肠道病毒71型SHZH03株VP1基因的进化分析

构建了肠道病毒71型（EV71）中国（深圳）分离株SHZH03全基因组的8个相互重叠的克隆,对其全基因组7406bp的核苷酸进行序列测定,利用DNA—Star软件分析外壳蛋白基因VP1的遗传进化。结果表明,SHZH03和SHZH98与亚洲流行株中的台湾1998年流行株、日本1999年流行株的遗传距离较近,而与新加坡2000年和2001年流行株的遗传距离较远;SHZH03株与一些欧洲流行株有较大的差异。以上结果说明我国深圳地区流行的肠道病毒71型有可能来源于台湾1998年的EV71大规模流行时的毒株。     

新乡地区2011年肠道病毒71型VP1基因特征分析及手足口病流行特点

为了解新乡地区2011年肠道病毒71型(EV71)VP1基因特征及手足口病流行特点,采用荧光RT-PCR对临床诊断的粪便标本进行总肠道病毒(EV)、柯萨奇病毒A16(CA16)和EV71检测;选取10例EV71阳性标本进行VPl序列扩增并测序,所得序列进行同源性分析和构建系统发生树;对2011年新乡市手足口病疫情监测数据进行分析。结果显示,重症标本的EV71阳性率(73%)显著高于CA16阳性率(19%)(P<0.01);10株新乡EV71分离株的核苷酸及氨基酸差异分别为2.8%和0.9%,属于C4亚型的C4a簇;9株VP1区第170位氨基酸为A,1株为V;与近缘的C4a型代表株相比,新乡优势株的氨基酸变异一般发生在VP1第292位氨基酸(T→A);2011年新乡市共上报手足口临床诊断病例1118例,92%的发病年龄在3岁以下,发病高峰分别出现在4和12月份,提示一定要加强手足口病预防控制,寒冷天气尤其不能忽视。     

白介素18启动子区基因多态性与儿童EV71感染相关性研究

目的:研究白介素18基因启动子多态性与儿童EV71感染遗传易感性的关系.方法:收集EV71感染患儿177例,单纯HFMD组127例,HFMD并脑炎组50例,提取外周血DNA,用序列特异性引物-聚合酶链反应(SSP-PCR)技术及基因测序法检测IL-18启动子区-137G/C、-607A/C位点的基因多态性.结果:EV71感染患儿与健康儿童IL-18-607基因型以CA为主,AA、CC次之,EV71感染患儿AA基因型、A等位基因分布频率显著高于健康儿童.EV71感染HFMD并脑炎组患儿AA基因型分布显著高于单纯HFMD组患儿,差异有统计学意义.EV71感染患儿与健康儿童IL-18-137基因型以CC为主,CG次之,GG占少数.该位点基因型及等位基因在EV71感染组与健康儿童、单纯HFMD与HFMD并脑炎组的分布无显著差异.结论:IL-18基因多态性与EV71感染相关,IL-18-607AA基因型、A等位基因携带儿童更易感染EV71病毒,且AA基因型患儿易并发脑炎,-607AA基因型可能为EV71感染的易感基因型.-137C/G位点基因多态性与EV71感染无相关性.     

以主要流行EV71 VP1基因高度保守区为靶点的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

在我国,肠道病毒71型(enterovirus 71,EV71)C4型是引起手足口病的主要流行基因型。为建立EV71C4型TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法,在C4型EV71VP1基因的高保守区,设计合成引物和TaqMan探针,将包含此目的区段的基因片段克隆到pcDNA3.1载体中,通过体外转录获得标准品,并以梯度稀释的标准品为模板建立工作曲线,进而在优化反应条件的基础上建立TaqMan荧光实时定量PCR检测方法。实验中,所设计引物、探针的高度保守性保证了C4型EV71的高效扩增。经反应条件优化,引物和探针的最佳工作浓度分别为300 nmol/L和200 nmol/L,在1×10~301×10~3拷贝数检测范围内具有良好的线性关系(R~2=1),灵敏度可达到10~2 copies/μL。通过对该方法进行检验发现,批间和组间重复实验的变异系数均小于0.5%,且该方法对柯萨奇A16(coxsackievirus A16,CA16)柯萨奇B1(coxsackievirus B1,CB1)人轮状病毒(human rotavirus,HRV)单纯疱疹病毒2型(herpes Simplex virus type 2,HSV-2)均无交叉反应,对6份EV71阳性样本检出率为100%。以上数据表明,文中建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR方法可为我国主要流行C4型EV71感染的快速诊断及疾病监控提供有效途径。     

