象山港网箱养殖区水体和沉积物的细菌生态分布

2006年1月和10月对象山港网箱养殖区细菌数量分布及群落结构进行研究,并与周边非养殖海域进行了比较。结果显示水体和沉积物细菌数量均呈现10月份1月份、网箱养殖区网箱外侧对照区近湾顶对照区近湾口对照区的分布特点,其中网箱养殖区水体异养细菌、弧菌数量分别在1.0×106—7.2×107CFU/L和1.6×105—1.3×106CFU/L之间,沉积物异养细菌、弧菌数量分别在5.9×102—6.1×105CFU/g和8.0×101—7.4×104CFU/g之间。网箱养殖区水体分离细菌89株,归属于12个属,其中不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)等为优势菌属;沉积物分离细菌136株,归属于10个属,其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)等为优势菌属。由于长期受到高营养盐、高有机质等外界条件的选择作用,网箱区及网箱外侧对照区海域的细菌群落多样性较低,某些特定的细菌类群富集。研究表明网箱养殖区的细菌分布和菌属组成特征与养殖自身污染密切相关,并且养殖过程对细菌群落产生的影响已扩展至网箱外侧的邻近海域。     

异育银鲫养殖环境典型病原微生物检测和细菌群落解析

【背景】水产养殖病害是限制淡水渔业发展的一个重要因素,养殖环境的微生物状况与鱼类健康紧密相关,已引起人们广泛关注。【目的】阐明养殖水体和沉积物中病原微生物丰度和细菌群落多样性变化特征。【方法】利用荧光定量PCR方法和末端限制性片段长度多态性(Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术,对异育银鲫养殖环境水体和沉积物中的典型病原微生物进行定量检测,以及细菌群落多样性分析。【结果】养殖过程中病原菌丰度呈现不同的变化趋势,嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、温和气单胞菌(A. sobria)和维氏气单胞菌(A. veronii)与鲤疱疹病毒Ⅱ型丰度变化呈显著正相关。水体中病原菌丰度受pH、温度和溶解氧等环境因子的影响显著。T-RFLP分析表明沉积物样品较水体样品细菌群落组成复杂,并且沉积物细菌群落动态变化幅度高于水体。水体和沉积物中细菌T-RFs数量范围分别在11-29和20-32之间,Shannon-wiener指数在1.44-2.87和2.44-3.25之间。【结论】养殖水体中的病原菌丰度高于沉积物,而沉积物细菌群落丰富度和多样性高于水体。病原菌丰度和细菌群落结构变化与环境因子密切相关,明确养殖池塘环境中病原微生物的生态分布和丰度变化,将为指导养殖过程中病原性疾病发生早期预警提供理论依据。     

象山港网箱养殖区与非养殖区的细菌群落分布

近海集约化养殖是导致我国近海污染的主要来源之一。浮游细菌在近海生态系统的物质循环过程中发挥重要作用,研究海洋浮游细菌群落对养殖活动的响应,对于指示和评价海水养殖生态系统健康具有重要意义。采集了象山港网箱养殖区与非养殖区3个深度,包括表层(0.5 m)、中层(2.5 m)、底层(8.0 m)的水样,利用焦磷酸测序技术测定16S rRNA基因,研究浮游细菌的群落结构和多样性。结果表明:网箱养殖活动不仅使得附近区域水体理化性质发生改变,如化学需氧量浓度显著高于非养殖区域,而且显著地(P0.05)改变了浮游细菌的群落结构,但不同深度间群落结构和多样性的差异不显著。网箱养殖区和非养殖区中主要浮游细菌类群为α-变形菌(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌(Gammaproteobacteria)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌(Actinobacteria)、β-变形菌(Betaproteobacteria)、ε-变形菌(Epsilonproteobacteria)和其它变形菌(Unclassified Proteobacteria),占细菌总序列数的98.64%。有些细菌类群的平均相对丰度从网箱区到非养殖区差异显著,如拟杆菌(P0.01)和放线菌(P0.05)显著降低,而γ-变形菌(P0.05)显著增加。相似度分析表明γ-变形菌、α-变形菌和拟杆菌是造成网箱区和非养殖区群落差异的主要类群,对群落差异总贡献率达到45.02%。偏冗余分析表明,影响细菌群落分布的主要环境因子有化学需氧量、磷酸盐、铵盐和总有机碳,共解释38.18%的群落变异,空间距离单独解释10.66%的群落变异。实验结果表明,养殖活动导致浮游细菌群落的改变,其中拟杆菌、放线菌和γ-变形菌的丰度显著变化,可能用于评价养殖水体的水质状况。     

