翘嘴鲌胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的克隆及序列分析

为探讨胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(Insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ, IGF-Ⅰ)对于翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)生长性状的影响, 对其DNA序列进行了克隆。翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ全长14567 bp, 由5个外显子和4个内含子组成。其5个外显子长度分别为298、160、182、36 和1360 bp。推测的阅读框为486 bp, 编码由161个氨基酸组成的IGF-Ⅰ前体蛋白。前体肽由信号肽、成熟肽、E肽三部分组成, 其中信号肽44个氨基酸, 成熟肽70个氨基酸, E肽47个氨基酸。成熟肽由B、C、A、D四个区域组成, 其中B结构域和A结构域的保守性最高, 在这2个区域包含由6个半胱氨酸残基形成的3个二硫键。翘嘴鲌B区域还包含保守的IGF-Ⅰ受体识别序列(PheB23-TyrB24-PheB25)。E肽的长度表明翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ属Ea-2型。同源性分析表明翘嘴鲌与鲤科鱼类的IGF-Ⅰ编码氨基酸同源性较高, 为94%—100%, 但在聚类分析中翘嘴鲌并不是首先和鲌亚科的鱼类聚集在一起。Real-time qPCR组织特异性表达结果显示IGF-Ⅰ mRNA在肝脏组织中的表达量最高, 脾、心脏、精巢、脑次之, 肾、鳃、胃和卵巢中表达量较低。翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ基因4个内含子长度分别为1170、9364、251 和1746 bp。相对外显子来说, 种间内含子变异较大, 其中第三内含子变异最大。翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ基因中包含6个微卫星, (GATG)₅AATAT (ATAG)₁₁位于第一内含子中, (CT)₈、(TTA)₅、(AC)₁₃、(TG)₁₂和(ATT)₅位于第二内含子中。其中4个微卫星位点具有多态性, 将它们在120尾同塘养殖的翘嘴鲌中进行基因型与生长性状的关联性分析, 均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。结果为进一步研究该基因的表达、功能及其转录调控特征奠定了分子基础。     

翘嘴红鲌(♀)×黑尾近红鲌(♂)杂种F_1的AFLP分析

采用AFLP分子标记技术对翘嘴红鲌(♀)、黑尾近红鲌(♂)及杂种F1三个群体各12个个体进行遗传差异分析。结果表明:9对引物共扩增出257条带,多态性比例为51.36%;三个群体间特异条带共24条,其中黑尾近红鲌群体和杂种F1群体共有特异带15条、翘嘴红鲌群体和杂种F1群体共有特异带2条、翘嘴红鲌群体特异带7条;黑尾近红鲌群体、翘嘴红鲌群体及杂种F1群体的Shannon’s信息指数分别为0.2326、0.0794和0.1774,Nei’s基因多样性指数分别为0.1602、0.0537和0.1229,期望杂合度分别为0.1582、0.0464和0.1062;杂种F1群体和黑尾近红鲌群体及翘嘴红鲌群体遗传距离分别为0.0523、0.2165,遗传相似系数分别为0.9490、0.8053,遗传数据表明杂种F1更接近于父本黑尾近红鲌。     

十二种淡水鱼类血红蛋白与窒息点的相关分析

为了解鱼类耐低氧能力与血红蛋白的相关性,测定了大口鲇(Silurus meridionalis)、乌鳢(Channa argus)、加洲鲈(Micropterus salmoides)、斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punetaus)、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)、黄鳝(Monopterus albus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)和鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)12种鱼的窒息点,同时分别对其血红蛋白进行电泳分析。12种鱼的血红蛋白电泳图谱各不相同,大口鲇、乌鳢、加洲鲈、斑点叉尾、黄颡鱼、泥鳅、黄鳝、草鱼、翘嘴红鲌、鲢、鳙、鳜的血红蛋白分子量加权平均值分别为92.93、93.91、94.61、97.78、98.66、98.95、101.34、104.10、104.73、108.06、108.23、111.84 ku,窒息点分别为0.15、0.18、0.30、0.27、0.36、0.26、0.24、0.39、0.42、0.51、0.46、0.59 mg/L。分析发现,这12种鱼类的窒息点与血红蛋白分子量呈极显著正相关(r=0.925,P0.01)。     