ICAM-1K469E 位点A 等位基因可降低EV71 手足口病发生率

目的:研究ICAM-1基因K469E位点、MCP-1A2518G位点基因多态性及sICAM-1、MCP-1在血清中表达水平与EV71手足口病的关系,探讨EV71型手足口病的遗传易感因素。方法:运用限制性片段长度多态性-聚合酶链反应(PCR-RFLP)检测急性期EV71感染阳性的手足口病患儿和正常儿童中ICAM-1K469E位点及MCP-1A2518G位点碱基变异情况,同时采用双夹心抗体法(ELISA)检测血清sICAM-l和MCP-1水平。结果:EV71手足口病组患儿血清中sICAM-l和MCP-1水平均显著高于正常对照组(P均<0.01)。EV71手足口病组ICAM-1K469E位点中,A等位基因的频率显著低于对照组(x2=6.897,P<0.01)。EV71手足口病组患儿MCP-1基因型分布、等位基因频率与对照组比较均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:sICAM-1表达水平和其基因K469E位点多态性与EV71手足口病有关,A等位基因可降低EV71手足口病发生率。MCP-1表达水平与EV71手足口病感染有关,但MCP-1A-2518G位点基因多态性与EV71手足口病感染无关。     

中国EV71病毒VP1蛋白生物信息学分析

以肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus71,EV71)VP1蛋白基因序列为基础,利用生物软件对EV71病毒中国分离株VP1蛋白进行进化树、N-糖基化位点、二级结构及抗原位点的预测和分析。结果显示国内分离株多为C4亚型,有3株湖南分离株为A型,提示疫苗的研发应着重于预防C4b亚型EV71疫苗的研发。     

肠道病毒71型外壳蛋白VP1在Pichia pastoris酵母中的表达

利用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT PCR)扩增肠道病毒71型(EV71)外壳蛋白VP1基因,经序列测定证实后,构建重组表达质粒pPIC9K/VP1,转化Pichiapastoris酵母宿主菌GS115,甲醇诱导表达。SDS PAGE分析显示:表达产物的分子量约为34kD,与天然VP1大小一致。凝胶薄层扫描分析显示:目的蛋白表达量占培养上清总蛋白的60%以上。ELISA实验表明,重组蛋白VP1具有较好的抗原性。使用饱和硫酸铵分级沉淀法初步纯化的表达产物,能够较特异性地与EV71感染者血清中的抗体产生反应,而且与抗柯萨奇病毒A16特异性抗体不产生反应。通过利用表达产物作为抗原,对156份血清的检测初步证实,重组蛋白VP1可以作为检测EV71感染的的检测用抗原。     

EV71结构蛋白VP0的表达及抗体的制备

目的:原核表达EV71结构蛋白VP0(VP2+VP4)并制备其多克隆抗体.方法:以肠道病毒71型(EV71)全基因组为模板,设计引物扩增出目的片段VP0,将其克隆至表达载体pET-30a(+),并转化大肠杆菌TG1,筛选出阳性克隆后进行测序.将重组表达载体pET-30a (+)-VP0转入大肠杆菌表达菌株Rosetta中.该重组菌经过IPTG诱导表达并通过SDS-PAGE电泳和Western Blot验证后,有与预期分子量大小一致的蛋白条带,并且主要以包涵体的形式存在.包涵体用6 mol/L盐酸胍溶解,经过Ni-NTA亲和层析法纯化,获得了纯度较高的目的蛋白.将纯化的蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备了VP0多克隆抗体,并对该抗体进行了细胞免疫荧光分析.结果:经过大肠杆菌重组表达并纯化得到了纯度较高的VP0蛋白,制备的多克隆抗体经过细胞免疫荧光的验证表明反应性良好.结论:成功地表达VP0蛋白并制备了其多克隆抗体,有利于EV71病毒的检测及下一步对其疫苗的研究.     

