火干扰对大兴安岭呼中林区地上死木质残体碳储量的影响

基于野外样点实测数据,分析了不同烈度火烧对大兴安岭呼中林区地上死木质残体碳储量的影响.结果表明:不同烈度的火烧会对地上死木质残体碳储量产生显著影响.兴安落叶松林和针阔混交林(落叶松与白桦)中死木质残体碳储量大小为重度火烧>轻度火烧>未火烧,而白桦林中死木质残体碳储量大小为重度火烧>未火烧>轻度火烧.火干扰能显著改变森林中死木质残体碳储量的组成百分比.随着火烧烈度的增加,枯立木比重显著增大,枯落物比重显著减小,而不同火烧烈度下倒木和树桩的碳储量比重变化不显著.不同烈度的火烧对死木质残体碳储量特征的影响不同,轻度火烧下死木质残体碳储量的空间变异性最高,重度火烧下空间变异性最弱.不同火烧烈度下大兴安岭森林死木质残体碳储量差异显著,在进行森林死木质残体碳储量估算时,需要充分考虑这种差异性.     

人为干扰对大兴安岭北坡兴安落叶松林粗木质残体的影响

比较了兴安落叶松天然林和两种不同干扰类型兴安落叶松林(一次干扰林、二次干扰林)之间活立木蓄积、粗木质残体(CWD)蓄积和组成的差异.结果表明：天然林、一次干扰林和二次干扰林的活立木蓄积量分别为161.6、138.3和114.8 m³·hm^-2,粗木质残体的蓄积量分别为69.77、36.64和32.61 m³·hm^-2.天然林粗木质残体大部分径级在20～40 cm,其中倒木、枯立木分别占总材积的72%和28%;一次干扰林和二次干扰林粗木质残体大部分径级在10～30 cm,其中倒木、枯立木和伐桩分别占各自总材积的70%、14%、16%和57%、15%、28%.人为干扰造成兴安落叶松林粗木质残体蓄积减少,改变了粗木质残体的组成.     

人为干扰对大兴安岭北坡兴安落叶松林粗木质残体的影响

比较了兴安落叶松天然林和两种不同干扰类型兴安落叶松林(一次干扰林、二次干扰林)之间活立木蓄积、粗木质残体(CWD)蓄积和组成的差异.结果表明：天然林、一次干扰林和二次干扰林的活立木蓄积量分别为161.6、138.3和114.8 m³·hm^-2,粗木质残体的蓄积量分别为69.77、36.64和32.61 m³·hm^-2.天然林粗木质残体大部分径级在20～40 cm,其中倒木、枯立木分别占总材积的72%和28%;一次干扰林和二次干扰林粗木质残体大部分径级在10～30 cm,其中倒木、枯立木和伐桩分别占各自总材积的70%、14%、16%和57%、15%、28%.人为干扰造成兴安落叶松林粗木质残体蓄积减少,改变了粗木质残体的组成.     