SNP与Hbb基因多态性的关联性

目的从单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP）水平探索小鼠生化标记基因Hbb多态性的形成机理。方法从DNA、RNA和蛋白多肽3个方面分析研究Hbb基因的多态性。结果基因组DNA中有4个SNP位点与Hbbd/s多态性相关：分别为外显子1中的2个T（G）,外显子2中的G（A）和外显子3中的A（G）;RNA水平有4个SNP位点与Hbbd/s多态性相关：分别对应为外显子1中的2个T（G）,外显子2中的G（A）和外显子3中的A（G）;蛋白多肽水平第13、20和139位氨基酸残基,即Cys/Gly、Ser/Ala和Thr/Ala间的转换与Hbb/s多态性相关,分别对应于外显子1中的2个T（G）和外显子3中的A（G）。结论第13、20和139位氨基酸残基,即Cys/Gly、Ser/Ala和Thr/Ala间的转换可能是Hbbd/s多态性的形成原因。     

三角鲂×翘嘴鲌、团头鲂×翘嘴鲌两种杂交后代微卫星遗传结构分析

为了指导三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala) 与翘嘴鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)的杂交育种工作, 利用筛选出的16对微卫星引物, 比较分析了团头鲂、三角鲂、翘嘴鲌、团头鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂、三角鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂后代群体的遗传结构; 结果显示, 平均等位基因数(N_a)分别为3.56、3.63、3.44、4.00和4.31, 平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.3510、0.3757、0.3175、0.3818和0.4079, 平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.6182、0.6290、0.5921、0.6490和0.6825, 平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.5354、0.5367、0.5258、0.5785和0.6067。杂交群体的平均多态信息含量均大于他们的亲本团头鲂、三角鲂和翘嘴鲌, 表明杂交亲群体的遗传多样性较高。聚类分析显示团头鲂与三角鲂首先聚类, 团头鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂与三角鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂首先聚类, 然后这2大类聚为一支, 最后与翘嘴鲌聚类。其中团头鲂与翘嘴鲌遗传距离最远, 为0.5204, 团头鲂和三角鲂遗传距离最近, 为0.0853, 结合遗传相似度分析表明2种杂交子代均具有母本效应。基因型分析表明, 2种杂交后代的等位基因均来自于父母本。引物TTF3、TTF4、TTF10以及Mam25在5个群体中均可产生特异性条带, 可区分5个群体。研究结果对三角鲂×翘嘴鲌和团头鲂×翘嘴鲌的良种选育、种质资源保存以及种群鉴定具有重要意义。     

翘嘴鲌Sox9基因的克隆及CpG岛甲基化与基因表达的关系

为了揭示翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)性别决定与分化的作用机制, 进而更好地发展性别控制育种技术, 研究重点分析了Sox9基因在翘嘴鲌性腺分化过程中的作用。通过RT-PCR和RACE方法获得了翘嘴鲌2个旁系同源基因Sox9a和Sox9b的cDNA序列: Sox9a全长1642 bp, 编码458个氨基酸; Sox9b全长1673 bp, 编码456个氨基酸。序列分析表明两者相似度达到73.95%, 编码HMG盒区域极其保守。蛋白质次级结构预测显示Sox9a和Sox9b除了保守的HMG盒结构域外, 还存在2个核定位信号; 两者的三维结构都存在多个螺旋结构。系统进化树分析发现翘嘴鲌Sox9a与罗非鱼关系最近, 但Sox9b形成单独的一支。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了翘嘴鲌Sox9a和Sox9b基因在各成体组织中的表达水平, 结果显示Sox9a在脑和精巢中表达量最高, 其次是肌肉、鳍条、眼睛和卵巢, 在肾脏、脾脏、肝脏中相对较低; Sox9b只在脑、鳍条、眼睛和精巢中检测到一定水平的表达。通过重亚硫酸氢盐DNA测序方法分析了翘嘴鲌性腺组织Sox9a启动子CpG岛甲基化修饰模式, 结果显示在精巢中CG位点几乎不发生甲基化, 然而卵巢中的甲基化程度非常高。这些结果表明启动子CpG甲基化可以调控Sox9a的性别异形表达, 表观遗传修饰在翘嘴鲌性腺发育过程中可能具有重要的生物学功能。     

