云杉花墨天牛成虫在红松上的补充营养特性

[目的]云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius为我国中温带地区松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus病的主要媒介昆虫,近年来在辽宁省危害十分严重.本研究对云杉花墨天牛在红松Pinus koraiensis上补充营养特性进行观察和分析,以期为明确该天牛的生物学特性,评估其在林间的虫口...     

桑天牛对补充营养寄主的选择性及诱杀药剂筛选

桑天牛Apriona germari(Hope)对补充营养植物的偏好性引起了诸多学者的广泛关注。利用天牛对寄主植物的选择性,开发植物源引诱剂对于天牛的控制具有重要意义。作为植物源引诱剂开发的一个基础工作,本论文研究选择3种主要寄主植物(构树、桑树和杨树)进行桑天牛成虫选择性与取食量的研究;研究显示,构树(Broussonetia parpyrifera(L.)Vent)、桑树(Morus alba L.)和杨树(Populus×canadensis Moench)引诱桑天牛成虫补充营养频率存在显著差异(F=118.9,P<0.01),桑天牛成虫补充营养对于构树具有极明显的选择性;桑天牛对3种植物取食量存在显著差异(F=14.7,P<0.01),桑天牛成虫补充营养时对构树具有明显的偏好性。上述研究为桑天牛成虫诱集捕杀及其引诱剂开发奠定理论基础。同时,为了更好的指导生产实践,本文对两种杀虫剂——虫线清乳油与绿色威雷(触破式微胶囊剂)毒杀桑天牛的效果进行了评价。试验采用林间罩笼方法,测定了两种杀虫剂对桑天牛成虫效果。研究结果表明,虫线清喷施后,显著抑制了桑天牛的取食行为;5 d内桑天牛成虫全部死亡,防治率为100%;绿色威雷喷雾防治桑天牛成虫杀虫作用迅速,150 min内成虫全部死亡,防治效果达100%。上述两种药剂可以作为桑天牛成虫诱集捕杀的候选药剂在生产实践中加以应用。     

星天牛成虫的取食节律及对两种苦楝粗提物行为趋性

星天牛(Anoplophora chinensis Forster)是林业上危害性极大的一种蛀干害虫,行为调控是控制星天牛的重要手段。为了研发星天牛成虫植物源诱杀剂,观测了星天牛的取食行为节律,通过Y型嗅觉仪行为生测、笼养法选择趋性试验及林间诱捕试验测定了不同苦楝粗提物对星天牛成虫的引诱效果。结果表明:星天牛成虫在光照及黑暗条件下(光周期15L∶9D)均存在取食行为,且两种条件下的取食量差异不显著(P>0.05);在光照条件下,雌成虫取食高峰出现在13:00—14:30,雄成虫无明显的取食高峰期。在室内,索式抽提法所得粗提物对星天牛成虫引诱效果较好,星天牛在经索式抽提法所得粗提物处理的滤纸上的平均停留时间(15.19±2.09 min)显著长于水蒸气蒸馏法所得粗提物(8.94±1.26 min,P<0.05);两种粗提物在林间均诱捕到星天牛成虫,其中索式抽提法所得粗提物平均每个诱捕器诱到2.0±0.58头,水蒸蒸馏气法所得粗提物平均每个诱捕器诱到3.0±1.15头,二者差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

黑胸散白蚁和台湾乳白蚁对镇江地区几种常见木材品种的取食偏好性研究

【目的】本文研究了黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis和台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus对镇江几种常见木材树种的取食偏好性,分析了白蚁种类和木材品种对白蚁取食偏好性和死亡率的影响,以期为本地区白蚁治理及预防提供科学依据。【方法】采取白蚁非选择性取食试验,研究两种白蚁分别取食香樟Cinnamonum campora、银杏Ginkgo biloba、水杉Metasequoia glyptostrodoides、垂柳Salix babylonica、广玉兰Magnolia grandiflora、枇杷树Eriobotrya japonica、马尾松Pinus massoniana 7种树种食料的取食偏好和死亡率,取食偏好采用白蚁取食率,即每克白蚁每天取食量(mg)评价。试验数据采用多因素方差分析。【结果】方差分析结果表明,白蚁种类和不同木材对白蚁取食率和死亡率均影响显著。在供试的7种木材中,黑胸散白蚁最喜食垂柳和马尾松,其取食率分别为31.46和30.59 mg;台湾乳白蚁最喜食马尾松、水杉和银杏,其取食率分别为26.53、21.82和21.81 mg。两种白蚁对银杏、垂柳、广玉兰这3种木材的取食率有显著差异,而对其他4种木材的取食率差异不显著。【结论】白蚁取食率和死亡率受白蚁种类和木材品种影响明显。7种供试木材中,两种白蚁都对马尾松显示出明显偏好,且死亡率最低。     