林火干扰对广东木荷林生态系统碳库的影响

森林碳库在调节CO₂浓度及减缓温室效应中发挥重要作用。选择广东木荷林为研究对象,通过相邻样地法,进行植被生物量、凋落物生物量和土壤样品的采样与分析,研究不同林火干扰强度对生态系统各碳库(植被、凋落物和土壤有机碳)及生态系统碳库产生的变化规律和空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)植被碳密度随着林火干扰强度增强而减少,但不同组分的植被碳密度表现不同,乔木碳密度在不同林火干扰强度下变化与植被碳密度变化一致,而草本碳密度则呈现相反的变化趋势。相同林火干扰强度下,植被各组分碳密度均以乔木层降低幅度最大。林火干扰均显著降低了凋落物碳密度(P<0.05),并随林火干扰强度的增加其降低幅度增大,但不同林火干扰强度对凋落物碳密度的影响有所差异。林火干扰降低了土壤有机碳密度,且降低幅度随土层深度增加而逐渐变小。(2)林火干扰有效改变了生态系统碳库的空间分布格局。对照样地木荷林土壤有机碳库占比为61.59%,重度林火干扰后,土壤有机碳库占比为70.96%呈上升趋势,占生态系统碳库的优势地位,而植被和凋落物碳库占比呈下降趋势,处于生态系统碳库的次要地位。(3)双因素方差分析表明,林火干扰强度和土层深度及其交互作用均对土壤有机碳密度有显著影响。林火干扰强度解释了土壤有机碳密度变异的8.78%,土层深度解释了土壤有机碳密度变异的70.29%,林火干扰强度和土层深度之间的交互作用解释了土壤有机碳密度变异的8.16%。研究发现:林火干扰降低了生态系统碳库,且随林火干扰强度增加,生态系统碳库减少幅度增大。轻度林火干扰对森林生态系统碳库的影响差异不显著,而中度和重度林火干扰对森林生态系统碳库的影响差异显著。研究结果对深化亚热带森林固碳效应的影响机制提供理论支撑。     

大兴安岭呼中林区虫害与火干扰交互作用的长期模拟

虫害和林火是森林生态系统的两种主要干扰类型,各种干扰在大时空尺度上存在一定的交互作用.本文采用空间直观景观模型LANDIS模拟虫害和林火在300年内的交互作用.结果表明:虫害干扰降低了细可燃物载量,提高了模拟前期(0～100 a)和中期(100～200 a)的粗可燃物载量,降低了模拟前期和中期的林火频率,不同干扰预案模拟后期(200～300 a)火烧频率的结果比较接近;虫害干扰降低了模拟前期和后期的火烧强度,增加了模拟中期的火烧强度,提高了模拟中期的森林火险等级,降低了模拟前期和后期的火险等级.人类灭火可增加虫害的发生面积,因此建议森林管理部门采取适当的防虫措施,不可只注重灭火,可以采取可燃物去除和计划火烧等方式管理林火,促进森林生态系统的可持续发展.     

气候、植被和地形对大兴安岭林火烈度空间格局的影响

在北方森林中火干扰是森林景观变化的主导因素。林火烈度作为衡量林火动态的重要指标,较为直观地反映了火干扰对森林生态系统的破坏程度,其空间格局深刻地影响着森林景观中的多种生态过程(如树种组成、种子扩散以及植被的恢复)。解释林火烈度空间格局有助于揭示林火干扰后森林景观格局的形成机制,对预测未来林火烈度空间格局以及制定科学合理林火管理策略均有重要意义。基于LandsatTM/ETM遥感影像,将2000—2016年大兴安岭呼中林区的36场火的林火烈度划分为未过火、轻度、中度、重度4个等级。采用FRAGSTAT景观格局分析软件从类型水平上计算了斑块所占景观面积比、面积加权平均斑块面积、面积加权平均斑块分维数、面积加权边缘面积比、斑块密度5个景观指数,以对林火烈度空间格局进行了定量化描述。并且采用随机森林模型,分析了气候、地形、植被对林火烈度空间格局的影响及其边际效应。通过研究得出以下结果:(1)相对于未过火、轻度、以及中度火烧斑块,重度火烧斑块的面积更大、形状更简单;(2)海拔对重度火烧斑块的空间格局起着至关重要的作用,其次是坡向、坡度、植被覆盖度、相对湿度、温度等;(3)随着海拔的升高,面积加权平均斑块面积和面积加权平均斑块分维数的边际效应曲线呈上升趋势,而面积加权边缘面积比和斑块密度呈下降趋势;除了面积加权平均斑块面积外,都受到火前植被覆盖度的影响,且植被覆盖度为0.2—0.3范围内,重度火烧斑块在景观中所占比例最大。总的来看,2000—2016年大兴安岭呼中森林景观中重度火烧斑块与未过火、轻度以及中度火烧斑块存在显著差异性。相对于气候,地形和植被对于塑造重度火烧斑块空间格局具有重要作用。因此,应针对重度火烧区域进行可燃物处理,从景观层面上合理配置森林斑块,从而降低高烈度森林大火发生的风险。     

