甘肃省会宁县高一学生皮褶厚度与体成分分析

本文抽样测量会宁地区高一学生身高、体重、肱三头肌皮褶厚度, 肩胛下皮褶厚度, 腹部皮褶厚度, 分析BMI值, 估测身体密度, 计算体成分, 目的是分析会宁高一学生皮褶厚度和体成分发育规律和特点。结果发现, 调查对象主要存在问题是体重过低, 仅有2.96%男生和8.33%的女生处于超重状态。男女生身高、体重和身体质量指数随年龄增加而增加,整体状况好于甘肃省状况而低于全国状况。调查对象三个部位皮褶厚度值男生以16岁组, 女生以15岁组为最低; 男生三个部位皮褶厚度16岁组以前均呈递减趋势, 16岁以后呈上升趋势。男女生随年龄增加16岁以前体脂含量呈下降趋势, 16岁以后逐渐成上升趋势。男生肱三头肌和肩胛下联合部位体脂含量高于肱三头肌而低于肩胛下角部位体脂含量。男生去脂体重随年龄的增加而增加, 女生去脂体重随年龄增加变化趋势不明显, 但由联合部位皮褶厚度计算出来的去脂体重均最高。调查对象皮褶厚度百分位数男生P3, P5, P10高于全国正常值, 其余低于全国正常值; 女生14岁高于全国正常值, 其余均低于全国正常值,这说明会宁高一学生目前的体脂含量不高。结论认为, 调查结果符合青春期男孩和女孩的生长发育特征, 主要存在问题是体重过低。会宁高一学生男生主要以去脂体重增长为主, 女生主要以体脂增长为主。建议加强宣传教育, 加强体育锻炼, 养成良好的饮食和生活习惯, 增加膳食热量和优良蛋白质摄取。     

山东省7-12岁儿童皮褶厚度及体成分的10年变化趋势

利用山东省1995年和2005年学生体质调研资料,分析了7-12岁城乡儿童皮褶厚度和体成分的变化趋势.10年间,7-12岁城男、城女、乡男,乡女皮褶厚度分别平均增长7.97mm、4.54mm、11.42mm、9.48mm,体脂比平均增长3.42%、2.07%、4.92%、4.35%,体脂肪平均增长2.34kg、1.27kg、2.82kg、2.30kg,瘦体重平均增长1.96kg、1.42kg、1.78kg、0.96kg.体脂比和体脂肪的增长表现为乡村大于城市,男生大于女生.儿童超重和肥胖检出率也迅速增长,城男、城女、乡男、乡女超重检出率分别由1995年的11.78%、6.22%、2.78%和1.89%上升到2005年的17.86%、10.02%、12.03%和6.46%,肥胖检出率分别由5.00%、3.67%、0.56%和0.33%上升到16.57%、8.16%、9.62%和6.56%,控制儿童肥胖率的形势变得更加严峻.     

安徽汉族成人皮褶厚度的研究

应用人体测量法对安徽滁州地区汉族694例(城市男性152例,城市女性158例,乡村男性201例,乡村女性183例)成年人进行6项皮褶(面颊、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、小腿内侧)厚度的测量,分析了安徽汉族成人皮褶厚度值随年龄变化的特点,并与我国部分族群的皮褶厚度值进行比较。研究显示:1)安徽汉族成人皮褶发育躯干部优于四肢,背部优于腹部,面部居中,肱二头肌皮褶最薄。2)6项皮褶厚度值在性别间存在显著性差异。同年龄组比较,女性皮褶厚度值均高于男性。3)6项皮褶厚度多与年龄呈正相关。4)城乡比较,城市女性皮褶发育明显低于乡村女性,而城市男性皮褶发育多优于乡村男性。安徽汉族男、女性皮褶厚度具有蒙古人种北亚类型族群特点。     

布依族成人皮褶厚度的年龄变化

测量了494例(男259例,女235例)布依族成人的6项皮褶(腓肠肌皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、三头肌皮褶、二头肌皮褶与面颊皮褶)厚度值,分析了布依族成人皮褶厚度值随年龄而变化的特征。研究表明:(1)男女同年龄组间对应比较皮褶厚度值,总体看来,女性高于男性;(2)男性躯干和面部的皮下脂肪厚于四肢,这一点女性与男性接近;(3)布依族人6项皮褶随年龄的增加,其厚度变化不大,其中男性表现尤为明显。     

达斡尔族成人的皮褶厚度及其年龄变化

测量了456例（男216,女240例）达斡尔族成人的4项皮褶（三头肌皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶与腓肠肌皮褶）厚度值,分析了达斡尔族成人皮褶厚度随年龄变化的特征。研究表明：（1）男性躯干皮下脂肪厚于四肢。女性肩胛下皮褶最厚,三头肌皮褶次之。（2）女性4项皮褶厚度值高于男性。（3）男性30—44岁皮下脂肪较厚,45岁以后皮褶厚度下降。女性50岁以后肩胛下皮褶值明显下降,其余3项值在40岁以后下降。（4）男性全身皮褶厚度值多呈正相关。女性这种现象不明显。（5）达斡尔族成人皮下脂肪发育逊于北京、大连城市中的汉族,但优于宁夏农村的回族。     

