河南荥阳官庄遗址两周时期人牙结石的植物淀粉粒

本文对河南官庄遗址两周时期人牙结石开展了淀粉粒分析,发现了数量丰富的淀粉粒以及少量植硅体。可鉴定形态的淀粉粒主要来自粟、黍、小麦、小豆等农作物以及坚果、块茎植物;植硅体中则有来自水稻颖片的双峰型植硅体。此次研究表明官庄先民食物来源广泛,包括多种农作物和采集植物,其中粟黍类农作物在食物构成中占据主要地位,而小麦所占比例很可能已仅次于粟黍。结合包括官庄遗址和周边若干遗址的浮选结果,两周时期中原腹心地区仍是北方传统的粟作农业,但农作物种植已明显多样化;与此同时,小麦在农作物体系中的重要性增加,中原地区农作物种植体系由以粟黍为主转向以小麦为主的趋势已经出现。     

“中国史前与先秦时期人类生活方式研讨会”在浙江大学召开

2017年7月4日-6日,由浙江大学文物与博物馆学系主办、浦江博物馆协办的"中国史前与先秦时期人类生活方式研讨会"在浙江大学西溪校区召开。会议旨在促进多学科视角与观念交织碰撞的学术活力,加强我国在史前考古、科技考古等研究方面所取得的最新成果和研究理念的交流。本次会议涌现出众多新方法、新观点、新面孔,来自国内外多家高校、考古所和博物馆的四十余名代表参会,献上了二十六个精彩的报告,并在会后前往上山遗址参观考察。     

湖北省外来入侵生物及其与社会经济活动的关系

采用实地调查和查阅文献的方法,系统地研究了湖北省外来入侵生物的发生概况,分析了其传入途径及其与人类活动的关系。结果表明,当前湖北省共有外来入侵物种163种。其中,植物病原微生物14种,水生杂草3种,陆生杂草101种,水生无脊椎动物2种,陆生无脊椎动物17种,两栖爬行类3种,鱼类18种,哺乳类5种。在外来入侵杂草中,菊科最多（32种）,占总数的30.8%;禾本科次之（11种）;豆科排第3位（10种）。外来生物入侵湖北省的主要途径有2类：（1）有目的引进,占入侵物种总数的53.4%;（2）无意带入,占入侵物种总数的46.6%。1990-2009年,湖北省的外来入侵物种数随该省的GDP、入境旅游人数、进出口总额和交通密度的增加而明显上升。因此,在大力发展经济的同时,有必要进一步加强引种监管,严格执行检疫措施,以防止新的外来生物入侵。同时,需开展外来入侵生物的防控技术研究,以遏制已入侵物种的传播蔓延,控制其危害。     

基于投影寻踪法的武汉市“两型社会”评价模型与实证研究

为克服现有“两型社会”评价中存在的主观性强、不易处理高维数据等缺陷,提出了基于投影寻踪法的武汉市“两型社会”评价新方法。从资源、环境、经济、社会四个子系统出发,构建了武汉市"两型社会"评价指标体系;选取武汉市2000-2009年数据作为样本,将多维评价指标值投影为一维投影数据;引入加速遗传算法,优化投影指标函数寻求最佳投影方向;根据投影值大小对武汉市2000-2009年“两型社会”发展状况进行比较,利用最佳投影方向信息研究了各个指标对武汉市”两型社会“发展的影响程度。研究结果表明,2000-2009年,武汉市“两型社会”建设呈现出良好的发展态势,建成区绿化覆盖率、人均公共绿地面积、第三产业增加值占GDP比重、空气质量优良率、每千人口医院床位数、工业用水重复利用率、每万人在校大学生人数、单位GDP能耗、每万人拥有公共交通车辆等指标是武汉市“两型社会”建设的重要驱动因素。对此就武汉市建设“两型社会”提出了对策和建议。最后,指出投影寻踪模型为城市"两型社会"发展综合评价提供了一种值得探索和尝试的新方法。     