不同烈度林火对油松林潜在地表火行为的影响

油松是我国华北地区代表性树种之一,含有丰富油脂,容易引发大面积高烈度森林火灾。阐明不同烈度林火对油松林地表可燃物负荷量和潜在地表火行为的影响,对于油松林林火管理具有重要意义。以辽河源自然保护区2014年不同烈度林火干扰后油松林分为研究对象,根据不同烈度(重度、中度、轻度)和对照(未过火)分别设置3块20 m×20 m样地,共12块样地,调查地表可燃物和林分结构指标,结合室内实验,利用BehavePlus 5.0软件进行潜在火行为模拟,探讨不同烈度林火5年后油松林地表可燃物负荷量和潜在地表火行为特点,并分析影响潜在地表火行为的主要因素。研究结果表明：(1)不同烈度林火之间,细小可燃物负荷量和地表可燃物总负荷量均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)不同烈度林火后,在不同风速和可燃物含水率条件下,油松林潜在地表火蔓延速度、火线强度不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),单位面积发热量、火焰高度、反应强度存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。(3)不同烈度林火后油松林潜在地表火行为主要受油松更新幼苗基径、灌木负荷量、油松平均冠幅、上层枯叶负荷量、油松更新幼苗密度的影响。研究结果表明不...     

基于NBR指数分析大兴安岭呼中森林过火区的林火烈度

基于TM影像和3S技术手段,利用NBR指数对1986—2010年大兴安岭呼中林区森林过火区林火烈度进行了定量评价,分析了林火烈度与植被类型、海拔、坡度和坡向等环境因子的关系.结果表明:呼中林区的林火发生次数和面积年际变化明显,每年6—8月是林火的高发期,重度火烧区占总过火面积的84.2%.过火区中,兴安落叶松林占89.9%;海拔1000～1500m区域占68.8%;东、南、西、北4个坡向的过火面积占62.5%,阴、阳坡过火面积差异不明显;坡度15～25°的斜坡区域过火面积占38.4%.不同程度林火烈度的过火面积由大到小依次为重度火>中度火>轻度火>未过火,其中,重度火过火面积>70%,中度火过火面积在10%左右,轻度火和未过火的过火面积<5%.呼中林区林火烈度以重度火为主,对森林资源的破坏程度极大.在大兴安岭林区的林火管理中,应尽早开展森林可燃物处理工作,以降低林火烈度,保障森林生态系统的安全.     

森林火成碳研究进展

火成碳是生物质或化石燃料不完全燃烧所形成的含碳物质的连续统一体,火成碳具有很高的稳定性,是全球一个重要的潜在碳汇,在全球碳循环和气候变化研究中具有重要的意义。森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的主体,每年都经受不同大小和烈度的林火干扰,在森林生态系统中积累了大量火成碳;同时,在全球气候变暖条件下,林火面积和林火频次将增加,火成碳的积累将进一步增加,火成碳库已成为森林生态系统中的一个重要碳汇。然而,目前在森林生态系统碳循环及相关的生态系统模型中,均未考虑火成碳库的碳汇功能。本文从火成碳的鉴定与定量测定、森林中的火成碳、森林火成碳的生态作用、森林火成碳储量估算几个方面评述了森林火成碳的最新研究进展,最后,我们展望了森林火成碳未来发展方向,为我国森林碳预算和碳循环的相关研究提供参考。     

