徐堡遗址龙山文化居民颅骨的形态学研究

徐堡遗址位于河南省焦作市温县武德镇徐堡村东部,地处豫西北黄河与沁河冲积扇平原内,是分布在黄河北岸的一处典型龙山文化聚落,距今约4500-4000年,遗址出土的龙山文化时期人骨标本,对探讨中原地区仰韶文化与龙山文化人群的源流关系具有重要学术价值。通过对2例女性颅骨的形态学研究,我们得出以下结论:徐堡组的颅面部特征可以概括为:中颅型、高颅型与狭颅型相结合的颅型特点,中面型、阔鼻型、中眶型、鼻根点略有凹陷、鼻前棘不显,犬齿窝欠发达,颅顶缝发育简单;徐堡组应属于现代亚洲蒙古人种的范畴,与亚洲蒙古人种近代抚顺组(均方根值R=1.08)关系密切;在与古代组的对比中,徐堡组与宝鸡组(R=0.48)、庙子沟组(R=0.49)、大甸子I组(R=0.55)和游邀组(R=0.59)较为接近。     

磨盘山遗址新石器时代人骨研究

磨盘山遗址是分布在云南省楚雄彝族自治州元谋盆地的一处新石器时代聚落。本文通过对遗址出土的6例新石器时代人骨的体质人类学研究,得出以下结论:磨盘山组颅骨的形态特征可以概括为中颅型与正颅型相结合,阔额型、阔上面型、阔鼻型、中眶型并伴有颇大的面部扁平度;磨盘山组应属于亚洲蒙古人种范畴,在次级分类比较中与南亚类型在鼻眶形态和上面部形态上表现出更多的相似性;在与亚洲蒙古人种各近代组的比较中,磨盘山组与广西壮族组关系最为密切,与蒙古组关系最为疏远;在与其他新石器对比组的比较中,磨盘山组与代表"古华南类型"的甑皮岩组、鲤鱼墩组和昙石山组表现出更多的一致性,与"古中原类型"和"古华北类型"关系疏远。     

我国新石器时代居民体型特征分化趋向

中国新石器时代居民的颅骨特征是以圆颅型和高颅型为主,上面部形态以中面型为主,从面部前突程度看,多数呈正颌型和中颌型,眶部多数为中眶型,鼻部为中鼻型和阔鼻型。其体征分化大致可分三个地区组群:黄河中下游地区,颅骨圆而高,上面部较狭长,眼眶较高,面部位置较垂直,中等宽度的鼻型;华南地区,颅骨较长而低,上面部较低矮,出现更多的突颌型,鼻部较宽,眼眶较低,眉弓、鼻棘也较发达;汉水流域地区,颅骨许多特征介于前两个地区之间。     

西安现代人脑颅的性差

本文对西安现代人成年颅骨一百例(男50,女50)进行了廿个项目的测量。对其中性差非常显著的八项,进行了性差鉴别。 中颅、高颅和狭颅型的出现,两性均占多数,与湖南、长春男性的资料作了比较,高颅型的出现率在三个地区之间无差异,似乎可作为国人之代表型。     

纱帽山滇文化墓地颅骨的人类学特征

本文对云南宜良纱帽山滇文化墓地出土的颅骨进行了多项测量及非测量连续性性状观察。根据颅骨形态特征,纱帽山组古代居民应归入亚洲蒙古人种,并与东亚蒙古人种具有最多的一致性。通过与古代对比组对比发现,纱帽山组与时代较为接近的黄河中下游地区的瓦窑沟组关系最为密切,与西北地区青铜时代的火烧沟组关系较近。     

鲤鱼墩新石器时代居民头骨的形态学分析

本文对广东省湛江市遂溪县鲤鱼墩新石器时代遗址所出土的5例人类头骨进行了形态学分析。这些个体在种族特征方面较为一致, 应属于蒙古大人种的范畴, 可被视为"古华南类型"群体, 较接近于现代的南亚类型。岭南地区6组史前时期人群的聚类分析(马氏距离)和特征分析结果表明, 鲤鱼墩组、东湾仔北组、鱿鱼岗组与河宕组之间存在相对较近的形态学关系; 柳江人和甑皮岩组关系最为密切。在更为广泛的地理空间范围内, 对18组不同时期人群进行的聚类分析(马氏距离)和因子分析的结果显示, 鲤鱼墩人群与其他人群保持了相对较远的形态学距离。另外, 岭南地区的古人类从晚更新世阶段到新石器时代晚期, 在颅骨的绝对测量值上反映出一个短颅化、狭颅化和高颅化的过程, 而颅指数反映的却是长颅化的趋势, 说明该地区古人类的颅宽值较之颅长值减小得更快, 形成了颅骨尺寸在绝对值上的减小, 在颅指数上却反映出长颅化趋势的现象。由此可以推测, 现代南亚类型居民的典型长颅型特征可能是在全新世之初开始逐渐形成的。     