草鱼和翘嘴鲌fgfrhl-1基因的克隆和表达分析

成纤维细胞生长因子受体同源类似物1(fgfrhl-1)基因是目前仅在鱼类基因组中检测到的fgfr基因家族成员, 该序列在鱼类进化过程中高度保守。为研究fgfrhl-1基因的表达情况和具体的功能, 在亲缘关系较远的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)和翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus Basilewsky)中克隆了fgfrhl-1的cDNA序列, 并通过半定量RT-PCR和冰冻切片原位杂交分析了该基因在成体不同组织中的表达情况。克隆结果的序列分析表明: 草鱼fgfrhl-1 cDNA序列全长为1472 bp, 5′-UTR长213 bp, 3′-UTR长56 bp, 开放阅读框长1203 bp; 翘嘴鲌fgfrhl-1 cDNA序列全长为1886 bp, 5′-UTR长298 bp, 3′-UTR长385 bp, 开放阅读框长1203 bp。在两种鱼类中该基因都编码400个氨基酸, 其预测的氨基酸序列同源性高达95.5%。蛋白二级结构预测表明Fgfrhl-1具有FGFRs家族蛋白的胞内酪氨酸激酶区, 跨膜的螺旋区和胞外配体识别结合区, 但其胞外区比FGFRs缺少了3个免疫球蛋白样结构域。通过RT-PCR方法在两种鱼类的心脏、鳃、肝、脾、尾鳍以及肌肉组织的肌间隔中均检测到了fgfrhl-1表达, 但在肌纤维中均没有检测到其表达。对这两种鱼类的肌肉组织、肝脏和脾脏进行的组织切片原位杂交表明fgfrhl-1只在这些组织和器官的结缔组织及导管中表达, 不在间质细胞结构中表达。这些结果说明: fgfrhl-1的成体组织特异性表达模式在不同鱼类中基本一致, fgfrhl-1在鱼类各组织和器官的结缔组织和导管的细胞中表达, 不在间质细胞中表达。因此, fgfrhl-1可能在鱼类结缔组织及导管分化调控或功能维持中有独特作用。     

翘嘴鲌胰岛素样生长因子igf3基因的克隆及表达分析

为研究翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus Basilewsky)胰岛素样生长因子(Insulin-like growth factor 3, igf3)基因在性别调控过程中的作用,基于分子克隆手段RT-PCR和RACE技术相结合方法扩增到翘嘴鲌igf3基因完整cDNA序列,利用qRT-PCR技术检测其在不同组织中的表达水平,最后通过甲基化检测方法比较分析了翘嘴鲌性腺组织igf3基因组水平的CpG岛修饰水平。实验结果显示igf3 cDNA序列全长901 bp,包含92 bp的5′端非编码区和203 bp的3′端非编码区,开放阅读框606 bp,编码201个氨基酸。序列分析显示,类似于其他IGF家族成员igf1和igf2, igf3同样存在保守的特征结构域,主要划分为前体信号肽、B、C、A、D和E区。igf3基因在翘嘴鲌不同组织中的表达水平差异明显(P<0.05),在卵巢中表达量最高,其次是精巢组织,而在脑、心脏、脾脏、肝脏、肌肉和肾脏中表达丰度极低。甲基化检测结果显示在卵巢中CG位点几乎不发生甲基化,然而精巢中的甲基化程度非常高,这与其表达水平正好呈负相关。研究结果表明igf3...     