基于森林碳库动态评估神农架国家级自然保护区的保护成效

保护区是维持生物多样性和生态系统功能的最有效方式, 但其保护成效有待提升, 土地利用变化是重要影响因素之一。本研究以神农架国家级自然保护区为对象, 基于神农架地区近20年的调查研究和数据积累, 通过异速生长模型、生物量方程、抽样加权等方法, 对比分析了土地利用方式转变格局下神农架国家级自然保护区森林生态系统地上、地下、凋落物、粗木质残体、土壤有机碳5个碳库动态, 分析论证了20年间(1990-2010)神农架保护区对森林生态系统碳库的保护成效。研究发现, 林地占神农架保护区总面积的92.76%, 其中针叶林(51.85%)、落叶阔叶林(35.11%)及常绿阔叶林(4.47%)3种森林类型合计占林地面积的98.56%。20年间神农架保护区林地面积增加了0.11%, 灌木林地和耕地面积分别减少了8.85%和6.06%。神农架保护区2010年碳储量为24.24 Tg C (22.57-26.62 Tg C), 土壤有机碳和地上碳合计占全部碳储量的90.68%。常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和针叶林3种森林类型碳储量占神农架保护区碳储量的95%。20年间神农架保护区5个碳库碳储量均有所增加, 共固碳25.04 kt C (21.83-29.57 kt C), 固碳率为1.21 kt C/年(1.09-1.48 kt C/年), 其中地上生物量碳库和土壤有机碳库分别增加14.50 kt C (11.81-18.31 kt C)和6.84 kt C。保护区内总碳库碳密度高于保护区外22.37 t C/ha。研究结果表明, 神农架国家级自然保护区在保护森林固碳能力方面取得了一定的成效。     

临安次生灌丛植物多样性对林火烈度空间异质性的响应

以同一过火3a后临安市太阳镇天然次生灌丛为对象,采用样地调查法按不同林火烈度设置火干扰样地进行植物群落调查,以检验林分内部的林火烈度异质性是否与局部的植物多样性变化相关。结果表明:研究区共有高等植物83种,分属于38科67属,群落区系组成以亚热带科属为主,表现出常绿阔叶林已退化过渡到位于演替早期阶段的落叶次生灌丛群落的性质;低林火烈度对灌木层的树种组成有影响,但不明显;中烈度林火对灌木层的物种组成影响较大;低、中林火烈度下草本层的物种组成变化都很明显;灌木层的物种数和多样性指数都表现出低烈度火未火烧中烈度火的趋势;草本层的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现出中烈度火低烈度火未火烧的趋势;草本层的物种组成和多样性受林火烈度的影响较灌木层更大。研究表明次生灌丛群落过火区内部林火烈度异质性在初期会引起植物多样性的响应差异;低烈度火干扰可以增加次生灌丛生物多样性、促进群落更新;中烈度火干扰下木本植物物种多样性丧失较大,而草本植物多样性显著增加,不利于群落的正向演替。     

Carbon distribution of a well- and poorly-drained black spruce fire chronosequence

The objective of this study was to quantify carbon (C) distribution for boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) stands comprising a fire chronosequence in northern Manitoba, Canada. The experimental design included seven well‐drained (dry) and seven poorly‐drained (wet) stands that burned between 1998 and 1850. Vegetation C pools (above‐ground + below‐ground) steadily increased from 1.3 to 83.3 t C ha^?1 for the dry chronosequence, and from 0.6 to 37.4 t C ha^?1 for the wet chronosequence. The detritus C pools (woody debris + forest floor) varied from 10.3 to 96.0 t C ha^?1 and from 12.6 to 77.4 t C ha^?1 for the dry and wet chronosequence, respectively. Overstorey biomass, mean annual biomass increment (MAI), woody debris mass, and litterfall were significantly greater (α = 0.05) for the dry stands than for the wet stands, but the bryophyte, understorey, and forest floor C pools were significantly less for the dry than for the wet stands. The root mass ratio decreased with stand age until 37 years after fire, was fairly constant thereafter, and was not significantly affected by soil drainage. The C pools of the overstorey and bryophyte tended to increase with stand age. Foliage biomass, litterfall, and MAI (for the dry stands) peaked at 71 years after fire and declined in the oldest stands. The results from this study illustrate that the effects of disturbance and edaphic conditions must be accounted for in boreal forest C inventories and C models. The appropriateness of using chronosequences to examine effects of wildfire on ecosystem C distribution is discussed.     