青石斑鱼海水循环水养殖水体的细菌群落特征北大核心CSCD

【目的】为揭示工厂化循环水青石斑鱼养殖水体的细菌群落特征,比较患病养殖池与健康养殖池的细菌群落结构差异,探讨细菌群落结构与青石斑鱼病害相关的相关性。【方法】采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序方法,分析比较了患病和健康养殖水体细菌群落结构、α-多样性指数(包括多度、均一度和系统发育多样性);并结合传统方法从患病青石斑鱼病灶部位分离疑似病原菌。【结果】患病和健康养殖水体中细菌群落的α-多样性并无太大差异,但主坐标分析与热图样本聚类分析表明细菌群落结构明显不同。二者的优势细菌门均为Proteobacteria、Verrucomicrobia和Bacteroidetes,但它们的相对丰度差异显著。患病养殖水体中α-Proteobacteria(25.07%)和γ-Protebacteria(22.74%)丰度相当,而健康养殖水体中γ-Protebacteria(40.49%)显著高于α-Proteobacteria(10.87%)。患病水体的Verrucomicrobia丰度(26.4%)远高于健康水体(10.9%);而Bacteroidetes的相对丰度则相反(12.3%vs 20.9%)。主要的差异类群包括α-Proteobacteria的Rhodobacteraceae和Rhodospirillaceae,γ-Proteobacteria的Alteromonadaceae、HTCC2188和Oceanospirillaceae,Verrucomicrobia的Verrucomicrobiaceae和Bacteroidetes的Cryomorphaceae。更表现在核心微生物类群的差异,健康养殖池水体以Glaciecola、HTCC、Sediminicola、Prevotella等对于养殖动物有益或无害的属为核心微生物;而患病养殖池水体则以Vibrio、Rubritalea、Oleibacter等病原菌或对养殖动物不利的属为核心微生物。从患病青石斑鱼的皮肤、肝脏和脾脏共分离得到弧菌20株,Acinetobacter haemolyticus 1株。【结论】患病的青石斑鱼循环水养殖水体中的细菌群落明显不同于健康养殖水体,特别是核心微生物的差异,其以Vibrio等病原菌或对养殖动物不利的属为主。该结果为青石斑鱼循环水养殖系统的管理、病害的诊断和监测提供理论与实验基础。     