不同食物对烟粉虱三种寄生蜂取食寄生等行为的影响

【目的】就不同食物对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)寄生蜂取食、寄生等行为的影响进行分析,以阐明食物或营养来源对蚜小蜂取食、寄生等生物学行为的影响机制。【方法】以古桥桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus furuhashii、丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa和双斑恩蚜小蜂Encarsia bimaculata为研究对象,分别以蜂蜜水、2~3龄烟粉虱若虫及清水进行饲喂,观察和研究分析3种食物来源对3种蚜小蜂取食与寄生等行为的影响。【结果】3种蚜小蜂均以取食15%蜂蜜水的蚜小蜂的取食、搜索与寄生等行为频次最高、分配时间最长,而取食清水的蚜小蜂取食、搜索与寄生等行为频次最低、分配时间最短;取食不同食物后,3种蚜小蜂各种行为的变化趋势一致。【结论】不同食物或营养来源对蚜小蜂的取食及寄生等行为有着显著的影响,进而可以影响到蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的生物防治效率。     

Feeding and oviposition preference of the Sakhalin pine sawyer Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) for various tree species

Monochamus saltuarius was recently identified as an important vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the cause of pine wilt disease. In this study, M. saltuarius adults preferred different species of tree based on the longevity, ingested amount and wounded area that were determined for 90 d. Among eight tree species, the longevity of feeding by M. saltuarius was not significantly different except when feeding in Sciadopitys verticillata. However, the highest ingested amounts with the largest wounded areas were associated with Pinus koraiensis. The highest oviposition preference was in P. densiflora for the first 20 d. However, after 40 d, the oviposition highest preference was noted in P. koraiensis. For oviposition activities, M. saltuarius preferred the tree species in the following order: P. densiflora > P. koraiensis > P. rigida > Larix leptolepis. Although many oviposition scars were observed, M. saltuarius laid fewer eggs in P. rigida than other species of pine, which was related to the bark thickness. The oviposition frequencies were highest with bark 2.0–2.5 mm thick and with tree diameters of 110–130 mm. The current study increased understanding of the ecology of M. saltuarius by identifying specific tree preferences.     

A field experiment on dispersal of newly emerged adults ofMonochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Newly-emerged adults of Monochamus alternatus aged 1 to 5 days were code-numbered with lacquer paint and released by placing them on the trunks of one or two trees in a Pinus thunbergii stand at weekly intervals during the beetle emergence period from 1980 to 1983. Beetles were captured at weekly intervals from one week after the first day of release. Determinations were made on the distance and direction of beetle dispersal during a week after release and analysed by a method of Inoue (1978). When the stand canopy was closed, the rate of beetle's stay on trees was 0.56 per week. The beetles dispersed at random by walk and flight. When the pine stand was sparse, the rate of beetle's stay on trees was 0.02–0.30 per week. They dispersed at random by flight. The average distances traversed were estimated to be 7.1–37.8 m for the first week after emergence. Using other method, the average distance traversed was estimated to be 10–20 m for each week through the first 3 weeks after release. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis and a simple field experiment suggested that the dispersal of newly-emerged beetles was affected by stand density, number of beetles emerging from individual dead trees, maximum air temperature, and precipitation.     

Population density ofMonochamus alternatus adults (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and incidence of pine wilt disease caused byBursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

Summary The seasonal occurrence ofMonochamus alternatus and newly weakened trees were investigated in aPinus thunbergii stand for 4 years. Adult beetles were present between June and September with a peak in their population occurring in early July followed by a decline then a period of about one month being in a steady number. The average number ofBursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda), which is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, within beetles decreased as the season advanced. Pine trees newly weakened byB. xylophilus appeared between June and October, especially from August to October. The proportion of weakened or killed trees was directly proportional to the average beetle density per tree from June to August.     

松墨天牛对寄主树木的产卵选择

在室内采用选择行为方法,研究了松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus对几种松属植物的产卵选择行为。结果表明,松墨天牛对黑松Pinus thunbergii的选择性最强,对马尾松P.massoniana的选择性最弱,二者间差异显著,它们与火炬松P. taeda和湿地松P. elliottii间无明显差异。在黑松和马尾松的被松材线虫危害木与健康木之间,松墨天牛明显选择被害木产卵;具产卵痕枝段和虫粪处理过的枝段,对松墨天牛的产卵有显著抑制作用,松墨天牛明显地选择对照枝段产卵。     

Pinus koraiensis twigs affect Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) longevity and reproduction

This study was conducted to investigate the longevity, reproduction and ovarian development of M. saltuarius adults feeding on Pinus koraiensis twigs of three different age classes (current-year, 1-year and 2-year). Longevity and fecundity of female adults decreased with increasing twig age class (58.4, 41.9 and 35.9 days, respectively, for longevity and 43.0, 13.2 and 6.6 eggs, respectively, for fecundity). In ovarian development, the average follicle size after 1 week of feeding on current-year twigs was 3.1–3.5 times greater than those of beetles fed 1- and 2-year-old twigs. After 2 weeks of feeding, follicle size was 2.3–2.4 times greater than those of beetles fed 1- and 2-year-old twigs. These results showed that current-year twigs of P. koraiensis increase longevity and reproduction of M. saltuarius. By analyzing sugars using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the quantity of fructose was found to be highest in current-year twigs and lowest in 2-year-old twigs. A sugar feeding bioassay indicated that fructose was preferred by M. saltuarius. Therefore, fructose is important to adult feeding and ovariole development in M. saltuarius.     