火干扰强度对大兴安岭森林地上植被碳储量的影响

以大兴安岭呼中林区不同强度的火烧迹地为研究对象,对森林地上植被(乔木层、灌木层和草本层)碳储量进行分层采样,采用异速生长方程和生物量收获法获得各层生物量并转换为碳储量,分析了不同火烧强度下研究区地上植被碳储量的差异.结果表明: 火烧强度显著影响研究区森林地上植被碳储量,表现为未火烧＞轻度火烧＞中度火烧＞重度火烧.相同火烧强度下,各林层碳储量变化状况表现为乔木层＞灌木层＞草本层.乔木层碳储量在不同火烧强度下表现为未火烧＞轻度火烧＞中度火烧＞重度火烧;灌木层碳储量在不同火烧强度下表现为轻度火烧>未火烧>中度火烧>重度火烧;草本层的碳储量在不同火烧强度下表现为轻度火烧>未火烧>重度火烧>中度火烧.火烧强度显著影响森林生态系统乔木层和草本层的碳储量,对灌木层碳储量的影响不显著.     

Recovery of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Young Boreal Forests: A Comparison of Harvesting and Wildfire Disturbance

Corresponding with the increasing global resource demand, harvesting now affects millions of hectares of boreal forest each year, and yet our understanding of harvesting impacts on boreal carbon (C) dynamics relative to wildfire remains unclear. We provide a direct comparison of C stocks following clearcut harvesting and fire over a 27-year chronosequence in the boreal forest of central Canada. Whereas many past studies have lacked measurement of all major C pools, we attempt to provide complete C pool coverage, including live biomass, deadwood, forest floor, and mineral soil C pools. The relative contribution of each C pool to total ecosystem C varied considerably between disturbance types. Live biomass C was significantly higher following harvesting compared with fire because of residual live trees and advanced regeneration. Conversely, most live biomass was killed following fire, and thus post-fire stands contained higher stocks of deadwood C. Snag and stump C mass peaked immediately following fire, but dramatically decreased 8 years after fire as dead trees began to fall over, contributing to the downed woody debris C pool. Forest floor C mass was substantially lower shortly after fire than harvesting, but this pool converged 8 years after fire and harvesting. When total ecosystem C stocks were examined, we found no significant difference during early stand development between harvesting and fire. Maximum total ecosystem C occurred at age 27 years, 185.1 ± 18.2 and 163.6 ± 8.0 Mg C ha^?1 for harvesting and fire, respectively. Our results indicate strong differences in individual C pools, but similar total ecosystem C after fire and clearcutting in boreal forests, and shall help improve modeling terrestrial C flux after stand-replacing disturbances.     

Fire and site type effects on the long-term carbon and nitrogen balance in pristine Siberian Scots pine forests