基于高通量测序的缢蛏及其养殖池塘菌群结构的季节变化

为探究缢蛏养殖过程中养殖环境和缢蛏体内的细菌群落结构季节变化特征及其与环境因子的相关性,采用高通量测序技术对缢蛏养殖池塘的水体、沉积物及缢蛏内脏团细菌菌群进行了研究.结果表明: 水体中冬季的细菌菌群结构与其他3季差异显著,沉积物和缢蛏内脏团4季的细菌菌群结构均无显著差异.水体各季节细菌群落的Shannon多样性指数无明显差异,沉积物及缢蛏内脏团细菌群落Shannon多样性指数夏季最低,冬季最高.门水平上,蓝细菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门为水体的优势菌群;变形菌门、绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门为沉积物的优势菌群;柔膜菌门和变形菌门为缢蛏内脏团的优势菌群.属水平上,水体冬季的优势菌属为NS3a_marine_group,而其余3季为聚球藻属;沉积物优势菌属为厌氧绳菌科下的一类菌属norank_f_Anaerolineacea和硝化螺旋菌属;内脏团优势菌属为支原体属和弓形菌属.环境因子与菌群的相关性分析表明: 水体的优势菌属聚球藻属与水温、化学需氧量(COD)、PO₄^--P、NH₄⁺-N、pH和透明度呈正相关;沉积物的优势菌属厌氧绳菌科菌属norank_f_Anaerolineacea与COD、水温、总磷呈正相关;缢蛏内脏团的优势菌属支原体属与水温、pH、NH₄⁺-N、PO₄^--P和透明度呈正相关.这表明不同季节的缢蛏养殖池塘及缢蛏体内细菌群落结构及多样性差异较大,水体细菌菌群受养殖环境的影响明显,尤其是水温及氮磷含量.     

海水混养池塘虾蛤肠道与养殖环境的微生物多样性

【背景】海水混养池塘环境微生物以及动物肠道微生物的群落结构已有研究,但对混养环境中多品种动物肠道与环境微生物群落的关系尚未见报道。【目的】研究海水虾蛤混养环境中微生物多样性以及与养殖动物健康之间的关系。【方法】采用Illumina高通量测序技术测定冬季莆田市北江养殖区2个混养池塘中水体、底泥以及虾蛤肠道的菌群结构。【结果】同一池塘水体与底泥之间、不同池塘水体或底泥之间的微生物结构存在一定的差异;同一养殖区2个混养池塘虾与蛤肠道微生物结构之间具有极高的相似性,与养殖环境存在显著的差异。微生物多样性和丰富度差异很大,表现出底泥水体肠道;虾蛤肠道微生物以厚壁细菌和γ-变形细菌为主;池塘水体以放线菌、α-变形细菌以及拟杆菌为主,底泥以γ-变形细菌和δ-变形细菌为主。养殖动物肠道微生物主要优势种为乳球菌属和假单胞菌属,池塘环境内存在较高丰度的黄杆菌类潜在致病菌,而在虾和蛤的肠道中基本未检出。2个池塘底泥硫还原细菌含量较高,增加了底质产生硫化氢等有害物质的风险。【结论】比较混养池塘中水体、底泥以及虾蛤肠道三者之间微生物群落结构的差异,揭示虾、贝混养模式微生物与养殖环境的关系,为池塘养殖虾、贝疾病防治和混养结构的优化提供参考。     

大黄鱼养殖网箱内外细菌的数量分布及区系组成

目的 调查舟山市大黄鱼养殖网箱内外异养细菌、弧菌、大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群等的数量分布,并研究水体中异养细菌的区系组成。方法 异养细菌和弧菌的计数采用平板菌落计数法;大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群的计数采用MPN法;异养细菌参照O1iver提供的海洋细菌鉴定检索图、《海洋调查规范》和《一般细菌常用鉴定方法》提供的图式鉴定至属。结果 细菌的数量呈现出明显的季节性波动,并且网箱内细菌的数量要普遍高于网箱外,所分离到的细菌经鉴定可归于莫拉菌属（Moraxella）、不动细菌属（Acinetobacter）、弧菌属（Vibrio）、梭状芽胞杆菌属（Clostridium）和气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）等11个菌属。结论 通过监控网箱养殖水体中异养细菌和弧菌的数量波动,可以提前预警大黄鱼病害的发生.     

