认识。本文采用釉质外表观察和CT扫描方法对卡氏尖在98枚中国古人类上颌臼齿化石的出现和表现情况进行了数据统计和分析,并与非洲和欧洲古人类进行了对比。本研究发现卡氏尖在中国古人类具有较高的出现率(27.6%-62.5%)和多种形态表现。此外,在多枚中国古人类上颌臼齿发现两个通常只出现在在黑猩猩和非洲早期人类的原始卡氏尖表现:齿带-原尖脊和齿冠舌侧横行沟及屋檐状结构。基于这些发现,作者支持卡氏尖是从猿类,经过不同演化阶段的古人类,一直延续到现代人的一个古老特征的观点。卡氏尖在中国古人类的表现特点提示出现在中国古人类的卡氏尖更有可能是古老原始特征的残余。本研究显示,卡氏尖在中国与欧洲古人类都具有较高出现率,而卡氏尖在中国古人类的表现程度较同时期欧洲古人类更为显著。因此目前还没有足够的可信证据支持卡氏尖是中国与欧洲古人类之间基因交流的造成化石形态特征。  相似文献   

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4.
李岩 《化石》2021,(1):8-12
我国是世界上发现古人类化石相当丰富的国家之一,迄今已在100余处地点发现了各种古人类化石,年代跨度在距今170万-1万年之间,这些古人类化石包括了直立人、早期智人和晚期智人. 在从20世纪80年代以来逐渐从西方开始流行起来的"走出非洲"这种人类演化故事的标准观点中,200多万年前直立人首先在非洲演化而出.之后大约在60...  相似文献   

5.
刘武  吴秀杰 《人类学学报》2022,41(4):563-575
近年对许家窑、许昌、华龙洞、澎湖、夏河、哈尔滨等人类化石开展的系统研究,引发了学界对中更新世晚期人类演化及分类的不同认识。基于对相关中国人类化石形态特征的分析,作者提出这一时期中国人类化石形态特征表现为四种类型:1)以中更新世晚期人类共有特征为主;2)以原始特征为主;3)以现代特征为主;4)独特形态组合。多数化石形态特征表现为前三种类型,而许昌和许家窑这种以硕大的头骨和巨大颅容量构成的独特形态组合在其他同时期化石还没有发现。化石形态的多样性提示,不同类型的中更新世晚期中国古人类对现代人的形成贡献不同。作者认为在该时期的人类化石形态多样性规律还未阐明的情况下,将具有混合或镶嵌特征的相关人类化石归入分类地位不确定的人群较为合适。  相似文献   

6.
我国丰富的古人类遗存为研究东亚乃至全球古人类起源、迁徙和演化提供了重要的基础材料与数据。对已发表的2000多处旧石器时代古人类遗址年代学数据的整理和统计分析发现,绝大多数遗址目前仍缺少基本的年代学数据,不足20%的遗址开展过测年,仅10%左右具有相对可靠的年代学数据,只有极少数开展了多种测年方法的交叉定年。对于80多处出土古人类化石的遗址,亦过半存在明显的年代学争议。我们对一些古人类遗址中的常见各种复杂的同沉积和沉积后改造现象进行了详细分析,探讨了我国测年平台和测年队伍建设、考古发掘以及年代学采样与测年方法学等方面存在的问题,及其对遗址年代学研究的可能影响。基于此,笔者提出改善我国古人类年代学研究现状的可能措施,希望可以抛砖引玉,引发对该研究领域更多的关注和思考。  相似文献   

7.
吴秀杰  张玄 《人类学学报》2018,37(3):371-383
颅内模保存有脑表面的形态结构,是脑演化研究的直接证据。中国最早复原和研究的颅内模来自20世纪20年代北京周口店遗址发现的3号猿人头骨;此后虽然中国境内也相继发现了一些古人类的头骨化石,但由于古人类标本非常珍贵,不允许对其进行实体解剖,加上多数头骨破碎或者内部附有地层胶结物,导致颅内模无法成功复原。受技术水平及研究手段的限制,研究者一般只是侧重于化石外表形态结构的研究。高分辨率工业CT和3D软件的应用,可以在不损坏标本的情况下,虚拟复原出化石的内部解剖结构,使得一些重要的古人类化石标本的颅内模被复原出来,促进了脑演化的研究。近年来,本文第一作者采用新技术、新方法复原了南京直立人、柳江人等一些重要的中国古人类头骨的颅内模,通过对其颅容量、脑沟回特征、脑不对称性、脑表面的动、静脉血管压迹、各脑叶的大小、形状及比例的研究,获取了中国古人类脑形态特征变化的数据,为探讨东亚地区古人类的演化提供了参考信息。  相似文献   