河南郑州站马屯遗址仰韶晚期人骨的颅面形态

站马屯遗址位于河南省郑州市南郊十八里河镇。2009～2010年,河南省文物考古研究所对站马屯遗址进行发掘,于西区发现丰富的仰韶晚期秦王寨文化遗存。本文对此次发掘的秦王寨文化遗存中保存较好的45例颅骨（男性25例,女性20例）进行了颅面形态的观察与测量,并与史前不同考古学文化颅骨组做对比。结果表明,在颅面形态上,站马屯组颅骨与郑州地区秦王寨文化的汪沟组、西山组等最接近,与大汶口文化的西夏侯组有很多相似之处,且几组颅骨都存在枕部变形和拔牙习俗;但仰韶文化中心分布区诸颅骨组基本不见以上习俗,在颅面形态上与站马屯组也相差较远。站马屯两性之间有少许差异,男性与江淮地区的龙虬庄组、女性与北方的姜家梁组分别有较多相似性。站马屯组在颅面特征上以共性为主,并有少量差异。整体而言,站马屯遗址人群构成具有多源性和融合性,与秦王寨文化面貌复杂、因素多元的显著特点一致。     

内蒙古林西县井沟子遗址西区墓地人骨研究

本文对内蒙古林西县井沟子遗址西区墓地出土的春秋—战国时期的颅骨进行了人类学的考察,该组颅骨在种族特征上可归入现代亚洲蒙古人种中的北亚人种范围。在若干古代和现代对比组中,井沟子组古代居民的体质特征与汉代扎赉诺尔组、近代蒙古组最为接近。     

零口战国墓颅骨的人类学特征

本文对陕西省临潼县零口村遗址发掘出土的战国秦墓颅骨的人类学特征进行了研究。该组颅骨的种族特征可归入现代亚洲蒙古人种的东亚人种范畴。在若干近代和古代对比组中 ,零口组的基本体质类型与近代华北组、新石器时代的宝鸡组和关中合并组、青铜时代的上马组和殷墟中小墓②组最为接近。     

克什克腾旗龙头山青铜时代颅骨的人类学研究

本文对内蒙古自治区赤峰市克什克腾旗龙头山青铜时代遗址发掘出土的颅骨进行了人种学研究。１１例男性颅骨和３例女性颅骨的种族特征基本相似,均可归入现代亚洲蒙古人种的东亚人种范畴,某些特征则显示出北亚人种的影响。在若干古代和近代对比组中,龙头山青铜时代居民的体质特征分别与顺山屯青铜时代居民和近代华北居民最为接近。     

Crystal and molecular structure of μ-oxo-bis((5,10,15,20)tetrakispentafluorophenyl)porphinatoiron(III)

In this paper, we report the crystal and molecular structure of μ-oxo-bis(5,10,15,20)tetrakispentafluorophenyl)porphinatoiron(III) [(TPP(F₅)Fe)₂O]. The crystals belong to the tetragonal system, space group I4₁/a, with a =b = 26.362(7),c = 30.886(8)Å,V = 21465ų,Z = 8 and D_calc = 1.496. Discrepancy indices are R₁ = 0.084 and R₂ = 0.104 for 3320 reflections having I3σ(I). The FeN_p average distance, 2.088(11)Å, is at the long end of the range of high-spin ferric porphyrin while the FeO distances (1.775(1)Å) are similar to those of the non-halogenated analog (TPPFe)₂O. The FeOFe angle of 178.4(5)° shows an essentially linear oxo bridge. The 0.673(2)Ådisplacement of the iron atom from the porphyrin mean plane is unusually large. The facing porphyrin rings are twisted 47° with respect of each other giving the molecule nearly exact D_4d symmetry.     