海南琼海汉族成人皮褶厚度的年龄变化

采用人体测量法,在海南琼海随机测量了643例(城男160例,城女150例;乡男174例,乡女159例)汉族成人的6项皮褶(面颊、肱二头肌、肱三头肌、肩胛下、髂前上棘、腓肠肌皮褶)厚度。结果显示:1)海南汉族成人皮下脂肪发育躯干优于四肢,并以背部最突出。2)城市男性皮褶厚度高于乡村男性,差异有统计学意义;乡村女性除面颊皮褶和肱二头肌皮褶厚度较城市女性低外,其他4项皮褶厚度均高于城市女性,差异有统计学意义。3)6项皮褶厚度女性均高于男性,差异有统计学意义。4)相关分析和方差分析显示:城乡男性面颊皮褶、肩胛下皮褶,乡村男性髂前上棘皮褶和腓肠肌皮褶厚度与年龄呈正相关;城乡女性面颊皮褶、肩胛下皮褶、髂前上棘皮褶厚度与年龄呈正相关。5)与其他9个国内族群比较,海南男性皮褶厚度与山西汉族、布里亚特蒙古族比较接近;海南女性与山东汉族、俄罗斯族、乌孜别克族、山西汉族、布里亚特蒙古族比较接近。海南汉族皮褶厚度具有北方族群的特征。     

湖南、湖北、贵州土家族成人的体成分比较

体成分指的是身体脂肪、蛋白质、肌肉、水等含量在体质量中所占的百分比.各成分之间的合理比例,对于维持机体的正常运行,十分重要.因此身体成分的研究一直是国内外研究的热点.体成分存在着人种和民族差异,因此它也是人类学研究的重要课题.目前的研究主要集中在中国青少年、大学生的体成分及体成分与其他身体指标的关系,而对于土家族的研究...     

湖南土家族的体质特征

以20至69岁的湖南土家族人为观察测量对象,根据1392人(男896,女496)的身高,1038人(男668,女370)的头部测量,364人(男235,女129)的五官测量和观察结果,分析该民族的体质特征,并与国内其他民族相比较。     

布朗族成人的身体成分分析

本文采用生物阻抗分析法,研究了布朗族成人的体成分特点。我们在云南省测量了604例(男性248例,女性356例)布朗族成人19项身体成分指标,运用Excel 2003、Spss 19.0对其各项指标进行统计分析。结果显示,男性全身脂肪分布特征为躯干和下肢的脂肪率都大于上肢脂肪率,女性脂肪率从大到小依次为下肢、躯干、上肢;男、女性双侧下肢脂肪率和肌肉量接近,左上肢肌肉量低、脂肪率高;布朗族男性的身高、体质量、肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、水分率、内脏脂肪等级均大于女性,而体脂率、BMI小于女性。随着年龄的增长,布朗族成人身体肌肉量、骨量、下肢脂肪率、能量代谢等呈明显下降,而内脏脂肪等级明显增加。与云南汉族比较,布朗族成人的体脂率较低、肌肉较发达。     

合掌消的甾体成分

合掌消(Cynanchum amplexicaule)系萝藦科(Asclepiadaceae)鹅绒藤属植物。该植物全株药用,民间用于治疗风湿性关节炎,其化学成分未见报道。由于其形态特征与中药白薇极为相似,很多地方混用作白薇或其代用品。我们曾报道了白薇中的C_(21)甾体甙类成分,本文报道合掌消的化学成分。     

Ecogeographical associations between climate and human body composition: analyses based on anthropometry and skinfolds

In the 19th century, two "ecogeographical rules" were proposed hypothesizing associations of climate with mammalian body size and proportions. Data on human body weight and relative leg length support these rules; however, it is unknown whether such associations are attributable to lean tissue (the heat-producing component) or fat (energy stores). Data on weight, height, and two skinfold thickness were obtained from the literature for 137 nonindustrialized populations, providing 145 male and 115 female individual samples. A variety of indices of adiposity and lean mass were analyzed. Preliminary analyses indicated secular increases in skinfolds in men but not women, and associations of age and height with lean mass in both sexes. Decreasing annual temperature was associated with increasing body mass index (BMI), and increasing triceps but not subscapular skinfold. After adjusting for skinfolds, decreasing temperature remained associated with increasing BMI. These results indicate that colder environments favor both greater peripheral energy stores, and greater lean mass. Contrasting results for triceps and subscapular skinfolds might be due to adaptive strategies either constraining central adiposity in cold environments to reduce cardiovascular risk, or favoring central adiposity in warmer environments to maintain energetic support of the immune system. Polynesian populations were analyzed separately and contradicted all of the climate trends, indicating support for the hypothesis that they are cold-adapted despite occupying a tropical region. It is unclear whether such associations emerge through natural selection or through trans-generational and life-course plasticity. These findings nevertheless aid understanding of the wide variability in human physique and adiposity.     