8.
刘武 《人类学学报》2013,32(3):233-246
兴起于上世纪80年代的现代人起源研究与争论在近10年来呈现出一些新的趋势或特点, 主要体现在对现代人起源与演化细节过程的关注。这些新的关注点涉及早期现代人的出现与扩散、中更新世晚期-晚更新世早期人类化石特征变异及演化, 以及早期现代人出现与演化过程中的健康与生存适应活动三个方面。围绕这些问题, 中国古人类学界开展了相关研究并获得了一些新的发现和认识。本文对近10年来早期现代人在中国出现与演化领域的研究进行了回顾, 并对相关问题进行了讨论。  相似文献   

9.
高星 《人类学学报》2014,33(3):237-253
本文从考古文化的角度论证中国乃至东亚古人类演化的连续性。通过对石制品原料特点及开发利用方式、石器制作技术、石制品类型、形态与组合特点、区域文化传统演变等方面的分析,提出这里的旧石器时代文化一脉相承,古人群生生不息、连续演化。通过对中国旧石器文化体系中勒瓦娄哇技术制品、具有阿舍利风格的组合和石叶技术产品这些具有\"西方元素\"特点的文化成分的辨识与分析,指出更新世期间该地区石器生产基本维持在奥杜威模式内,来自西方的文化因素间或出现过,但从来没有成为主流,更没有发生对土著文化的置换,说明这一地区没有发生过大规模移民和人群更替事件;基因混合与文化交流可能发生过,但其过程是融合而非替代。秦岭诸遗址、北窑、大地湾、徐家城、乌兰木伦、织机洞、井水湾、黄龙洞等遗址的地层和测年数据表明东亚不存在距今10~4万年间的材料空白,人类演化的链条没有中断过。古气候和古生物信息也对末次冰期导致本土人群灭绝的论断提出否定。这些考古材料与信息对中国乃至东亚古人群连续演化及现代人类\"连续进化附带杂交\"的理论提供了强有力的论证和支持。\"综合行为模式\"等学说的提出强化了对本土人群生存能力的论述。对人类独特的行为特点与社会属性的观察和思考,也对本土人群与西方同类的隔离问题及不同地区人群长时期维持在同一物种内的可能性与动因提供了有益的启示。  相似文献   

10.
中国古人类牙齿尺寸演化特点及东亚直立人的系统地位   总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4  
刘武  杨茂有 《人类学学报》1999,18(3):176-192
对中国境内不同时代人类牙齿测量数据的发析显示,中国古人类牙齿尺寸的总体演化趋势与世界其它地区人类一致,呈缩小变化,其中一个表现特点是中国直立人与早期智人在牙齿尺寸上不差别不大,但作者根据对中国古人类化石形态特征,生存年代等方面的综合分析认为中国直立人在化石形态,生存年代等方面均与智人有明显的不同,取消直立人,将其并入智人意见的证据还是不够充分的,目前仍宜将直立人与智人作为人属内两个不同的种来看待,  相似文献   

11.
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《人类学学报》2021,40(05):739
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12.
    