两种体色生物型桃蚜对杀虫剂敏感性差异及其与酶活力的关系

为了明确不同体色生物型桃蚜Myzus persicae (Suizer)对药剂的敏感性差异,本文采用室内生物测定和酶活力测定法检测不同体色生物型桃蚜对杀虫剂的敏感性以及与3种解毒酶和1种靶标酶活力关系。结果表明,红色生物型的敏感性明显低于绿色生物型,其中对吡虫啉的敏感性差异最大,LC50分别为6796648和284597 mg/L,红色为绿色生物型2388倍;其次为毒死蜱,LC50分别为12295798和1936816 mg/L,红色为绿色生物型635倍;两种生物型桃蚜对阿维菌素敏感性差异最小,红、绿色生物型的LC50分别为311678 和290966 mg/L,红色为绿色生物型107倍。红色生物型体内3种解毒酶（羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和多功能氧化酶P450）的比活力均高于绿色生物型,红色型羧酸酯酶比活力为绿色型的31倍,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶为41倍,多功能氧化酶P450为15倍,两种体色生物型3种解毒酶的活力差异均达显著水平。两种体色生物型体内乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力没有差异,说明乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力与敏感性关系不大。     

与生物信息学相关的两个前沿方向——非编码基因和复杂生物网络

文章介绍了基因组研究领域快速发展的两个方向：非编码序列、非编码基因和非编码RNA以及生物网络和系统生物学,也讨论了他们对生物信息学的影响。     

西周时期一例疑似刖刑的病例

本文对周原齐家东M24墓主骨骼进行了生物考古学研究,发现其右侧胫、腓骨下端1/5处为截肢后畸形愈合;胫骨生理长缩短约5 cm,足部离断后缺失。结合创伤情况、考古学背景及文献实物资料,该个体生前极有可能遭受了“惩罚性截肢”,即刖刑。商周时期刖刑的致死率极高,施刑工具可能有青铜刀锯、钻头、石块等,除拉切外还伴有砍砸行为。被刖之人康复后需拄杖行走并承担守门之责,社会地位低下、饮食状况不佳且饱受他人歧视,境遇十分悲惨。周原齐家东M24墓主是我国经过系统研究且年代最早的截肢病例,也是目前所见最为疑似刖刑的首例个体,为深入了解西周时期的刑罚体系、医疗水平及社会观念等提供了生动资料。     

东周一例人体肱骨发育不对称的病理分析

本文对东周时期一例肱骨发育不全的个体M45进行古病理学研究。经鉴定,M45为年龄在30岁左右的女性,其右侧肱骨短于左侧,肱骨头解剖颈上移且正面向上,小结节向前下方位移;三角肌粗隆处、解剖颈下方有骨质缺损现象;右侧骨髓腔相较于左侧略宽,右侧三角肌粗隆处骨松质较左侧明显,呈蜂窝状。通过肉眼观察、X射线影像和病理筛选等方法对其进行诊断,推测M45个体可能是分娩创伤导致肱骨近端生长点受损,或在儿童期生长板遭受创伤导致肱骨生长发育停滞。     

A biocultural perspective on Marianas prehistory: Recent trends in bioarchaeological research

Fifteen years ago, the biohistory of Micronesia was still a blank slate relative to other regions of the Pacific. Since 1980, however, the Mariana Islands, one of the largest island chains in Micronesia, have been the focus of intensive archaeological investigation and human remains have been ubiquitous components of the archaeological assemblages recovered from the islands of Guam, Rota, Tinian, and Saipan. These investigations have provided us with a wealth of new data that will contribute substantially to our understanding of population adaptation to island ecosystems in this part of the Pacific. Much of the recent bioarchaeological research in the Marianas is the product of archaeological mitigation rather than directed research. Consequently, many of our research efforts have been articulated with the needs of cultural resource management (CRM) where research designs focus on several general problem areas: 1) subsistence adaptation with emphasis on the contribution of marine vs. terrestrial resources and the role of pelagic, or deep-ocean resources in the marine component of the diet; 2) regional (upland vs. coastal; interisland) and temporal variation in subsistence/settlement; and 3) geomorphologic variation in coastal sediments, particularly as influenced by storm events. Am J Phys Anthropol 104:271–290, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

