中国北方温带灌丛生态系统碳、氮、磷储量

研究生态系统碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)密度分布和储量对于理解生态系统碳循环和养分循环的机制和规律有重要意义。现有的相关研究多集中在森林和草地生态系统。在中国北方,灌丛生境水分和土壤条件差异很大,这为研究生态系统C、N、P密度与储量的分布格局提供了良好条件。该研究调查了433个中国北方温带灌丛样地的生物量、凋落物以及土壤等组分的有机C及N、P含量,据此计算出中国北方灌丛生态系统有机C及N、P密度和储量。结果表明:中国北方灌丛平均生态系统有机C及N、P密度分别为69.8 Mg·hm~(–2)、7.3 Mg·hm~(–2)、4.2 Mg·hm~(–2)。其中,生物量C、N、P密度分别为5.1 Mg·hm~(–2)、11.5×10~(–2)Mg·hm~(–2)、8.6×10~(–3) Mg·hm~(–2),生物量C、N、P密度与降水和土壤养分关系显著;凋落物C、N、P密度分别为1.4 Mg·hm~(–2)、3.8×10~(–2)Mg·hm~(–2)、2.5×10~(–3) Mg·hm~(–2),凋落物C、N、P密度与温度和降水关系显著;1 m深土壤的平均有机C及N、P密度分别为64.0Mg·hm~(–2)、7.1 Mg·hm~(–2)、4.2 Mg·hm~(–2),土壤有机C及N密度与温度和降水关系显著。中国北方灌丛生态系统的总有机C及N、P储量分别为1.7 Pg、164.9 Tg、124.8 Tg。其中生物量C、N、P储量分别为128.4 Tg、3.1 Tg、0.2 Tg;凋落物C、N、P储量分别为8.4 Tg、0.45 Tg、0.027 Tg;土壤是最大的C、N、P库,1 m深土壤有机C及N、P储量分别为1.6 Pg、161.3 Tg、124.6 Tg。     

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场区域夏季食物网研究

三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场在针对珊瑚礁修复工作、热带海洋牧场建设等方面取得了不错的效果,但海洋牧场区域的营养结构仍需要长期的监测评估。于2020年7月海洋生物调查共采集52种主要消费者,以碳(δ¹³C)、氮(δ¹⁵N)稳定同位素技术为基础,首次构建三亚蜈支洲岛海洋牧场区域食物网并进行研究。结果表明：(1)主要消费者的δ¹³C值范围在-19.10‰—-12.74‰之间,平均值为(-16.99±1.52)‰;δ¹⁵N值范围为6.43‰—14.03‰,平均值(11.24±1.70)‰。单因素方差分析结果显示,不同类群之间碳氮稳定同位素均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。(2)大型海藻和底栖微藻对主要消费者的贡献率最大为41.50%,沉积有机物(SOM)和浮游植物也是消费者的重要碳源(贡献率分别为20.05%、19.97%),悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)对消费者的碳源贡献率最低,为18.48%。(3)三亚蜈支洲岛牧场区域主要消费者的营养级范围为1.53—3.76,主要消费者营养层次分布两端少,中间多。通过系统聚类分...     

莫莫格自然保护区白鹤秋季迁徙停歇期觅食生境选择

2008年秋季(10月8日—20日)及2009年秋季(9月20日—10月16日),通过样方法对觅食生境11个生态因子进行调查,利用卡方检验、资源选择指数和资源选择函数在莫莫格保护区对秋季迁徙停歇期白鹤觅食生境选择进行研究。结果表明,白鹤对距人为干扰源距离、植被密度、盖度、高度、植物性食物密度以及水深均具有选择性,但对宏观尺度干扰因子的选择性较低。其偏好觅食生境的特点为:距一级路>5000m,>二级路1500m以上,>三级路1000m以上,>居民点1000m以上,农田>1000m;植被密度20~50株/m2,盖度<10%,高度<20cm,扁杆藨草密度1~50株/m2,藨草密度1~10株/m2,水深40~60cm。白鹤秋季觅食生境资源选择函数为Logistic(P)=0.663+0.565×与一级道路距离+0.042×与二级道路距离+0.519×与三级道路距离+0.353×与居民点距离+0.169×与农田距离–0.455×植被密度–0.618×植被盖度–0.548×植被高度–0.158×扁杆藨草密度–0.404×藨草密度+0.920×水深,T(x)=eLogistic(p)/[1+eLogistic(p)],模型正确预测率为82.9%。     