2008～2011年贵州省肠道病毒71型分子流行特征分析

为研究贵州省肠道病毒71型(EV71)的基因型和分子流行特征,监测了全省报告的手足口病病例,选择2008年以来贵州全省部分EV71阳性标本进行病毒分离及VP1全基因测序(含重症病例、死亡病例和轻症病例),与国内外近年流行毒株及各亚型代表株进行基因比对,分析同源性及基因亚型。2008年、2009年及2011年贵州省流行的主要病原为EV71,获得109株参比序列毒株的同源性为95.3%～99.7%,贵州省毒株与邻省及山东省、上海市、南京市、吉林省和宁波市代表株的同源性最高,轻症与重死病例的核苷酸及氨基酸序列无明显的特征性差异,未出现不同基因亚型病毒的输入或改变,仍属C4a亚型。同地区、同年度内的核苷酸序列差异小于跨地区、跨年度差异。     

肠道病毒71型外壳蛋白VP1全长在大肠杆菌中的高效表达及初步活性测定

目的:重组表达肠道病毒71型(EV71)外壳蛋白VP1全长,用于研制血清学检测试剂和疫苗研发。方法:在获得EV71全长基因并测序正确的基础上,将外壳蛋白VP1全长基因克隆到表达载体pET28a(+)上,构建重组表达质粒pET28a(+)/VP1,转化大肠杆菌BL21,IPTG诱导表达,利用Ni2+亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化,采用双抗原夹心检测技术评价重组抗原与27份EV71抗体阳性血清和18份阴性血清的反应情况。结果:重组EV71-VP1蛋白在大肠杆菌中诱导6 h后可获得高效表达,能与27份EV71抗体阳性血清中的21份发生阳性反应,EV71双抗原夹心检测与中和血清测试结果具有很好的一致性(P0.05)。结论:实现了肠道病毒71型外壳蛋白VP1的高效表达,为肠道病毒71型诊断试剂和疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

Circular Dichroism and Fluorescence Studies of Polyomavirus Major Capsid Protein VP1

The conformational changes of polymavirus (Py) major capsid protein VP₁ in solution by the solution pH, addition of calcium, and ionic strength were examined by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Comparison of the predicted secondary structures of PyVP₁ and simian virus (SV) 40 by the methods of Chou-Fasman, Gamier et al., and Yang method are presented. Hydropathicity, surface probability, and chain flexibility of PyVP₁ were computer-analyzed by the methods of Kyte and Doolittle, Emini et al., and Karplus and Schulz, respectively. The CD measurements indicate that the secondary structure of PyVP₁ is little dependent on its concentration, Ca²⁺ concentration, and ionic strength, but is strongly pH dependent. Fluorescence studies showed that emission spectra of PyVP₁ are also pH-dependent. At extreme acidic and alkaline pH, the fluorescence intensity of PyVP₁ is decreased and the emission maximum is red-shifted. The fluorescence of PyVP₁ is quenched by the presence of CsCl, KI, and acrylamide. The analyses of the modified Stern–Volmer plots indicate that five of seven tryptophan residues in PyVP₁ are located on the surface of the protein, among which two are accessible to Cs⁺ and the other three are accessible to I^?. The two others are buried more deeply in the interior of the protein molecule.     

Hepatitis A Virus Capsid Protein VP1 Has a Heterogeneous C Terminus

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) encodes a single polyprotein which is posttranslationally processed into the functional structural and nonstructural proteins. Only one protease, viral protease 3C, has been implicated in the nine protein scissions. Processing of the capsid protein precursor region generates a unique intermediate, PX (VP1-2A), which accumulates in infected cells and is assumed to serve as precursor to VP1 found in virions, although the details of this reaction have not been determined. Coexpression in transfected cells of a variety of P1 precursor proteins with viral protease 3C demonstrated efficient production of PX, as well as VP0 and VP3; however, no mature VP1 protein was detected. To identify the C-terminal amino acid residue of HAV VP1, we performed peptide sequence analysis by protease-catalyzed [18O]H2O incorporation followed by liquid chromatography ion-trap microspray tandem mass spectrometry of HAV VP1 isolated from purified virions. Two different cell culture-adapted isolates of HAV, strains HM175pE and HM175p35, were used for these analyses. VP1 preparations from both virus isolates contained heterogeneous C termini. The predominant C-terminal amino acid in both virus preparations was VP1-Ser274, which is located N terminal to a methionine residue in VP1-2A. In addition, the analysis of HM175pE recovered smaller amounts of amino acids VP1-Glu273 and VP1-Thr272. In the case of HM175p35, which contains valine at amino acid position VP1-273, VP1-Thr272 was found in addition to VP1-Ser274. The data suggest that HAV 3C is not the protease responsible for generation of the VP1 C terminus. We propose the involvement of host cell protease(s) in the production of HAV VP1.     