Cardiorespiratory fitness, different measures of adiposity, and cancer mortality in men

Objective: The purpose was to examine the prospective relationship among cardiorespiratory fitness level (CRF), different measures of adiposity, and cancer mortality in men. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 38,410 apparently healthy men who completed a comprehensive baseline health examination between 1970 and 2001. Clinical measures included BMI, waist circumference (WC), percent body fat, and CRF quantified as duration of a maximal treadmill exercise test. Participants were divided into fifths of CRF, BMI, WC, and percent body fat. Hazard ratios were computed with Cox regression analysis. Results: During a mean follow‐up period of 17.2 ± 7.9 years, 1037 cancer deaths occurred. Adjusted hazard ratios across incremental BMI quintiles were 1.0, 1.23, 1.15, 1.39, and 1.72; those of WC were 1.0, 1.05, 1.03, 1.31, and 1.64; those of percent body fat were 1.0, 1.24, 1.17, 1.23, and 1.50; and those of CRF were 1.0, 0.70, 0.67, 0.70, and 0.49 (trend p < 0.01 for each). Further adjustment for CRF eliminated the significant trend in mortality risk across percent body fat groups and attenuated the trend in risk across BMI and WC groups. Adjustment of CRF for adiposity measures had little effect on mortality risk. When grouped into categories of fit and unfit (upper 80% and lower 20% of CRF distribution, respectively), mortality rates (per 10,000 man‐years) were significantly lower in fit compared with unfit men within each stratum of BMI, WC, and percent body fat. Discussion: Higher levels of CRF are associated with lower cancer mortality risk in men, independently of several adiposity measures.     

Methods for the assessment of human body composition: skinfold thickness and bioelectrical impedance measurements

Research to establish indirect methods of determining human body composition began during the 1940s. Renewed interest in the assessment of human body composition has stimulated the need for a balanced understanding of available methodologies of estimating fat-free mass and fat mass. Subsequently a variety of methods has been introduced. However, attempts to describe the theory and practice of individual methods have been limited. The review summarizes the background and to describe the precision or error of skinfold thickness measurement and to highlight the strengths and the limitations of bioelectrical impedance method.     

人体成分研究概览

近年来,我国体成分的研究取得了可喜的进步。为了庆贺吴新智院士九十华诞并回应学者们在中国解剖学会人类学专业委员会(呼和浩特)召开的体成分会议上提出的问题,推动我国体成分的研究,本文搜集了国人1985年以来在国内外发表的730篇体成分方面的研究文献,内容涵盖研究方法及其有效性、体成分的应用、人的体成分的差异以及理论等方面并与当前国际最新研究进展进行对照分析,找出我们的差距并提出今后的建议。     

Measurement of body composition in response to a short period of overfeeding

Background

Obesity and overweight are increasing in prevalence in developed countries as a result of changing dietary habits and a lack of physical activity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the changes in body composition during short-term overfeeding using the three-component model, which is composed of fat mass (FM), total body water (TBW), and fat-free dry solids (FFDS).

Methods

Ten healthy men completed 3 days of overfeeding during which they consumed 1,500 kcal/day more energy than consumed in their normal diets. Body composition was evaluated at three time points: the day before and after their normal diets and the day after the 3-day overfeeding diet.

Results

Before and after their normal diets, there were no significant differences in body weight and composition, but after 3 days of overfeeding, body weight, TBW, and FFDS increased 0.7, 0.7, and 0.2 kg, respectively (P <0.0001). There was no significant difference in FM between the normal and overfeeding diets.

Conclusion

This study suggests that TBW gain contributes to weight gain following a short-term overfeeding.     

Prediction of Body Fat by Anthropometry in Older Chinese People

Objective: To derive regression equations for fat percentage by using simple anthropometric measurements applicable in normal and immobile (cannot stand or walk) older people. Research Methods and Procedures: The study population comprised 352 females and 261 males, apparently well and community‐dwelling, aged 69 to 82 years. Fifty‐one females and 27 males were recruited for external validation. Body weight, standing height, arm span, triceps and biceps skinfold thicknesses (SFTs), and midarm circumference were measured. The reference method of total body fat percentage was dual‐energy X‐ray densitometry. Predictive equations for fat percentages were derived by stepwise multiple linear regression on anthropometric indices and gender. Results: Upper‐limb SFTs, body mass index, and gender yielded the more predictive equation. The SEE was 4.1% weight. There was a significant trend of underestimation in overweight subjects, especially in females. The equation using SFTs and midarm circumference was less reliable but more applicable to older immobile people and those with significant kyphoscoliosis. Conclusions: The combination of body mass index and upper‐limb SFTs gives reliable prediction of fat percentages in older Chinese people, except in the obese.