系统发育多样性与系统发育结构在岛屿植物群落保护中的意义——以蜈支洲岛为例

为探讨系统发育多样性和系统发育结构在岛屿植物群落保护决策制定中的作用,以海南三亚蜈支洲岛被子植物群系为例,分析物种丰富度和系统发育多样性的相关性。结果表明,蜈支洲岛植被可分为10种群系类型,22个样方的物种丰富度与系统发育多样性呈显著正相关,但系统发育多样性与物种丰富度对植物多样性保护优先顺序的指示有差异。森林群系的物种丰富度和系统发育多样性普遍高于灌木和草本群系,4个森林群系样方表现为系统发育结构发散,3个森林群系样方表现为系统发育结构聚集。灌木群系中露兜树(Pandanus tectorius)灌丛和草海桐(Scaevola sericea)灌丛系统发育多样性较高,草本群系中厚藤(Vitex trifolia)灌草丛系统发育多样性较高,灌木和草本群系大多倾向于系统发育结构聚集。距海或人类活动区较近的群系可能受环境过滤的作用,而远离海和人类活动区的群系主要受竞争排斥作用影响。因此,在岛屿植物多样性保护策略制定中应当综合考虑物种和系统发育维度,以及环境、演替阶段及用岛方式等因素的影响。     

陕西黄河湿地自然保护区碳储量估算

湿地生态系统的固碳及其调节气候等生态系统服务十分重要,准确评估黄河流域自然保护地的碳储量有助于碳中和研究和区域生态保护与高质量发展。该研究基于野外采样和室内分析,并结合遥感数据,评估了陕西黄河湿地省级自然保护区光滩和典型自然植被区的地上植被和0–50 cm土壤碳储量。碳储量评估区总面积13 086.52 hm²,占保护区面积的23.87%。结果表明,高草植被的地上碳储量显著高于低草植被和矮灌丛植被,其碳密度分别为496.73、23.45和138.38g·m^–2;土壤0–50 cm的碳密度为7.15–11.98 kg·m^–2,高草植被区的土壤碳储量(5.02×10⁵ t)显著高于光滩(2.09×10⁵ t)、低草植被区(3.40×10⁵t)和矮灌丛植被区(1.45×10⁵t);最终核算出陕西黄河湿地省级自然保护区典型植被区的地上植被和0–50cm土壤总碳储量约为1.22×10⁶ t,其中光滩区、低草植被区、矮灌丛植...     