水产养殖不同物种对水体和沉积物中细菌群落的影响

为探究水产养殖中养殖不同物种对水体和沉积物中细菌群落的影响,以养殖克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii, PC)和中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis, PS)的水体和沉积物样品为研究对象,利用基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术,对细菌群落多样性和群落组成进行分析,并结合环境因子,探究水产养殖对细菌群落的影响。结果显示,水体和沉积物中细菌群落的α多样性均呈现PS>PC的显著差异(P<0.05)。非度量多维尺度分析的结果显示,PC和PS区的水体和沉积物细菌群落结构均呈现明显差异。冗余分析(RDA)的结果表明,水体氨氮(NH~+₄-N)和硝酸盐氮(NO~-₃-N)是影响水体细菌群落结构的最主要环境因子,沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机碳(OC)均对沉积物细菌群落结构有显著影响(P<0.05)。PC和PS区中的细菌隶属于34门、114纲、258目、504科和955属,水体中共筛选出了11个优势菌门(相对丰度>0.5%),沉积物中筛选出了13个。2个养殖区域的水体样品中共筛选出了15个优势(...     

不同季节使用微生态制剂后养殖海水细菌群落特征

细菌是维持养殖水体稳定的重要类群,可以反映出水质情况,微生态制剂作为一种可以去除有害物质的生物方法,目前被广泛应用。了解微生态制剂在投入养殖海水后细菌群落结构和多样性变化,探讨不同季节的水质环境因子对细菌群落的影响。通过高通量测序技术对细菌16S rRNA V3、V4区进行扩增,分析冬、春、夏3个季节下使用完商品型菌剂后,养殖海水中细菌群落分布规律及其多样性,采用冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)探讨不同季节的水质指标与细菌群落之间的关系。养殖海水中细菌多样性丰富,3个季节主要的优势菌门为变形菌门和拟杆菌门,其中Tenacibaculum(38.28%),卓贝尔氏菌属(Zobellella,30.78%)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas,13.55%)为冬季优势属;Glycocaulis(34.00%)、盐单胞菌属(11.36%)、Planktosalinus(9.67%)为春季优势属;Pseudofulvimonas(28.94%)、Zobellella(17.51%)、Planktosalinus(15.86%)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter,12.30%)为夏季优势属,不同时期细菌属水平发生显著变化。RDA分析表明,不同时期水质环境因子对细菌群落影响不同,温度、盐度、pH、溶解氧与3个季节中10个优势属的丰度有显著相关性,冬季和春季优势属主要与盐度和溶解氧呈正相关,夏季优势属主要与温度和p H呈显著正相关。微生态制剂在净化养殖水体方面有很大优势,其在不同季节中应用虽细菌群落结构和多样性产生一定变化,但整体都发挥出各自的调控能力,该研究为以后养殖海水治理和微生态制剂应用提供新的思路。     

凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖系统中不同生境细菌群落特征

【目的】凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖系统(biofloc-based culture system, BFS)是一种基于培育和调控微生物群落的新型生态养殖模式。然而,目前对于BFS在不同生境中的微生物群落特征及其构建过程还不清楚。【方法】采用16S rRNA基因测序技术探究BFS在3种不同生境(水体、絮团和对虾肠道)的细菌群落组成;通过溯源分析和中性模型等方法,探究不同生境细菌群落的特征及其构建过程。【结果】3种生境的微生物群落多样性和组成具有显著性差异,絮团和对虾肠道的群落结构和组成最为相似,溯源结果显示对虾肠道有98.76%的细菌类群来自絮团,仅有0.83%的细菌类群来自水体;3种生境共有的细菌主要为鲁杰氏菌(Ruegeria),在水体、絮团和对虾肠道中的丰度分别为1.72%、7.34%和6.00%,水体中特有的扩增子变异序列(amplicon sequence variants, ASV)数量为89个,主要属于海茎状菌(Maricaulis)和欧文威克斯菌(Owenweeksia),絮团中有56个,主要为莱茵海默氏菌(Rheinheimera),而对虾肠道中仅有10个,主要属于玫瑰杆菌(Roseobacter);中性模型结果表明,水体、絮团和对虾肠道细菌群落构建均符合中性模型,表明3种生境中细菌群落构建均受中性过程主导。【结论】在BFS系统中,不同生境的微生物群落具有显著差异,对虾肠道细菌主要来自生物絮团,而3种生境的细菌群落构建过程由中性过程主导。这些结果为调控生物絮团养殖系统中微生物群落提供了理论依据。     