桃红颈天牛成虫的交配行为及对不同寄主植物的栖落和产卵选择性

【目的】桃红颈天牛Aromia bungii是一种钻蛀性害虫,主要以蔷薇科果树和观赏树木为寄主。本研究旨在搞清楚桃红颈天牛成虫的交配产卵行为及其对不同寄主植物的栖落和产卵选择性。【方法】选择苹果Malus pumila、山樱花Prunus serrulata var. spontanea、桃Prunus persica、西府海棠Malus micromalus、毛樱桃Prunus tomentosa、秋子梨Pyrus ussuriensis、杏Prunus armeniaca和红叶李Prunus cerasifera var. atropurea 8种寄主植物木段,构建为成虫的活动场所,观察桃红颈天牛成虫的交配和产卵行为,并测定桃红颈天牛成虫在不同寄主木段上的栖落数量和产卵量。【结果】桃红颈天牛成虫的交配行为分为避让、打斗和交配3种行为。交配过程可分为相遇抱对、插入输精、交配后陪护3个阶段。桃红颈天牛雌虫产卵时无刻槽行为,喜欢将卵产于较为狭窄的缝隙中。雌虫偏好在桃树木段上栖落,雄虫则偏好在毛樱桃木段上栖落。李亚科李属的桃是桃红颈天牛最喜欢的产卵寄主木段,而雌虫在苹果亚科的苹果、海棠和秋子梨木段上产卵极少。相关性分析结果表明雌虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量与产卵量占比间存在正相关性,雄虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量与雌虫在寄主木段上的栖落数量之间也存在正相关性。【结论】桃红颈天牛雌成虫最喜欢桃树木段,雄虫对寄主植物的选择性与雌虫并不完全相同。     

Mating behavior of Pine Sawyer,Monochamus saltuarius Gebler (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Mating behavior of the pine sawyer, Monochamus saltuarius Gebier (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) was observed on pine trees in an outdoor net cage kept in one healthy pine tree and a cluster of pinelogs (cut over one month) to attract the beetles. When sawyer adult pairs released into net cage, they all moved to the pinelogs. And then the male was staying motionless with his antenna outstretched while the female was actively moving in his vicinity. The mating behavioral reactions were followed by the next steps: The first phase of courtship was initiated by the female approach toward the male. Second, male dashed, contacted antenna and mounted female's back. Third, female carried the male on her back and walked around and then male began to lick. Fourth, male inserted his penis into the female's genitalia when female stopped walking. While a long pairbond, the mating pair repeated copulations, lastly, when mating is over, male and female stayed separately. The mating began on sunset and resting of both male and female began at the temperature below about 20 °C. Substantially straightforward mate searching by female indicates the presence of a male sex pheromone.     

Toxicity of four systemic neonicotinoids to adults of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

As part of the ongoing evaluation of different systemic insecticides for prophylactic treatment of trees, responses of the beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to different doses of four systemic neonicotinyl insecticides were studied. Adult beetles were provided with twigs or leaves of trees treated with different concentrations of imidacloprid to evaluate the toxicity of the insecticide through ingestion or contact or through both. Adult beetles also were provided with twigs of host plant treated with clothianidin, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam to establish dose response of the beetle to these insecticides. Levels of individual insecticides in twigs and leaves were determined by using the "parent" method with high-performance liquid chromatography, and these levels were compared with the applied concentrations to determine their relationship. The LC50 values for detected level of each insecticide in twigs was 5.1 ppm at 24 h, 2.9 at 48 h, and 1.9 ppm at 72 h for imidacloprid; 1.1 ppm at 72 h for clothianidin; 2.2 ppm at 72 h for dinotefuran; and 1.0 ppm at 72 h for thiamethoxam. Our results indicate that mortality of adult beetles resulted not only from the ingestion and contact toxicity but also possibly from the antifeedant effect of imidacloprid.     

Synergistic attraction of pine sawyer Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to monochamol and α‐pinene

Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species are longhorn pine sawyers that serve as insect vectors of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), which are responsible for debilitating pine wilt disease. An aggregation pheromone, 2‐(1‐undecyloxy)‐1‐ethanol (hereafter referred to as monochamol), was shown to be effective at attracting Monochamus species. However, attraction of the pine sawyers to aggregation pheromones varied depending on semiochemicals, including host plant volatiles and kairomones. In this study, we investigated the abilities of monochamol and the host‐plant volatiles α‐pinene and ethanol to attract M. saltuarius in a pine forest in Cheongsong, Gyeongsangbuk‐do, Korea. A total of 91 M. saltuarius (28 males and 63 females) were captured. The combination of monochamol (700 mg) with α‐pinene and ethanol exhibited a synergistic effect on attracting M. saltuarius (11.0 beetles per trap), whereas monochamol alone and a mixture of α‐pinene and ethanol resulted in the capture of 3.2 beetles and 3.6 beetles per trap, respectively. Our results suggest that multi‐funnel traps baited with a blend of monochamol, α‐pinene and ethanol are highly effective for monitoring M. saltuarius and M. alternatus in pine forests.