饲料蛋白对翘嘴鲔生长和内分泌激素的影响

选择健康的翘嘴鲌（Culter alburnus）为试验鱼,以红鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5个蛋白水平的等能、等必需氨基酸（EAA）平衡关联度的半精制饲料,又以豆粕替代鱼粉,大豆蛋白分别替代不同水平的鱼粉蛋白,配制5个EAA关联度的等蛋白、等能的半精制饲料,探讨饲料蛋白对鱼类生长和内分泌激素等的影响。结果表明：饲料蛋白水平对翘嘴鲌的特定增重率（SGR）具有显著影响（P〈0．05）,40．89％饲料蛋白组的SGR显著高于31．04％、35．51％饲料蛋白组（P〈0．05）,但与46．62％和50．33％饲料蛋白组没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。血清T3水平与饲料蛋白水平正相关（P〈0．05）。血清GH水平与饲料蛋白水平和生长负相关（P〈0．05）,血清IGF—I水平与饲料蛋白水平和生长正相关（P〈0．05）。适宜蛋白水平通过提高翘嘴鲌血清T,和IGF—I的水平来调控生长。当大豆蛋白分别替代54．0％的鱼粉蛋白时,翘嘴鲌的SGR与对照组差异显著（P〈0.05）。翘嘴鲌血清T1与饲料大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的替代量负相关（P〈0．05）。40．5％和54．0％替代组的血清GH显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,且与饲料中豆粕对鱼粉替代水平正相关（P〈0．01）,与生长负相关（P〈0．05）。血清IGF—I与饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量负相关（P〈0．05）,与生长正相关（P〈0．05）。大豆蛋白的替代亦通过对内分泌激素的影响来调控生长。     

Identification of Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) and homologous genes in fish

The Nogo-66 receptor NgR has been implicated in the mediation of inhibitory effects of central nervous system (CNS) myelin on axon growth in the adult mammalian CNS. NgR binds to several myelin-associated ligands (Nogo-66, myelin associated glycoprotein, and oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein), which, among other inhibitory proteins, impair axonal regeneration in the CNS of adult mammals. In contrast to mammals, severed axons readily regenerate in the fish CNS. Nevertheless, fish axons are repelled by mammalian oligodendrocytes in vitro. Therefore, the identification of fish NgR homologs is a crucial step towards understanding NgR functions in vertebrate systems competent of CNS regeneration. Here, we report the discovery of four zebrafish (Danio rerio) and five fugu (Takifugu rubripes) NgR homologs. Synteny between fish and human, comparable intron-exon structures, and phylogenetic analyses provide convincing evidence that the true fish orthologs were identified. The topology of the phylogenetic trees shows that the extra fish genes were produced by duplication events that occurred in ray-finned fishes before the divergence of the zebrafish and pufferfish lineages. Expression of zebrafish NgR homologs was detected relatively early in development and prominently in the adult brain, suggesting functions in axon growth, guidance, or plasticity.     

The outflow tract of the heart in fishes: anatomy, genes and evolution

A large number of congenital heart defects associated with mortality in humans are those that affect the cardiac outflow tract, and this provides a strong imperative to understand its development during embryogenesis. While there is wide phylogenetic variation in adult vertebrate heart morphology, recent work has demonstrated evolutionary conservation in the early processes of cardiogenesis, including that of the outflow tract. This, along with the utility and high reproductive potential of fish species such as Danio rerio , Oryzias latipes etc. , suggests that fishes may provide ideal comparative biological models to facilitate a better understanding of this poorly understood region of the heart. In this review, the authors present the current understanding of both phylogeny and ontogeny of the cardiac outflow tract in fishes and examine how new molecular studies are informing the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trajectories that have been proposed. The authors also attempt to address some of the issues of nomenclature that confuse this area of research.     