Effects of fire and site type on carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) balances were determined by following the change of total and component C and N pools along four chronosequences of fire-prone Siberian Scots pine ecosystems. These differed in the mean return interval of surface fires (unburned – moderately burned, 40 years – heavily burned, 25 years) and site quality (lichen versus Vaccinium site type). Of the Vaccinium site type (higher site quality) only a moderately burned chronosequence was studied. A total of 22 even-aged stands were investigated with stand ages ranging from 2 to 383 years. The C balance was dominated by the opposing dynamics of coarse woody debris (CWD) and biomass and could be divided into three phases: (1) Young stands (up to 40 years)acted as a net source for C of 6-10 mol C m-2 year-1 because the previous generation CWD pool originating from stand-replacing crown fires decayed much faster than biomass increased. During this period the C pool in the unburned lichen type chronosequence decreased from 807 to 480 mol C m-2. (2) Middle aged stands (40-100 years) being in a stage of maximum biomass accumulation were a net sink of 8-10 mol C m-2 year-1. (3)Maturestands (100 to > 350 years) continued to sequester C at a lower rate (0.8-2.5mol C m-2 year-1). Differences in the rates of C sequestration during the two later phases could be explained by the complex interaction between surface fire regime and site type. Recurrent surface fires resulted in enhanced mortality and regularly redistributed C from the living to the CWD pool thereby lowering the rate of C sequestration. Site quality determined the potential to recover from disturbance by fire events. Differences in site type did not correlate with soil and total ecosystem N pool size. However, the N status of needles as well as the N pool of physiologically active tissue was highest in the stands of the Vaccinium type. The woody C pool (biomass + CWD) was sensitive to differences in surface fire regime and site type. It was lowest in the heavily burned lichen type chronosequence (297 ± 108 mol C m-2), intermediate in the unburned and moderately burned lichen type chronosequence (571 ± 179 mol C m-2) and highest in the moderately burned Vaccinium type chronosequence (810 ± 334 mol C m-2). In contrast, the total soil C pool (organic plus mineral layer down to a depth of 25 cm) was independent of stand age, surface fire regimeand site type and fluctuated around a value of 250 mol C m-2. The organic layer C pool oscillated in response to recurring surface fires and its C pool was dependent on time since fire increasing at a rate of about 1.5 mol C m-2 year-during the first 40 years and then reaching a plateau of 170 mol C m-2. The total ecosystem N pool was 7.4 ± 1.5 mol N m-2 on average of which only 25 % were stored in biomass or coarse woody debris. Total ecosystem N was independent of stand age, surface fire regime and site type. No correlation was found between total ecosystem C and N pools. Average total ecosystem C:N ratio was 114 ± 35 mol C mol N-1. A conceptual model illustrating how changes in the regime of stand-replacing crown fires and recurrent surface fires and changes in site quality interact in determining the long-term C balance in Siberian Scots pine forests is presented.     

Effects of stand composition on fire hazard in mixed‐wood Canadian boreal forest

Abstract. Surface fuels were examined in 48 stands of the Canadian mixed‐wood boreal forest. Tree canopy was characterized with the point‐centred quadrant method and stands were characterized as deciduous, mixed‐deciduous, mixed‐coniferous or coniferous according to the percentage of conifer basal area. Woody debris loadings were measured with the line intersect method and the litter, duff, shrub loads and depths or heights were sampled with various quadrats. No significant difference was found among stand types for total woody debris load, large basal diameter shrub loads and load or depth of litter and duff. However, conifer stands had significantly heavier loads of small diameter elements (twigs and shrubs) and conifer pieces were more numerous within these stands than in deciduous stands. The BEHAVE prediction system was used to evaluate the impact of these differences on the potential of fire ignition in situations where topography and weather were constant. The qualitative and quantitative changes in fuels, resulting from species replacement and fast decay rates, influence fire hazard. Simulations of fire behaviour showed that in the mixed‐wood boreal forest fires were less intense and spread more slowly in deciduous stands than in mixed or coniferous stands. Moreover, spring fires were more intense than summer fires, and differences between seasons increased with the increase of deciduous basal area.     

The Imprint of Land-use History: Patterns of Carbon and Nitrogen in Downed Woody Debris at the Harvard Forest