Mitochondrial DNA sequences of six sturgeon species and phylogenetic relationships within Acipenseridae

Studies on mitochondrial DNA variability amongst six sturgeon species reared in Italian aquaculture plants are reported. Restriction analysis by Rsal of mitochondrial cytochrome b and D-loop fragments amplified by PCR permitted identification of interspecific variations that would be suitable as markers for species diagnosis. Data obtained by partial sequencing of the cytochrome b gene, analyzed through maximum parsimony, neighbour joining, and UPGMA distance methods, revealed species clusters that support previous morpho-meristic and geographical data for sturgeon classification into sub-genera. According to our cluster analysis, the genera Acipenser and Huso are monophyletic. Moreover, these and previous cytogenetic data suggest that three 120-chromosome species (H. huso, H. dauricus and A. ruthenus) are at the base of sturgeon differentiation, which occurred through two different events of polyploidization.     

Environmental influences on and antimicrobial activity of the skin microbiota of Proceratophrys boiei (Amphibia,Anura) across forest fragments

The composition of the skin microbiota of amphibians is related to the biology of host species and environmental microbial communities. In this system, the environment serves as a microbial source and can modulate the hosted community. When habitats are fragmented and the environment disturbed, changes in the structure of this microbial community are expected. One important potential consequence of fragmentation is a compromised protective function of the microbiota against pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the skin microbiota of the amphibian Proceratophrys boiei was characterized, evaluated for relationships with environmental variables and environmental sources of microbial communities, and its diversity evaluated for frog populations from fragmented and continuous forests. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of this skin community was studied in frogs from both forest types. Culture methods and 16S rRNA high‐throughput gene sequencing were used to characterize the microbial community and demonstrated that the skin microbiota of P. boiei is more closely related to the soil microbial communities than those inhabiting water bodies or fragment matrix, the unforested area around the forested fragment. The microbial diversity and abundance of P. boiei skin microbiota are different between continuous forests and fragments. This community is correlated with environmental variables, especially with temperature of microhabitat and distance to human dwelling. All individuals of P. boiei harbored bacteria capable of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and different strains of the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and a total of 27 bacterial genera were detected. The results of this study indicate that the persistence of populations of this species will need balanced and sustained interactions among host, microorganisms, and environment.     

海水养殖杂交鲟的行为习性

对海水养殖条件下杂交鲟的行为习性进行观察.结果表明,杂交鲟对干露的耐受力较强,干露1 h存活率100%,干露3 h存活率74.1%;食性可以驯化,能以全植物性蛋白源为饲料,耐饥饿能力强;摄食节律明显,在水泥池内养殖形成早晨、傍晚两个摄食高峰,深水网箱养殖在接近早晨、傍晚的平潮或停潮时间内形成两个摄食高峰,在这两个摄食高峰的摄食量超过日摄食总量的50%;水泥池养殖的杂交鲟具有昼伏夜出习性,深水网箱养殖的杂交鲟流急时在网箱底部活动、流缓时到水层中游动;杂交鲟抗流速、抗波浪能力较美国红鱼差、较大黄鱼强.杂交鲟能较快适应海水养殖环境,放入深水网箱养殖的杂交鲟规格宜在400 g左右.     

Sturgeon aquaculture in China: status of current difficulties as well as future strategies based on 2002–2006/2007 surveys in eleven provinces