树种对土壤有机碳密度的影响:5种温带树种同质园试验

树种通过改变凋落物输入与周转及根系活动影响土壤的理化和生物学性质及固碳功能。合理选择树种是碳汇林业中一个亟待解决的理论和实践问题。为了减少林分特征和立地条件差异的影响,2004年在相同气候、土壤和经营历史的立地上建立了东北地区常见树种同质园,10年(2013–2014年)后测定了其中的3种阔叶树(白桦(Betula platyphylla)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica))和两种针叶树(落叶松(Larix gmelinii)、樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica))人工纯林的土壤有机碳(SOC)及土壤容重、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、p H值等相关因子,旨在比较探索树种对SOC含量及其垂直分布的影响。结果表明:(1)树种显著影响0–40 cm土层SOC总密度(p0.05)。其中,0–10 cm土层SOC密度变化范围为2.79–3.08 kg·m–2,表现为胡桃楸林水曲柳林白桦林落叶松林樟子松林;10–20 cm土层变化范围为1.56–2.19kg·m–2,表现为樟子松林胡桃楸林水曲柳林白桦林落叶松林;20–30 cm土层变化范围为1.17–2.10 kg·m–2,表现为白桦林、水曲柳林显著高于其他树种纯林;30–40 cm土层变化范围为0.84–1.43 kg·m–2,表现为白桦林显著高于其他树种纯林。(2)SOC密度垂直分布格局因树种和土层而异。胡桃楸林、落叶松林0–10 cm土层SOC密度占0–40 cm土层总密度的相对量显著高于其他树种纯林,白桦林20–40 cm土层的SOC密度相对量显著高于其他树种纯林,这说明不同层次SOC密度的主控因子因树种而异。(3)不同树种纯林SOC浓度、容重差异显著,且两者呈负相关。胡桃楸林、水曲柳林和落叶松林SOC密度与土壤微生物生物量、土壤p H值均呈正相关关系。5个树种纯林SOC密度均与全氮密度呈正相关关系。研究表明,树种通过改变土壤理化性质和微生物活动而显著影响SOC密度,不同树种SOC密度垂直变化格局可能是由不同树种在各个土层中的SOC密度主控因素不同所致。     

近20年中国部分地区鸡源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因遗传演化及其变异频率北大核心CSCD

【目的】通过比较不同时期的H9N2亚型禽流感流行毒株HA基因的分子特征和变异频率,揭示免疫压力下病毒的遗传演化趋势。【方法】选取源于课题组的40株鸡源H9N2毒株,以及从Gen Bank下载的136株中国鸡源H9N2流行毒株和7株经典毒株的序列,利用Lasergen 7.1和MEGA 5.1等软件,对其HA基因进行系统演化、分子特征和变异频率分析。【结果】系统发育分析表明,近20年的鸡源H9N2流行株分属于BJ94、Y280和S2等谱系,优势流行株的分布与年代密切相关。氨基酸序列比较显示,H9N2病毒不同谱系之间具有各自的特征,且存在着明显的氨基酸变异积累。以Ck/BJ/1/1994 HA基因为参照,1994–2014年间,H9N2流行株核苷酸和氨基酸的年均进化率分别为5.73×10^(–3)和4.25×10^(–3)。其中,2011–2014年的核苷酸(氨基酸)年均进化率为6.35×10^(–3)(5.32×10^(–3)),明显高于2006–2010年5.22×10^(–3)(3.70×10^(–3)),更显著高于疫苗推广初期1999–2005年的0.74×10^(–3)(0.50×10^(–3))。【结论】H9N2疫苗株和流行毒株的不匹配是病毒变异频率加快的重要原因。     

中华通草蛉和大草蛉幼虫对黑刺粉虱若虫的捕食功能反应

【目的】为了研究中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica(Tjeder)幼虫和大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)幼虫对黑刺粉虱Aleurocan spinfetus(Quaintance)若虫的捕食作用。【方法】在室内(25±1)℃条件下对2种草蛉的捕食功能反应模型进行了评估,并对2种草蛉的3龄幼虫的种内干扰作用和自身密度作用的反应方程进行了拟合。【结果】2种草蛉的捕食功能均属于HollingⅡ反应模型,捕食量均随黑刺粉虱若虫密度的增加而增加。中华通草蛉和大草蛉的自身密度方程分别为E=0.753 0×P~(–0.134 8)和E=0.697 5×P~(–0.164 6),种内干扰作用方程分别为A=2.362 6×P~(–0.231 8)和A=2.429 6×P~(–0.225 6)。【结论】中华通草蛉和大草蛉对黑刺粉虱均具有较好的捕食作用。     