The SV40 Capsid Is Stabilized by a Conserved Pentapeptide Hinge of the Major Capsid Protein VP1

The simian virus 40 (SV40) outer shell is composed of 72 pentamers of VP1. The core of the VP1 monomer is a β-barrel with jelly-roll topology and extending N- and C-terminal arms. A pentapeptide hinge, KNPYP, tethers the C-arm to the VP1 β-barrel core. The five C-arms that extend from each pentamer insert into the neighbouring pentamers, tying them together through different types of interactions. In the mature virion, this element adopts either of six conformations according to their location in the capsid. We found that the hinge is conserved among 16 members of the Polyomaviridae, attesting to its importance in capsid assembly and/or structure. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to gain an understanding into the structural requirements of this element: Y299 was changed to A, F, and T, and P300 to A and G. The mutants showed reduction in viability to varying degrees. Unexpectedly, assembly was reduced only to a small extent. However, the data showed that the mutants were highly unstable. The largest effect was observed for mutations of P300, indicating a role of the proline in the virion structure. P300G was more unstable than P300A, indicating a requirement for rigidity of the pentapeptide hinge. Y299T and Y299A were more defective in viability than Y299F, highlighting the importance of an aromatic ring at this position. Structural inspection showed that this aromatic ring contacts C-arms of neighbouring pentamers. Computational modelling predicted loss of stability of the Y mutants in concordance with the experimental results. This study provides insights into the structural details of the pentapeptide hinge that are responsible for capsid stability.     

利用番茄为受体表达轮状病毒外壳蛋白VP7的研究

将轮状病毒外壳蛋白VP7基因克隆到植物表达载体pBll21,并转化到根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)菌株EHAl05中,采用叶盘转化法转化番茄(1ycopersicon esculentumMill．)栽培品种TX0014,获得了转基因植株．经PCR、PCR—Southernblot和Southernblot分析表明：VP7基因已整合到转基因番茄植株的核基因组中．RT—PCR、Westernblot分析表明：VP7蛋白在叶片和果实中均获得了表达．     

肠道病毒71型安徽、河南株的分离与VP1序列进化分析

旨在研究手足口病患者中肠道病毒71型分离株的病毒基因型特征。采集手足口病患者的粪便标本,进行病毒分离和逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)特异性扩增进行鉴定,同时选取其中9株EV71分离株,对其抗原决定簇部位VP1区进行核酸序列测定,并参考EV71 A、B、C各基因型的参考株和以往中国EV71的分离株进行同源分析和构建系统发生树。结果显示,所分析的9株病毒株均为C4亚型,3株安徽株H7、H8和H9的VP1序列相似度很高(≥98.8%,其中H7、H9的相似度为100.0%),4株河南株H3、H4、H5和H6相似度较高(≥98.4%,H3、H4和H5≥99.6%,其中H3、H4的相似度为100.0%),它们同河南株H1、H5的相似度也较高(≥97.2%),河南株H2虽然与其他河南株具有较高的序列相似度,但进化分析表明,其与安徽株同源性较高。结果表明,安徽株H7、H8和H9株变异速率明显加快,这可能导致了手足口病在安徽省的率先爆发与大流行,河南株H2最初可能由安徽传入河南。     

利用柱花草为受体表达口蹄疫病毒外壳蛋白VP1的研究

将口蹄疫病毒外壳蛋白VP1基因克隆到植物表达载体pBI121,并转化到根癌农杆菌(Agrobacteriumtumefaciens)菌株LBA4404中,采用叶盘转化法转化柱花草(Stylosanthesspp.)栽培品种热研二号柱花草(S.guianensiscv.ReyanⅡ),获得了转基因植株,经PCR、PCR-Southern blot和Southern blot分析表明VP1基因已整合到转基因柱花草植株的核基因组中。经RT-PCR、Northern blot分析表明VP1基因已在转基因柱花草中获得转录。