A nationwide survey in July and August 2007 employed a representative sample of Chinese sturgeon farms from 2002–2006/2007, including data from previous surveys and official statistics dating back to 1998, showing that the development of China’s sturgeon aquaculture has progressed steadily in the past few years. Acipenser baerii and Amur hybrids (Acipenser schrenckii × Huso dauricus) have become the dominant cultured species, accounting for 80% of total production. Production centers moved from the southeastern coast towards the midwestern inland provinces, where cold freshwater resources are available in abundance. The paper presents production trends as well as the price structure for commercial fish/meat and juveniles in the various provinces and also considers import and export data for products, fertilized eggs and fingerlings. Results show that: (i) production of juveniles in hatcheries has risen only slightly during the survey period; (ii) the number of larvae obtained from the wild gradually declines each year; (iii) the price for commercial fish/meat drastically declined between 1998 to 2002, but remained stable from 2002 to 2007; and (iv) total production from the 83 surveyed farms was almost stable from 2002 to 2007. Major problems influencing sustainable development of sturgeon aquaculture were identified, including: (i) insufficient domestic supply of larvae and the ban for commercial use of A. sinensis; (ii) disorganized hybridization; (iii) the potential threat to the genetics of natural stocks in the Yangtze River; (iv) diseases originating from environmental pollution and poor‐quality fish feed; (v) limited domestic markets; (vi) low volume of sturgeon export due to lack of intensive processing; and (vii) lack of organizational structure in the industry.     

不同养殖场林麝肠道微生物组成和功能的差异

肠道疾病是养殖林麝(Moschus berezovskii)常见疾病。动物肠道微生物伴随宿主进化并与胃肠道构成了复杂的微生态系统。为探究不同饲养环境对圈养林麝肠道微生物组成和功能的影响,本研究对采自国内5个不同养殖场的215份粪便样品进行了16S rRNA基因高通量测序,对比分析不同养殖场林麝肠道微生物组成、多样性和功能的差异。结果显示,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门是未喂食复合益生菌的祁连县养殖场林麝肠道菌群的绝对优势菌门,而喂食复合益生菌的甘肃两当县和陕西凤县的4家养殖场林麝肠道菌群的绝对优势菌门为厚壁菌门和变形菌门。不同养殖场林麝肠道菌群组成、优势菌门、优势菌属、潜在致病菌、代谢及疾病相关功能均有显著差异。祁连县养殖场林麝肠道微生物的α多样性和疾病相关功能表达量显著低于其他养殖场,并以肠型2为主,其主导菌为厚壁菌门、UCG-005和拟杆菌属;两当县和凤县的4家养殖场林麝肠道菌群潜在致病菌相对丰度较低。本研究推测食物组成差异可能是导致不同养殖场林麝肠道微生物差异的主要因素,复合益生菌的使用可能是导致α多样性和潜在致病菌下降的重要因素。该结果可为林麝的人工养殖和有效管理提供科学依据,也对人工饲养...     

Ecological theory as a foundation to control pathogenic invasion in aquaculture

Detrimental host–pathogen interactions are a normal phenomenon in aquaculture animal production, and have been counteracted by prophylactic use of antibiotics. Especially, the youngest life stages of cultivated aquatic animals are susceptible to pathogen invasion, resulting in disease and mortality. To establish a more sustainable aquatic food production, there is a need for new microbial management strategies that focus on ‘join them'' and not the traditional ‘beat them'' approaches. We argue that ecological theory could serve as a foundation for developing sustainable microbial management methods that prevent pathogenic disease in larviculture. Management of the water microbiota in aquaculture systems according to ecological selection principles has been shown to decrease opportunistic pathogen pressure and to result in an improved performance of the cultured animals. We hypothesize that manipulation of the biodiversity of the gut microbiota can increase the host''s resistance against pathogenic invasion and infection. However, substantial barriers need to be overcome before active management of the intestinal microbiota can effectively be applied in larviculture.     