吉林省白城市双塔遗址东周时期人骨研究

双塔遗址是近年来松嫩平原先秦时期最为重要的考古发现,该遗址为建立白城西部乃至科尔沁沙地东部地区汉以前考古学文化的编年序列,廓清相关诸考古学文化的谱系关系,奠定了重要基础;为判断同类遗存年代提供了重要标尺,特别是东周时期人骨标本的发现,是迄今在科尔沁沙地东部地区发现的唯一一份保存较为完整的人骨资料。本文对出土9例东周时期的颅骨(男性6例,女性3例)进行了体质人类学的研究,该组颅骨在种族特征上可归入现代亚洲蒙古人种中的北亚人种范围。在若干古代和现代对比组中,双塔组东周时期居民的体质特征与井沟子东周时期居民、近代蒙古人最为接近,属于先秦时期我国北方地区的"古蒙古高原类型",佐证了这一时期该地区的人口流动。     

Urban–rural differences in Roman Dorset,England: A bioarchaeological perspective on Roman settlements

In the Roman period, urban and rural ways of living were differentiated philosophically and legally, and this is the first regional study of these contrasting life‐ways. Focusing on frailty and mortality risk, we investigated how these differed by age, sex, and status, using coffin type as a proxy for social status. We employed skeletal data from 344 individuals: 150 rural and 194 urban (1st–5th centuries A.D.) from Dorset, England. Frailty and mortality risk were examined using indicators of stress (cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, nonspecific periostitis, and enamel hypoplastic defects), specific metabolic and infectious diseases (rickets, scurvy, and tuberculosis), and dental health (carious lesions and calculus). These variables were studied using Chi‐square, Siler model of mortality, Kaplan–Meier analysis, and the Gompertz model of adult mortality. Our study found that overall, mortality risk and survivorship did not differ between cemetery types but when the data were examined by age, mortality risk was only significantly higher for urban subadults. Demographic differences were found, with urban cemeteries having more 0–10 and >35 year olds, and for health, urban cemeteries had significantly higher frequencies of enamel hypoplastic defects, carious lesions, and rickets. Interestingly, no significant difference in status was observed between rural and urban cemeteries. The most significant finding was the influence of the skeletal and funerary data from the Poundbury sites, which had different demographic profiles, significantly higher frequencies of the indicators of stress and dental health variables. In conclusion, there are significant health, demographic, and mortality differences between rural and urban populations in Roman Britain. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:107–120, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

淇县宋庄东周墓殉人颅骨的形态学

河南省鹤壁市的淇县宋庄东周墓地的多座墓葬不仅出土大量青铜礼乐器和陶器,而且存在人殉现象,宋庄墓地的发现为探讨东周时期豫北地区考古学文化与政治格局提供了重要线索。为了分析宋庄墓地东周墓葬人殉的种系来源,本文对其中保存较好的7例女性人殉颅骨进行了形态学分析。淇县宋庄组与仰韶文化的宝鸡组和大汶口、龙山文化的呈子组均具有较大相似性,与青铜时代的毛饮合并B组、西村周组和双楼组也较为接近。初步认为,淇县宋庄女性人殉与东周时期的豫北和晋地传统居民在体质特征存在一定的区别,而与周人畿内和郑韩故城及其以西以北地区的中原文化居民有更多的亲缘关系。     

长江天鹅洲故道和老河故道水生生物多样性的比较研究

本文报道了长江中游开敞式天鹅洲故道和封闭式老河故道浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物及水生维管束植物四大类水生生物多样性的异同和变化。浮游植物、浮游动物和水生维管束植物的多样性都是老河故道高于天鹅洲故道,底栖动物的多样性则是天鹅洲故道高于老河故道。预期随着天鹅洲故道由开敞式向封闭式的演变,其水生生物的多样性也将不断增大     