Few data sets have characterized carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools in woody debris at sites where other aspects of C and N cycling are studied and histories of land use and disturbance are well documented. We quantified pools of mass, C, and N in fine and coarse woody debris (CWD) in two contrasting stands: a 73-year-old red pine plantation on abandoned agricultural land and a naturally regenerated deciduous forest that has experienced several disturbances in the past 150 years. Masses of downed woody debris amounted to 40.0 Mg ha⁻¹ in the coniferous stand and 26.9 Mg ha⁻¹ in the deciduous forest (20.4 and 13.8 Mg C ha⁻¹, respectively). Concentrations of N were higher and C:N ratios were lower in the deciduous forest compared to the coniferous. Pools of N amounted to 146 kg N ha⁻¹ in the coniferous stand and 155 kg N ha⁻¹ in the deciduous forest; both are larger than previously published pools of N in woody debris of temperate forests. Woody detritus buried in O horizons was minimal in these forests, contrary to previous findings in forests of New England. Differences in the patterns of mass, C, and N in size and decay classes of woody debris were related to stand histories. In the naturally regenerated deciduous forest, detritus was distributed across all size categories, and most CWD mass and N was present in the most advanced decay stages. In the coniferous plantation, nearly all of the CWD mass was present in the smallest size class (less than 25 cm diameter), and a recognizable cohort of decayed stems was evident from the stem-exclusion phase of this even-aged stand. These results indicate that heterogeneities in site histories should be explicitly included when biogeochemical process models are used to scale C and N stocks in woody debris to landscapes and regions. Received 27 April 2001; accepted 4 January 2002.     

火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下层植物多样性的影响

在景观尺度自然火干扰历史研究的基础上,采用1个物种丰富度指数（物种数 S）、2个均匀度指数（Pielou均匀度指数Eh＇和Alatalo均匀度指数E）、3个物种多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数H＇,Hill多样性指数N1和N2）共6个？多样性指数,研究了长期火干扰与最近一次火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下木层、草本层及下层总体的植物多样性的影响.研究结果表明,本区下层植物的物种数、均匀度指数和多样性指数都以下木层显著大于草本层,因而下木层对下层植物总体生物多样性的贡献最大,也是主要影响因子.火干扰对下木层、草本层和下层总体的物种丰富度和物种多样性有显著影响,而对均匀度的影响不显著.长期的火干扰影响下,下木层、草本层和下层总体的物种数、各类均匀度指数和物种多样性指数都呈现如下格局：高频类＞中频类＞低频类,低强类＞中强类＞高强类.最近一次火干扰影响下,各个生物多样性指数都表现为一致的趋势：低强类＞中强类＞高强类;短期类＞长期类＞中期类.下层植物多样性与火干扰的关系是长期适应的结果.     

Linking wood-decay fungal communities to decay rates: Using a long-term experimental manipulation of deadwood and canopy gaps

Decomposition transfers carbon (C) from detrital organic matter to soil and atmospheric pools. In forested ecosystems, deadwood accounts for a large proportion of the detrital C pool and is primarily decomposed by wood-inhabiting fungi (WIF). Deadwood reductions linked to forest harvesting may alter WIF richness and composition, thus indirectly influencing the persistence of deadwood and its contribution to C and nutrient cycling. Forest structure was enhanced via canopy gap creation and coarse woody debris (CWD) addition that mimic natural disturbance by windfall within a deciduous northern hardwood forest (Wisconsin, USA) to examine its effect on deadwood-associated biodiversity and function. Experimental sugar maple (Acer saccharum) logs were sampled, for DNA extraction, ten years after placement to determine the assembly of fungal community composition and its relationship to wood decay rates.Our findings suggest that the WIF community responded to gap disturbance by favoring species able to persist under more extreme microclimates caused by gaps. CWD addition under closed canopy tended to favor a different species assemblage from gap creation treatments and the control, where canopy was undisturbed and CWD was not added. This was presumably due to consistent microclimatic conditions and the abundance of CWD substrates for host specialists. Fungal OTU richness was significantly and inversely related to CWD decay rates, likely due to competition for resources. In contrast, fungal OTU composition was not significantly related to CWD decay rates, canopy openness or CWD addition amounts. Our study site represents a diverse fungal community in which complex interactions among wood-inhabiting organisms and abiotic factors are likely to slow CWD decomposition, which suggests that maintaining a biodiverse and microsite-rich ecosystem may enhance the capacity for C storage within temperate forests.