短轮伐期毛白杨不同密度林分土壤有机碳和全氮动态

采用裂区试验设计,于2005—2008年连续4年测定了不同造林密度(2 m×2 m、2 m×3 m、2 m×3.5 m、2 m×4 m、2 m×5 m、3 m×3 m、3 m×4 m)下2年生三倍体毛白杨(B304)和对照二倍体(1319)人工林土壤有机碳和全氮含量,以明确不同密度林分土壤有机碳和全氮动态变化规律及其相关性。结果表明:(1)受造林密度、生长时间及其交互作用的显著影响,4年生长期内林地土壤有机碳含量呈先降后升的变化特点。其中,2008年B304在2 m×3 m造林密度下土壤有机碳含量显著高于其它年份,说明此造林密度有利于发挥三倍体毛白杨林土壤固碳的生态功能。(2)4年生长期内,土壤全N含量受生长时间及其与造林密度的交互作用的显著影响。在3 m×3 m造林密度下,二倍体毛白杨林地土壤全N含量逐年降低,而三倍体毛白杨2007年的土壤全N含量显著增加,该造林密度利于三倍体毛白杨林地土壤N的积累。(3)土壤有机碳/全氮比值变化与有机碳含量变化规律一致,且均在2006年达到最低值。(4)在2008年,三倍体毛白杨在2 m×3 m和2 m×3.5 m造林密度下土壤有机碳与全N含量呈现显著正相关关系,而2 m×5 m造林密度下的二倍体毛白杨林地呈显著性负相关关系,体现了毛白杨林地土壤有机碳与全N含量复杂的相关性。     

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠土壤N_2O、CH_4和CO_2通量及其对氮沉降增加的响应

沙漠土壤在全球土壤主要温室气体通量中扮演着重要角色,但是在环境变化条件下的通量估算结果存在很大的不确定性。在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠设定N0、N0.5、N1、N3、N6和N24 6个样方,以0、0.5、1.0、3.0、6.0和24.0 g·m~(–2)·a~(–1) 6个不同模拟氮(N)沉降浓度进行N处理,两年后开始对施N样方进行为期两个生长季的N_2O、CH_4和CO_2通量测定。研究表明生长季对照样方(N0)的N_2O、CH_4和CO_2的平均通量分别为4.8μg·m~(–2)·h~(–1)、–30.5μg·m~(–2)·h~(–1)和46.7 mg·m~(–2)·h~(–1),季节变化显著影响3种气体的通量。N0、N0.5和N1在春季和夏季具有相似的N_2O排放速率,排放速率高于秋季,而N6和N24的N_2O排放主要受N输入时间影响;CH_4的吸收在春季和夏季相对较高,秋季较低;CO_2的排放量在第一年春季和夏季之间变化较小,但高于秋季排放量,第二年CO_2动态与N浓度相关。N增加通常能显著促进N_2O的排放,但受测定季节和年度的影响,且各处理的N_2O排放因子大小无明显规律;CH_4的吸收受N增加影响不显著;CO_2的排放在第一年不受N增加的影响,第二年高浓度N增加对春季和夏季CO_2排放具有限制作用,对秋季影响不显著。结构方程模型的研究表明,对N_2O、CH_4和CO_2的动态变化影响较大的因子分别是施N浓度、土壤温度或土壤含水量和植株密度。整个生长季由N带来的净通量和增温潜力非常小。     

永兴岛附近海域珊瑚礁鱼类群落结构特征

为更好地保护和管理西沙永兴岛附近海域珊瑚礁鱼类,于2020—2021年对永兴岛上岸渔获物进行了调查研究,分析了鱼类群落结构组成及其变化和演替特征。结果表明:调查共发现永兴岛附近海域珊瑚礁鱼类101种,隶属于5目21科,以鲈形目鱼类最多,占总种类的84.16%,生物量超总渔获物的90%;科级水平鹦嘴鱼科鱼类最多,达21种,生物量超总渔获物的45%。28种珊瑚礁鱼类是永兴岛附近海域主要捕捞对象,占总渔获物的80%以上。永兴岛附近海域珊瑚礁鱼类呈现过度捕捞,一是主要渔获物中的中大型鱼类均重偏小;二是本海域个体体型最大的鱼类出现较多消亡;三是肉食性鱼类大量消亡;四是植食性鱼类生物量占比超过了肉食性鱼类。永兴岛附近海域珊瑚礁鱼类已经演替到以植食性鱼类为主导的生态系统;大量海胆的出现,表明了这一珊瑚礁生态系统在进一步衰退,向以海胆为主导的生态系统演变。保护西沙永兴岛附近海域珊瑚礁鱼类已经刻不容缓,需要严格地控制本海域的捕捞强度。     