Sequential settlement and site dependence in a migratory raptor

Habitat selection models, such as the ideal free, ideal despotic,site-dependent, and conspecific cuing models, are of great importanceto behavioral ecologists given their capability to predict habitatdistributions and to link individual behavior to populationprocesses. However, there have been relatively few field testsof their predictions. We tested the 4 models by studying theprocess of sequential settlement on territory in 2 distant populationsof a migratory raptor, the black kite Milvus migrans. Resultswere mainly consistent with the site-dependent model: on arrival,kites settled on progressively lower quality territories, andearlier arriving individuals were older, larger, and in betterbody condition than later arriving ones, leading to a state-dependentarrival sequence also predicted by a previous theoretical modelof settlement pattern. Occupation of superior territories bysuperior phenotypes resulted in cascading advantages for earlierarriving individuals in terms of subsequent reproductive performance.At the population level, the populations expanded/retractedfrom lower quality sites during population increases/declines.The above scenario was consistent across the 2 populations,and a review of the literature uncovered a remarkably consistentpicture of state-dependent arrival, progressive monopolizationof best quality sites, and cascading effects on subsequent breedingperformance. We propose as a general paradigm of sequentialsettlement the following process: 1) arrival date is a reliablesurrogate of phenotype quality, 2) early-arriving individualshave preferential access to the best quality sites and partners,3) the above conditions cascade into a number of benefits ultimatelyrelated to higher fitness for earlier arriving individuals.     

郑州地区汉唐宋成年居民的身高研究

本文对郑州地区荥阳薛村遗址和新郑多处遗址汉唐宋墓葬成年人骨标本(汉代55例,唐代22例,宋代39例)的肢骨进行了观察和测量,依据陈世贤和张继宗的黄种人身高推算公式,分别以肱骨、股骨和胫骨的最大长推算出三个时期两性的平均身高;汉、唐、宋男性的平均身高分别为169.52cm、167.03cm和164.49cm,女性的平均身高分别为159.11cm,158.39cm和156.17cm。对两性平均身高进行的独立样本T检验显示,汉、唐、宋两性平均身高均为男性大于女性,两性身高存在显著性差异;两性身高随着时代的发展大致呈下降的趋势,但身高的时代差异均不存在显著性意义。郑州汉唐宋两性身高呈现出的下降趋势,应该与这个历史时期中原地区汉民族与我国其他地区异族交流、融合有关,也可能是因为居民生存压力的增加和饮食的影响,也不排除人类身高微观演化的可能。较低的身高性二形性水平也许意味着郑州地区汉唐宋时期的两性不平等现象小于同时代的其他地区。本文的研究结论为了解郑州地区汉唐宋居民两性的健康发育等体质状况提供了有意义的参考。     

Population spatial structuring on the feeding grounds in North Atlantic humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)

Population spatial structuring among North Atlantic humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae on the summer feeding grounds was investigated using movement patterns of identified individuals. We analysed the results from an intensive 2-year ocean-basin-scale investigation resulting in 1658 individuals identified by natural markings and 751 individuals by genetic markers supplemented with data from a long-term collaborative study with 3063 individuals identified by natural markings. Re-sighting distances ranged from <1 km to >2200 km. The frequencies ( F ) of re-sighting distances ( D ) observed in consecutive years were best modelled by an inverse allometric function ( F =6631 D ^−1.24, r ²=0.984), reflecting high levels of site fidelity (median re-sighting distance <40 km) with occasional long-distance movement (5% of re-sightings >550 km). The distribution of re-sighting distances differed east and west of 45°W, with more long-distance movement in the east. This difference is consistent with regional patterns of prey distribution and predictability. Four feeding aggregations were identified: the Gulf of Maine, eastern Canada, West Greenland and the eastern North Atlantic. There was an exchange rate of 0.98% between the western feeding aggregations. The prevalence of long-distance movement in the east made delineation of possible additional feeding aggregations less clear. Limited exchange between sites separated by as little as tens of kilometres produced lower-level structuring within all feeding aggregations. Regional and temporal differences in movement patterns reflected similar foraging responses to varying patterns of prey availability and predictability. A negative relationship was shown between relative abundance of herring and sand lance in the Gulf of Maine and humpback whale movement from the Gulf of Maine to eastern Canada.