The monofunctionalized 1,4,7-triazacyclononane derivatives 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N-acetate (L) and N-(2-hydroxybenzyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (HL) and their complexes with vanadium(IV)/(V). Localized and delocalized electronic structures in compounds containing the mixed valent [OV---O---VO] core

The synthesis of the tetradentate pendant arm macrocycles 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-N-acetate (L¹) and N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (HL²) and their coordination chemistry with vanadium(IV) and (V) are reported. The following mononuclear species have been prepared and characterized by UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy: [L¹V^IVO(NCS)] (1), [L¹VO₂]·H₂O (2), [L²VO(NCS)] (3), [L²VO(NCS)]Cl (4), and [L²VO₂] (5). In addition, the dinuclear, mixed valent complexes [L₂¹V₂O₃]Br (6), [L₂²V₂O₃](ClO₄)·0.5acetone (7), and the homovalent complex [L₂²V₂O₃](ClO₄)₂ (8) have been synthesized. Complexes 2, 3, 6 and 7 have been characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. Crystal data: 2, space group P2₁c,a=9.944(4),b=6.701(3),c=18.207(8)Å, β=102.88(3)°, V=1182.7 ų, Z=4, D_calc=1.51 g cm⁻³, R=0.049 based on 4760 reflections; 3, space group Pbca, A=11.003(6), b=14.295(7), C=20.21(1) Å, V=3178.8 ų, Z=8, D_calc=1,50 g cm⁻³, R=0.057 based on 1049 reflections; 6, space Pbcn, a=12.922(3), B=13.852(3), C=12.739(3) Å, V=2280.3 ų, Z=4, D_calc=1,75 g cm⁻³, R=0.047 based on 1172 reflections; 7, space group C2/c, A=23.553(9), B=13.497(5), C=20.951(8) Å, β=90.03(3)°, V=6660.2 ų, Z=8, D_calc=1.49 g cm⁻³, R=0.053 based on 3698 reflections. Complexes 6 and 7 are mixed valent V(IV)/(V) complexes containing the [OV---O---VO]³⁺ core. In the solid state 6 belongs to class III (delocalized) and 7 to class I (localized) according to the Robin and Day classification of mixed valent compounds. A rationale for these differing electronic structures is given.     

Electrochemical synthesis and crystal structure of (3-trimethylsilylpyridine-2-thiolato) copper(I), [Cu4(3-Me3Sipyt)4]

(3-Trimethylsilyl-pyridine-2-thiolato-S,N)copper(I), [Cu(3-Me₃Sipyt)], was obtained by electrochemical oxidation of copper metal in an acetonitrile solution of the neutral ligand. The compound is tetrameric and the four copper atoms are arranged with distorted tetrahedral geometry, each copper atom being trigonally coordinated to one nitrogen and two sulfur atoms of three different ligands. Crystal data: 14₁/a, a=14.608(2), C=19.366(4) Å, V=4133(2), Å, Z=4, D_calc=1.581 g cm⁻³, R=0.0397 for 848 reflections.     

The synthesis and structural characterization of carborane oligomers connected by carbon-carbon and carbon-boron bonds between icosahedra

The reaction of dilithiated o-carborane (closo-1,2-Li₂-1,2-C₂B₁₀H₁₀) with CuCl₂ gives 1,1′-bis(o-carborane) (1), 1,3′-bis(o-carborane) (2) and 1,4′-bis(o-carborane) (3). Compound 2 (C₄B₂₀H₂₂) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n with A = 6.9275(6), B = 9.7655(8), C = 12.356(1) Å, β = 90.028(2)° and Z = 2. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.048 and R_w = 0.074. Compound 3 (C₄B₂₀H₂₂) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁ with A = 6.8854(5), B = 12.523(1), C = 19.847(1) Å and Z = 4. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R = 0.078 and R_w = 0.091. The coupling reaction of dilithiated m-carborane (closo-1,7-Li₂-1,7-C₂B₁₀H₁₀) with CuCl₂ results in the formation of 1,1′-bis(m-carborane) (4) and tetra(m-carborane) (5).     

Chemical synthesis of an artificial antigen containing the trisaccharide hapten of Mycobacterium leprae

The crystal and the molecular structure of 4,1′,6′-trichloro-4,1′,6′-trideoxy-galacto-sucrose (TGS) was determined by X-ray analysis at 294 K. Crystals of TGS are orthorhombic, space group P2₁2₁2₁, with a = 7.318(3), b = 12.027(4), c = 18.136(5) Å, V = 1596(1) ų, Z = 4; D_x = 1.655 g.cm^-3, λ(MoK) = 0.71073 Å, μ(MoK) = 5.44 cm^-1, F(000) = 816. The X-ray intensities of 2649 reflections with I 2.5σ(I) were measured with Zr-filtered MoK-radiation. The structure was solved by the Patterson procedure and refined by full-matrix least-squares to a final R-value of 0.0298. Large conformational differences between TGS and sucrose were observed, particularly in the conformation of the glycosidic linkage. These differences originate from chlorine substitution, which affects intramolecular hydrogen bonding and sweet-taste glucophores.     