广东省川山群岛开发利用生态风险评价

随着海洋经济的迅猛发展,海岛的开发利用程度不断加大,海岛生态环境遭到极大地冲击和破坏,导致海岛生态系统出现环境恶化、灾害加剧的趋势。广东省川山群岛,主岛为上川岛和下川岛,因岛上旅游娱乐和养殖用海等开发利用活动频繁,使其生态系统面临严峻的挑战。根据EPA提出的生态风险评价框架,分析了川山群岛的生态终点、生境类型和压力源状况,构建了一个用以描述川山群岛压力源、生境和评估终点间相互关系的概念模型,采用RRM模型思想进行了川山群岛开发利用风险评价。结果表明:上川岛属于开发利用的高风险区,主要风险区域是潮间带和近海两个生态子系统,其中以岩滩的开发利用压力最大,旅游娱乐和养殖用海是风险压力的主要来源,珍稀水禽是主要受威胁的物种;下川岛较上川岛的开发利用风险低,其岛陆、潮间带和近海3个生态子系统的开发利用压力都不大,养殖用海、旅游娱乐和城镇用地是风险压力的主要来源,也是威胁珍稀水禽和猛禽的主要压力源。基于此,从旅游管理、养殖用海管理等方面给出了上川岛和下川岛的风险管理对策,以期为海岛环境保护和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

Reefs from space: Satellite imagery,marine ecology,and ethnography in the Dominican Republic

Coral reef bleaching is an obvious indication that coastal marine ecosystems are being stressed. However, bleached reefs alone are poor indicators because they reflect the final stages of stress. This research project used multidate satellite imagery to look for coral reef changes as indicators of stress. Findings suggest that (1) satellite imagery can be used to identify small-scale changes in coastal marine ecosystems, including coral reefs; (2) remote sensing, marine ecology, and ethnographic data can be integrated to suggest potential causes of coral reef stress; and (3) changes in reef, seagrass, and mangrove ecozones are more closely tied to fishing, tourism, and land use practices than to global warming.     

Distribution and abundance of seabirds and fur seals near the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral winter, 1986

Twenty one species of seabirds plus fur seals were observed at sea near the Antarctic Peninsula, between 60 °–68 °S, in May and June 1986, a season for which few published observations of marine animals are available for this area. Here we describe and quantify the importance of fishing activities as well as sea-ice cover and other environmental variables to the distribution patterns of birds and seals. The most striking aspect of the winter avifauna was its pronounced concentration near fishing trawlers operating on the continental shelf to the north and west of Elephant Island, and its temporal shift in response to the seasonal advance of the ice edge.     

The History of Makassan Trepang Fishing and Trade

The Malayan term trepang describes a variety of edible holothurians commonly known as sea cucumbers. Although found in temperate and tropical marine waters all over the world, the centre of species diversity and abundance are the shallow coastal waters of Island Southeast Asia. For at least 300 years, trepang has been a highly priced commodity in the Chinese market. Originally, its fishing and trade was a specialized business, centred on the town of Makassar in South Sulawesi (Indonesia). The rise of trepang fishing in the 17^th century added valuable export merchandize to the rich shallow seas surrounding the islands of Southeast Asia. This enabled local communities to become part of large trading networks and greatly supported their economic development. In this article, we follow Makassan trepang fishing and trading from its beginning until the industrialization of the fishery and worldwide depletion of sea cucumbers in the 20^th century. Thereby, we identify a number of characteristics which trepang fishing shares with the exploitation of other marine resources, including (1) a strong influence of international markets, (2) the role of patron-client relationships which heavily influence the resource selection, and (3) the roving-bandit-syndrome, where fishermen exploit local stocks of valuable resources until they are depleted, and then move to another area. We suggest that understanding the similarities and differences between historical and recent exploitation of marine resources is an important step towards effective management solutions.     