Comparative osteology of the Danio (Cyprinidae: Ostariophysi) axial skeleton with comments on Danio relationships based on molecules and morphology

Danio is a diverse group of small, colourful and easily bred freshwater fishes native to Southern Asia. Biological interest in danios has increased in recent years because the zebrafish, Danio rerio , has become an important model organism, particularly for studies of vertebrate developmental biology and genetics. Though several phylogenetic studies of Danio have been done on a subset of Danio species, the resulting phylogenies conflict in detail. To examine the utility of osteology for systematics of this group at the species level, we studied the axial skeleton for 11 species of Danio. We analyse our morphological data alone and combined with DNA sequence data for five gene sequences generated in earlier phylogenetic studies. The axial skeleton of Danio exhibits 14 characters that prove useful in phylogenetic analysis. Both molecular and morphological data support the monophyly of the danios included in our analysis and both data sets support the monophyly of two subclades: a deep-bodied group and a slender-bodied group. Separate analysis of molecular and morphological data sets show that the molecular data resolves relationships within the slender subclade whereas the topology of the deep-bodied subclade is determined by morphological data.  © 2002 The Linnean Society of London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 135 , 529–546.     

Negative charge correlates with neural expression in vertebrate aldolase isozymes

Electrophoretic studies suggest that negatively charged neural proteins are a general feature of jawed vertebrates. In an apparent example of this, teleost fish express three aldolase isozymes, one of which is expressed predominantly in neural tissues and is more negatively charged than its more generally expressed paralogues. We characterized three aldolase isozymes from a single species of teleost fish, zebrafish (Danio rerio). These sequences indicated that the correlation of net negative charge and neural expression suggested in other species by gel electrophoresis was supported by sequence analysis. When aldolase sequences from the databases were included in phylogenetic analyses, the negative charge/neural expression phenomenon was observed across the gnathostome vertebrate sequences examined. We found no evidence for a period of positive Darwinian selection resulting in an accumulation of negatively charged amino acids during the evolution of the neural aldolase isozymes. This is likely attributable, however, to limitations associated with the age of the duplication responsible for the neural isozyme and the reconstruction of ancestral sequences.     

Are all fishes ancient polyploids?

Euteleost fishes seem to have more copies of many genes than their tetrapod relatives. Three different mechanisms could explain the origin of these 'extra' fish genes. The duplicates may have been produced during a fish-specific genome duplication event. A second explanation is an increased rate of independent gene duplications in fish. A third possibility is that after gene or genome duplication events in the common ancestor of fish and tetrapods, the latter lost more genes. These three hypotheses have been tested by phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from human, mouse, chicken, frog (Xenopus laevis), zebrafish (Danio rerio) and pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) suggest that ray-finned fishes are likely to have undergone a whole genome duplication event between 200 and 450 million years ago. We also comment here on the evolutionary consequences of this ancient genome duplication.     

Ribonucleases and angiogenins from fish

For the first time fish RNases have been isolated and characterized. Their functional and structural properties indicate that they belong to the RNase A superfamily (or tetrapod RNase superfamily), now more appropriately described as the vertebrate RNase superfamily. Our findings suggest why previously repeated efforts to isolate RNases from fish tissues have met with no success; fish RNases have a very low ribonucleolytic activity, and their genes have a low sequence identity with those of mammalian RNases. The investigated RNases are from the bony fish Danio rerio (or zebrafish). Their cDNAs have been cloned and expressed, and the three recombinant proteins have been purified to homogeneity. Their characterization has revealed that they have indeed a very low RNA-degrading activity, when compared with that of RNase A, the superfamily prototype, but comparable with that of mammalian angiogenins; that two of them have angiogenic activity that is inhibited by the cytosolic RNase inhibitor. These data and a phylogenetic analysis indicate that angiogenic fish RNases are the earliest diverging members of the vertebrate superfamily, suggesting that ribonucleases with angiogenic activity were the ancestors of all ribonucleases in the superfamily. They later evolved into both mammalian angiogenins and, through a successful phylogenesis, RNases endowed with digestive features or with diverse bioactivities.     