The crystal and molecular structure of tris(trans-dichloro(μ-(1,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)ethane-N,N′)) palladium(II)): a ‘molecular tricorn’

The ligand 1,2-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)ethane has been synthesized by the direct reaction of 1,2-dibromoethane and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. The complex of this ligand with palladium(II) chloride has been prepared and the structure of its toluene solvate has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallises in the triclinic space group , a = 11.088(5), B = 13.786(5), C = 21.169(9) Å, = 86.96(3), β = 81.02(3), γ = 73.32(3)° with Z = 2. Final residuals after least-squares refinement: R = 0.030, R_w = 0.039. The compound has a trimeric structure which may be described as a ‘molecular tricorn’: the ligand bridges adjacent palladium centres, giving rise to a 21-membered trimetallic macrocycle. The overall structure closely approximates D₃ symmetry with approximate two-fold axes passing through each palladium atom and the centre of the 1,2-ethanediyl moiety opposite. An interesting feature of the structure is the close approach of several hydrogen atoms from the 1,2-ethanediyl groups to each palladium centre; these interactions are thought to be close-packing rather than agostic bonds.     

福建闽南地区汉族与畲族的指长比

本文旨在研究福建闽南地区汉族和畲族指长比(R)的特点。随机选择福建闽南地区汉族506例（男性173例,女性333例）,畲族450例（男性231例,女性219例）,采用体质测量法,测量并计算左右侧6项指长比（R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5、R_3/4、R_3/5、R_4/5）。福建闽南地区汉族和畲族左、右侧指长比均呈R_2/3<R_2/4<R_3/4<R_2/5<R_4/5<R_3/5的趋势;汉族女性指长比左侧R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5、R_3/4、R_3/5和右侧R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5高于汉族男性（P<0.05）;畲族女性指长比左侧的R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5和右侧R_2/3、R_2/4高于畲族男性（P<0.05）;畲族男性指长比左、右侧R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5、R_3/5、R_4/5高于汉族男性（P<0.05）;畲族女性指长比左侧R_2/3、R_2/4和右侧R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5、R_4/5高于汉族女性（P<0.05）。同民族不同性别两侧R_2/4百分比分布差异有统计学意义,不同民族同性别右侧R_2/4百分比分布差异有统计学意义。福建闽南地区汉族和畲族指长比存在性别、侧别的不同,与其他地区、族群也存在差异。     

Fractal structure and conformational entropy of protein chain

The structures of 25 proteins arbitrarily chosen are investigated by fractal geometry, and their fractal dimensions (D_f) and conformational entropies S(N₀) are calculated by Havlin—Ben Avraham and Monte Carlo method, respectively. Comparison of the D_f and S(N₀) gives the relation: D_f = 1.532 - 3.00 × 10⁻⁴ S(N₀). The entropy data obtained by Monte Carlo method for the chain of random self-avoiding walks confirm the prediction of renormalization group: S(N₀) = 1.544N₀ + 0.1667 In N₀ + 0.1570 where N₀ is the number of residues in a protein chain. Both the D_f and S(N₀) reflect the conformational properties of a protein molecular chain. The idea resulting from the present communication suggests that the thermodynamic behaviours of proteins may be related to multifractals.     

体育专业大学生指长比及其波动性不对称的特征

为探讨体育专业大学生指长比及其波动性不对称的特征,进而为体质人类学和优秀运动员身体形态特征的研究积累基础资料,本研究特招募374名18~25岁发育正常的汉族在校大学生为研究对象,按照专业和性别分为男生体育组（n=60）、男生普系组（n=143）、女生体育组（n=61）和女生普系组（n=110）,计算各个指长比及两侧指长比的波动不对称值并进行检验。结果显示男生体育组与男生普系组之间的指长比（R）存在统计学差异（P<0.05）,差异主要表现在R_2/5、R_3/5和R_4/5上,而女生体育组与女生普系组之间的指长比不存在统计学差异（P>0.05）。结果还显示男生体育组与男生普系组之间的偏差(σ)存在统计学差异（P<0.05）,差异主要表现在σ_2/3和σ_2/3上。而女生的指长比偏差在体育组与普系组之间不存在统计学差异（P>0.05）。通过分析讨论提示出大学生指长比及指长比偏差与性别和运动能力有关,R_3/5及σ_3/5可能与早期生长发育过程中的性激素的暴露水平有关,而且有望成为运动员选材的新生物标记。