This study examines the genetic affinities of various modern human groupings using a multivariate analysis of morphometric data. Phylogenetic relationships among these groupings are also explored using neighbor-joining analysis of the metric data. Results indicate that the terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene fossils from Australasia exhibit a close genetic affinity with early modern humans from the Levant. Furthermore, recent human populations and Upper Paleolithic Europeans share a most recent common ancestor not shared with either the early Australasians or the early Levantine humans. This pattern of genetic and phylogenetic relationships suggests that the early modern humans from the Levant either contributed directly to the ancestry of an early lineage of Australasians, or that they share a recent common ancestor with them. The principal findings of the study, therefore, lend support to the notion of an early dispersal from Africa by a more ancient lineage of modern human prior to 50 ka, perhaps as early as OIS 5 times (76-100 ka).  相似文献   

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Through analysis of morphological features,this article discusses some problems concerning the methodology of thinking in the study of human evolution and provides new evidence to support the Multiregional evolution model as follows. 1) Do not neglect the role played by gene exchange in the formation of certain features of recent skulls,such as orbital shape,the form of infero-lateral margin of the orbit,and the contour composed of the fronto-nasal and fronto-maxillary sutures. These features in recent East Asian skulls are different from those in Pleistocene specimens in China,which indicates that the continuity of them in East Asia has not persisted to nowadays,but does not exclude the continuity of them in the Pleistocene. The difference between recent and Pleistocene skulls in morphological features may be caused by genetic drift andΠor gene exchange between East Asia and outside in the Holocene and Late Pleistocene. 2) Features not unique for a region,are considered as not deserving to be the evidence for continuity of human evolution in that region by some scholars. But it is probable that common ancestry and gene flow between ancient populations of different regions should have caused many features not unique in many regions. Common features of Pleistocene skulls in China are not necessarily unique in this region. The fact that some common features in Pleistocene China also exist in other regions does not weaken the value of them in supporting the evolutionary continuity in East Asia. Discontinuity in evolutionary process would make the earlier population different from the later ones,or there would be no common features shared by them. 3) Do not forget that human evolution is a dynamic process where there was a tendency towards more gracile status for various morphological features throughout human evolution,and various features could experience changes due to the effect of genetic processes such as gene exchange with neighboring populations etc. So it is not reasonable to expect morphological features of the descendants to be completely similar to those of their ancestors in strength and frequency of trait occurrence. The weaknesses of the basal tubercle and the curvature on the labial surface in recent East Asian human upper incisors does not indicate that shovel-shaped incisors could not be one of the features supporting the continuity of human evolution in this region. The decreasing frequencies of chignon and suprainiac fossa in Europeans from Neandertal to modern humans are part of the dynamic process. Cranial indices of Late Paleolithic Liujiang,Ziyang and Lijiang skulls are 75.1,77.4,and 84.4 respectively,whereas those of three Upper Cave skulls are 70.1,69.4 and 71.2 respectively. The chignon exists in the former three skulls with their shorter vaults and is absent in the latter with their characteristic long skulls. These facts disprove the opinion that the chignon is most likely caused by a more rapid“posterior growth of the cerebral hemispheres relative to formation of the cranial vault bones”. 4) Do not misinterpret the observation of specimens and opinion of the opposing side. For instance,in the paragraph discussing“Facial size is a vague character”,Lieberman wrote,“the four relatively complete archaic fossils with faces from North China (Dali,Jinniushan,and YunxianⅠandⅡ) are somewhat distorted. ” (p.172) . He hinted that the faces of these skulls are not short as being proposed by anthropologists who advocate the Multiregional model as one of the evidence of continuity. But in fact,although skulls from these sites had experienced different degrees of distortion,any correct reconstruction will not change the status that their upper faces are short. Furthermore,the face of new middle Pleistocene skull from Nanjing is definitely short. 5) The contrast between the presence of mid-sagittal keeling,mandibular oxostosis,pinched nasal saddle and agenesis of third molar in recent East Asians,and their absence in recent African skulls fit better with the Multiregional model rather than the Recent Out of Africa model. The fossil record suggests that mid-sagittal keeling and mandibular oxostosis existing in recent East Asians may derive from Homo erectus of Beijing; the pinched nasal saddle may be traced to Maba early H. sapiens skull and Upper Cave skull 101; and the agenesis of the third molar may be related to the Homo erectus mandible from Lantian and Upper Pleistocene skull from Liujiang. To consider the origin of these features in recent East Asians as effects of genetic drift during the dispersal out of Africa is less convincible.  相似文献   