Metagenome plasticity of the bovine abomasal microbiota in immune animals in response to Ostertagia ostertagi infection

Infections in cattle by the abomasal nematode Ostertagia ostertagi result in impaired gastrointestinal function. Six partially immune animals were developed using multiple drug-attenuated infections, and these animals displayed reduced worm burdens and a slightly elevated abomasal pH upon reinfection. In this study, we characterized the abomasal microbiota in response to reinfection using metagenomic tools. Compared to uninfected controls, infection did not induce a significant change in the microbial community composition in immune animals. 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis identified 15 phyla in the bovine abomasal microbiota with Bacteroidetes (60.5%), Firmicutes (27.1%), Proteobacteria (7.2%), Spirochates (2.9%), and Fibrobacteres (1.5%) being the most predominant. The number of prokaryotic genera and operational taxonomic units (OTU) identified in the abomasal microbial community was 70.8±19.8 (mean ± SD) and 90.3±2.9, respectively. However, the core microbiome comprised of 32 genera and 72 OTU. Infection seemingly had a minimal impact on the abomasal microbial diversity at a genus level in immune animals. Proteins predicted from whole genome shotgun (WGS) DNA sequences were assigned to 5,408 Pfam and 3,381 COG families, demonstrating dazzling arrays of functional diversity in bovine abomasal microbial communities. However, none of COG functional classes were significantly impacted by infection. Our results demonstrate that immune animals may develop abilities to maintain proper stability of their abomasal microbial ecosystem. A minimal disruption in the bovine abomasal microbiota by reinfection may contribute equally to the restoration of gastric function in immune animals.     

Pyrosequencing-based analysis of the mucosal microbiota in healthy individuals reveals ubiquitous bacterial groups and micro-heterogeneity

This study used 16S rRNA-based pyrosequencing to examine the microbial community that is closely associated with the colonic mucosa of five healthy individuals. Spatial heterogeneity in microbiota was measured at right colon, left colon and rectum, and between biopsy duplicates spaced 1 cm apart. The data demonstrate that mucosal-associated microbiota is comprised of Firmicutes (50.9% ± 21.3%), Bacteroidetes (40.2% ± 23.8%) and Proteobacteria (8.6%± 4.7%), and that interindividual differences were apparent. Among the genera, Bacteroides, Leuconostoc and Weissella were present at high abundance (4.6% to 41.2%) in more than 90% of the studied biopsy samples. Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Blautia, Faecalibacterium, Veillonella, and several unclassified bacterial groups were also ubiquitously present at an abundance <7.0% of total microbial community. With the exception of one individual, the mucosal-associated microbiota was relatively homogeneous along the colon (average 61% Bray-Curtis similarity). However, micro-heterogeneity was observed in biopsy duplicates within defined colonic sites for three of the individuals. A weak but significant Mantel correlation of 0.13 was observed between the abundance of acidomucins and mucosal-associated microbiota (P-value = 0.04), indicating that the localized biochemical differences may contribute in part to the micro-heterogeneity. This study provided a detailed insight to the baseline mucosal microbiota along the colon, and revealed the existence of micro-heterogeneity within defined colonic sites for certain individuals.     

Perturbation dynamics of the rumen microbiota in response to exogenous butyrate

The capacity of the rumen microbiota to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs) has important implications in animal well-being and production. We investigated temporal changes of the rumen microbiota in response to butyrate infusion using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Twenty one phyla were identified in the rumen microbiota of dairy cows. The rumen microbiota harbored 54.5±6.1 genera (mean ± SD) and 127.3±4.4 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), respectively. However, the core microbiome comprised of 26 genera and 82 OTUs. Butyrate infusion altered molar percentages of 3 major VFAs. Butyrate perturbation had a profound impact on the rumen microbial composition. A 72 h-infusion led to a significant change in the numbers of sequence reads derived from 4 phyla, including 2 most abundant phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. As many as 19 genera and 43 OTUs were significantly impacted by butyrate infusion. Elevated butyrate levels in the rumen seemingly had a stimulating effect on butyrate-producing bacteria populations. The resilience of the rumen microbial ecosystem was evident as the abundance of the microorganisms returned to their pre-disturbed status after infusion withdrawal. Our findings provide insight into perturbation dynamics of the rumen microbial ecosystem and should guide efforts in formulating optimal uses of probiotic bacteria treating human diseases.