Discovery of a large number of previously unrecognized mitochondrial pseudogenes in fish genomes

Nuclear inserted copies of mitochondrial origin (numts) vary widely among eukaryotes, with human and plant genomes harboring the largest repertoires. Numts were previously thought to be absent from fish species, but the recent release of three fish nuclear genome sequences provides the resource to obtain a more comprehensive insight into the extent of mtDNA transfer in fishes. From the sequence analyses of the genomes of Fugu rubripes, Tetraodon nigroviridis, and Danio rerio, we have identified 2, 5, and 10 recent numt integrations, respectively, which integrated into those genomes less than 0.6 million years (Myr) ago. Such results contradict the hypothesis of absence or rarity of numts in fishes, as (i) the ratio of numts to the total size of the nuclear genome in T. nigroviridis was superior to the ratio observed in several higher vertebrate species (e.g., chicken, mouse, and rat), and only surpassed by humans, and (ii) the mtDNA coverage transferred to the nuclear genome of D. rerio is exceeded only by human and mouse, within the whole range of eukaryotic genomes surveyed for numts. Additionally, 335, 336, and 471 old numts (>12.5 Myr) were detected in F. rubripes, T. nigroviridis, and D. rerio, respectively. Surprisingly, old numts are inserted preferentially into known or predicted genes, as inferred for recent numts in human. However, because in fish genomes such integrations are old, they are likely to represent evolutionary successes and they may be considered a potential important evolutionary mechanism for the enhancement of genomic coding regions.     

The effects of chronic developmental hypoxia on swimming performance in zebrafish

Relative to normoxia-reared fish, hypoxia-reared zebrafish Danio rerio achieved 24·9 and 21·4% slower maximal swim velocities in both normoxic and hypoxic waters, respectively. Hypoxia-reared fish also produced 26·1 and 63·9% less lactate during resting conditions across both normoxic and hypoxic waters, respectively. During exercise, this trend continued as hypoxia-reared fish produced 68·2 and 55·1% less lactate across both normoxic and hypoxic waters, respectively. This reduction in performance, rather than representing a purely pathological (maladaptive) response to hypoxia, appears to represent a fundamental shift in the metabolic response to hypoxia.     

Conservation and divergence of Bmp2a, Bmp2b, and Bmp4 expression patterns within and between dentitions of teleost fishes

The diversity of tooth location in teleost fishes provides an excellent system for comparing genetic divergence between teeth in different species (phylogenetic homologs) with divergence between teeth within one species (iterative homologs). We have chosen to examine the expression of three members of the bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) family because they are known to play multiple roles in tooth development and evolution in tetrapod vertebrates. We characterized expression of Bmp2a, Bmp2b, and Bmp4 during the development of oral and pharyngeal dentitions in three species of teleost fishes, the zebrafish (Danio rerio), Mexican tetra (Astyanax mexicanus), and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). We found that expression in teleosts is generally highly conserved, with minor differences found among both iteratively homologous and phylogenetically homologous teeth. Expression of orthologous genes differs in several ways between the teeth of teleost fishes and those of the mouse, but between these vertebrate groups the summed expression pattern of Bmp genes is highly conserved. Significantly, the toothless oral region of the zebrafish lacks Bmp expression domains found in teleosts with oral teeth, implicating these genes in evolutionary tooth loss. We conclude that Bmp expression has been largely conserved in vertebrate tooth development over evolutionary time, and that loss of Bmp expression is correlated with region-specific loss of the dentition in a major group of fishes.