The mass coral bleaching event of inshore corals form South China Sea witnessed in 2020: insight into the causes,process and consequence

Coral Reefs - In August to September 2020, severe sea surface temperature anomalies were recorded for Hainan Island and the Beibu Gulf from South China Sea (SCS) and at the same time an...     

Estimating the Worldwide Extent of Illegal Fishing

Illegal and unreported fishing contributes to overexploitation of fish stocks and is a hindrance to the recovery of fish populations and ecosystems. This study is the first to undertake a world-wide analysis of illegal and unreported fishing. Reviewing the situation in 54 countries and on the high seas, we estimate that lower and upper estimates of the total value of current illegal and unreported fishing losses worldwide are between $10 bn and $23.5 bn annually, representing between 11 and 26 million tonnes. Our data are of sufficient resolution to detect regional differences in the level and trend of illegal fishing over the last 20 years, and we can report a significant correlation between governance and the level of illegal fishing. Developing countries are most at risk from illegal fishing, with total estimated catches in West Africa being 40% higher than reported catches. Such levels of exploitation severely hamper the sustainable management of marine ecosystems. Although there have been some successes in reducing the level of illegal fishing in some areas, these developments are relatively recent and follow growing international focus on the problem. This paper provides the baseline against which successful action to curb illegal fishing can be judged.     

Fishing mortality rates of giant clams (Family Tridacnidae) from the Sulu Archipelago and Southern Palawan,Philippines

Average size frequency distributions of Tridacna squamosa, T. gigas, Hippopus hippopus and H. porcellanus harvested from the Sulu Archipelago and Southern Palawan areas from 1978–1985 were derived from export records and a warehouse inventory of giant clam shells. Average species mortality rates (Z) were estimated and were used to approximate average fishing mortality rates (F) over the period 1978–1985. Crude estimates of exploitation rates (F/Z) indicate that populations of these species are already overexploited. These findings have serious implications in view of the fact that the Sulu Archipelago and Southern Palawan are thought to be the last strongholds of giant clams in Philippine waters.     

Megapitaria squalida (Bivalvia: Veneridae) fishery landings and temperature relationship in Bahía de la Paz, México

The clam Megapitaria squalida is a fishing resource with increasing importance in Northwestern Mexico. Nevertheless, this fishery has shown important variations that could be related to environmental factors. To assess this, monthly landings of M. squalida were analyzed during 2002-2005 for Bahía de La Paz, B.C.S., and were related with monthly time series of sea surface temperature, derived from MODIS-Aqua Sensor. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between sea surface temperature and clam landings. The likely impact of anomalous conditions of sea temperature on this resource is discussed.     

Exploitation and recovery of a sea urchin predator has implications for the resilience of southern California kelp forests

Size-structured predator–prey interactions can be altered by the history of exploitation, if that exploitation is itself size-selective. For example, selective harvesting of larger sized predators can release prey populations in cases where only large individuals are capable of consuming a particular prey species. In this study, we examined how the history of exploitation and recovery (inside marine reserves and due to fisheries management) of California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) has affected size-structured interactions with sea urchin prey in southern California. We show that fishing changes size structure by reducing sizes and alters life histories of sheephead, while management measures that lessen or remove fishing impacts (e.g. marine reserves, effort restrictions) reverse these effects and result in increases in density, size and biomass. We show that predation on sea urchins is size-dependent, such that the diet of larger sheephead is composed of more and larger sized urchins than the diet of smaller fish. These results have implications for kelp forest resilience, because urchins can overgraze kelp in the absence of top-down control. From surveys in a network of marine reserves, we report negative relationships between the abundance of sheephead and urchins and the abundance of urchins and fleshy macroalgae (including giant kelp), indicating the potential for cascading indirect positive effects of top predators on the abundance of primary producers. Management measures such as increased minimum size limits and marine reserves may serve to restore historical trophic roles of key predators and thereby enhance the resilience of marine ecosystems.