14.
中国古人类进化连续性新辩   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4  
本文通过对一些形态特征的分析说明研究人类起源和进化应该注意的一些思维方法的问题,并且为多地区进化说增添了新的证据:1)中国更新世头骨共同具有的眼眶及其外侧下缘形状等特征在近代头骨中已有所改变,在考虑其意义时不应该忽略时间和基因交流起过的作用;2)中国更新世头骨的共同特征并不因为它们也可见于其他地区而丧失其意义,因为证明连续性的共同特征不需要是地区独有的;3)铲形门齿的结构在近代人中变弱,不削弱它作为连续进化证据的价值,这种弱化的现象是人类进化过程中形态纤巧化的一种表现;4)在辩论时不要对有关形态作不正确的观察和曲解对方的观点和论据;5)头骨正中矢状突隆、下颌圆枕、夹紧状鼻梁和第三臼齿先天性缺失等四项特征在近代非洲人中阙如,却存在于东亚近代人,本文的分析认为这种现象增强多地区进化说的说服力。  相似文献   

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The direct evidence of the fossil hominid brains evolution comes from the study of skulls and endocranial casts (endocasts). Endocasts of fossil hominids have been a focus of attention and controversy in paleoanthropology for as long as there has been a record of fossil hominids. There have several foci of this attention. The first concerns the evolution of cranial capacity and their relationship to body size. A second area of fossil hominid brains involves the sulcal patterns on endoasts. A third fo- cus of attention concerns right-left asymmetries in the fossil hominid brains. A forth focus concerns the pattern of blood flow to and from the brain. Endocast preserves numernous details of both the meningeal and venous sinus system. Finally, much of the literature has been devoted to speculation the factors that account for the expension of the primitive hominid brain. With the review of fossil hominid brains, the main aim is to get some information in light of the study of the Chinese fossil hominids.  相似文献   

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LIU Wu 《人类学学报》2016,35(02):161
Since the discovery of the modern human fossils dated to about 40 ka BP at the Tianyuan Cave near Zhoukoudian in 2002, early modern human fossils have been found from several other sites in China including Huanglong Cave in Yunxi, Hubei Province and Zhiren Cave in Chongzuo, Guangxi. The findings of these human fossils indicate that early modern humans emerged about 100 ka BP in southern China. The recent discovery and related studies of human teeth at the Fuyan Cave in Daoxian, Hunan Province, further reveal that human groups with fully modern morphology appeared 120 ka-80 ka BP in some regions of southern China. At the same time, in northern China, human groups represented by Xujiayao still kept primitive morphology and did not evolve into early moderns. These research findings suggest that southern China is the central area for the formation and dispersal of modern humans in East Asia. Both early modern humans and fully modern humans probably first emerged in southern China, and then dispersed north. Available fossil evidence shows that Late Pleistocene humans in southern China exhibit pronounced variations and several different evolutionary groups may exist. The Zhiren Cave humans belong to the transitional type from archaic to early moderns; the Daoxian humans represent humans with fully modern morphology. Based on previous studies and analysis of the present paper, the authors believe that Late Pleistocene humans of Liujiang, Ziyang, Lijiang and Tianyuan Cave show more derived fossil morphologies and may represent a type of modern human similar to Daoxian. It is noteworthy that while this kind of research attracts attention to the issue of East Asian modern human emergence and dispersals, paleoanthropological communities have different opinions on this topic.  相似文献   

17.
吴秀杰 《人类学学报》2003,22(3):249-255
脑演化是人类演化的一个重要组成部分,其研究可以为人类起源、演化、人群关系及语言、智力等方面提供重要的信息。脑演化的主要证据是通过研究颅内模(endocast)及颅骨的形态得到的。颅内模是从颅骨内表面得到的脑的外部形态。有时颅骨的内腔充满泥沙,并且为钙质所结固,可以自然形成颅内模。也可以人工制作颅内模。颅内模和颅骨的内表面能够提供人类脑髓及神经进化方面的直接证据。对化石人类脑演化的研究主要包括以下几个方面的内容:测量或估计脑量的大小及其和身体大小之间的关系;研究脑量随时间的变化过程;通过对早期人类颅内模表面沟回形态特征的研究,探索脑功能区在早期人类和猿类的区别及在演化上的变化;左右大脑不对称性与一侧优势关系,探讨语言的起源和惯用手的脑功能基础等;脑膜中动脉系统、静脉窦系统及与血液循环相关的排泄孔的变化,探讨大脑各部分比例的变化和功能的日益复杂对供血需求的影响;通过对人类脑演化的研究,探讨人类进化的原因。本文通过对以上几个方面及其中国化石脑演化研究的介绍,对化石人类脑演化的研究概况作综合论述和简单回顾。  相似文献   

18.
Fossil Humankind and Other Anthropoid Primates of China   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
More than 70 sites have yielded human fossils in China. They are attributed to Homo sapiens erectus and Homo sapiens sapiens. The earliest one is possibly about 1.7 Ma. A series of common morphological features, including shovel-shaped incisors and flatness of the face, characterize them. There is a morphological mosaic between H. s. erectus and H. s. sapiens in China. The existence of common features and the morphological mosaic suggest continuity of human evolution in China. That there are a few features which are more commonly seen in the Neanderthal lineage, occurring in a few Chinese fossil skulls, probably suggests gene flow between China and the West. Based on them, in 1998 I proposed an hypothesis—continuity with hybridization—for human evolution in China. The hypothesis is supported by paleolithic archeology, and it supports the multiregional evolution hypothesis of modern human origins. The anatomically modern humans of East Asia originated most probably in China. Although some nonhuman anthropoid primates of China—Gigantopithecus, Sivapithecus, Ramapithecus and Lufengpithecus—have been suggested as the direct ancestors of human beings, the discovery of more specimens and further studies do not support these suggestions. Therefore, it is most probable that the transition between apes and humans did not occur in China.  相似文献   

19.
刘武  吴秀杰  邢松 《人类学学报》2016,35(2):161-171
自2002年在周口店附近的田园洞发现大约4万年前的现代人化石以来,相继在湖北郧西黄龙洞、广西崇左智人洞等地点发现了早期现代人化石。这些化石发现证实大约10万年前早期现代人在华南地区已经出现。最近在湖南道县福岩洞发现的人类牙齿化石及相关研究进一步揭示具有完全现代形态的人类8万-12万年前在华南局部地区已经出现;而在这个时间段的华北地区,以许家窑人为代表的人类化石形态仍较原始,其演化尚未进入早期现代人阶段。这些研究发现提示,在中国地区,华南是现代人形成与扩散的中心区域,早期现代人以及完全现代类型的人类都可能首先在华南地区出现,然后向华北地区扩散。现有的化石形态证据显示,更新世晚期华南地区人类具有较大的演化变异,可能同时生存有几种不同的演化类群。智人洞属于从古老型智人向现代人演化的过渡类型,而道县则代表着演化进入完全现代类型的人类。基于前人研究及本文的分析,作者认为柳江、资阳、丽江、田园洞等更新世晚期人类化石特征比较进步,在演化上属于与道县相似的现代类型人类。值得注意的是,这些研究进展在引起对现代人在东亚地区出现和扩散关注的同时,古人类学界对其中涉及的许多问题还存在争论。本文在回顾分析这些研究进展的基础上,就相关问题进行了讨论。  相似文献   

20.
The human cranium recovered at Florisbad in 1932 is compared with other Sub-Saharan African hominid remains from Broken Hill, the Omo and Klasies River Mouth. The Florisbad frontal is very broad, but despite this breadth and differences in zygomatic form, there is a definite resemblance to archaic Homo sapiens from Broken Hill. There is also some similarity to both Omo I and Omo II, while fragmentary remains from Klasies River are more lightly built and hence more modern in appearance. These impressions are strengthened by measurement and statistical analysis, which demonstrates that Florisbad and Broken Hill are distant from recent African populations. Even if Florisbad is less archaic than the earlier (Middle Pleistocene?) hominid, it is not noticeably Bushman-like. New dates suggestive of early Upper Pleistocene antiquity also place Florisbad securely in a lineage containing Broken Hill, and there is no evidence to support special ties with any one group of living Africans.  相似文献   

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