垃圾填埋场渗滤液灌溉及覆土土质对填埋场氧化亚氮释放的影响

采用静态箱法,现场监测黏土和砂土覆盖层生活垃圾填埋场N₂O释放通量的春夏季节及昼夜变化,研究渗滤液灌溉、覆土土质对填埋场N₂O释放的影响.结果表明：砂土和黏土覆盖层填埋场N2O夏季的释放通量均值分别为（242±576）和（591±767） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1,是春季［分别为（74.4±314）和（269±335） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1］的3.2（P>0.05）和2.2倍（P<0.05）.渗滤液灌溉促进了砂土填埋场覆土N₂O的释放,填埋场中灌溉区N₂O的释放通量为无灌溉区的2倍（P>0.05）.渗滤液灌溉的砂土覆盖层填埋场N₂O春夏两季释放通量均值［（211±460） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1］仅为无渗滤液灌溉的黏土覆盖层填埋场［（430±605） μg N₂ON·m^-2·h^-1］的1/2（P>0.05）.无论渗滤液灌溉与否,选择贫瘠的砂性覆盖土均有助于减少生活垃圾填埋场N₂O释放.     

藻类对垃圾填埋场渗滤液的净化

采用PCR及序列测定的方法,对两个分别分离自广州市李坑垃圾填埋场的渗滤液收集塘以及广州市郊的一个普通池塘的藻类种群的rDNA ITS区进行了序列的测定和分析,结果证实两者均为蛋白核小球藻,分别记作Chlorella pyrenoidosa(LK)和Chlorella pyrenoidosa(P)。将上述两个藻类种群的纯培养液分别接种至一系列不同浓度的垃圾渗滤液中,以研究它们在渗滤液中的生长,对渗滤液的耐性以及对渗滤液中污染物的去除等差异。结果表明,藻类的生长在10％的渗滤液中都得到一定的促进,而在更高浓度的渗滤液中则受到抑制,但C.pryenoidosa(LK)在经过一段时间的适应后,对30％的渗滤液表现出较强的耐性。藻类的生长使垃圾渗滤液中的NH3－N,PO4－P和COD等污染物的含量显著下降,而NO3－N含量下降不明显。     

渗滤液负荷和灌溉深度对土壤氧化亚氮与二氧化碳释放的影响

采用预设取样器和静态箱气相色谱法,对渗滤液灌溉条件下,土柱土壤不同深度剖面 N2O的浓度以及N2O和CO2的表面释放通量进行了监测.结果表明: 渗滤液灌溉可促进N2O的生成和释放,灌溉后24 h内土柱N2O的释放通量与表土下10 cm(r=0.944,P< 0.01)、20 cm(r=0.799,P<0.01)、30 cm(r=0.666,P<0.01)和40 cm(r=0.482,P<0.05)处所生成的N2O浓度呈显著相关,且相关程度依次递减.渗滤液灌溉还促进了CO2的释放,但N2O与CO2释放通量之间无显著相关性(P>0.05).渗滤液的灌溉负荷主要决定温室气体释放总量的强弱(N2O和CO2,以CO2当量计),灌溉负荷为6 mm·d-1条件下温室气体释放总量为灌溉负荷2 mm·d-1的3倍多.采用表土下20 cm处灌溉方式可比表土下10 cm处灌溉方式削减47%的温室气体释放总量.渗滤液灌溉土壤14 d内,N2O释放量约占温室气体释放总量的57.0%～91.0%.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液尾水灌溉下百慕大草抗氧化系统的反应

通过盆栽试验,研究了渗滤液尾水灌溉下百慕大草的膜脂过氧化及酶促、非酶促抗氧化系统的反应.结果表明,低稀释比的渗滤液尾水(<25%)灌溉下,随着稀释比增大,百慕大草叶绿素a/b提高,丙二醛(MDA)、H₂O₂含量及膜透性降低,膜脂过氧化水平较轻;但中、高稀释比(>25%)下,随稀释比的增大则显示出一定的负效应,表现为叶绿素a/b降低,MDA、H₂O₂含量及膜透性提高,从而导致膜脂过氧化水平提高.非酶抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的变化趋势相同,即低稀释比下含量升高,中高稀释比胁迫下明显降低.抗氧化酶中,超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性变化同抗氧化剂变化趋势相似,但POD对胁迫的反应更敏感;而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化趋势则先减弱后增强;MDA含量和抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性间的显著负相关,表明3种抗氧化剂和SOD、POD在防止百慕大草膜脂过氧化上可能起到更重要的作用.     

林分特征和土壤养分对林下草本物种多样性的影响

林下草本植物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持森林群落演替和发展具有重要的生态功能。该研究以青海省互助北山林场青海云杉纯林(Ⅰ)、红桦纯林(Ⅱ)、青杨纯林(Ⅲ)、阔叶混交林(Ⅳ)和针阔叶混交林(Ⅴ)5种典型林分为研究对象,采用典型取样法在各林分选择4个20 m×20 m的样地,对样地内所有树木进行每木检尺,每个样地设置5个1 m×1 m的草本小样方,调查记录林下草本植物,并分层钻取5个小样方的土样进行分析;采用灰色关联法分析林下草本多样性与林分特征、土壤养分特征之间的关系,以明确影响林下草本物种多样性的主导因子,为该区人工林地的改造与经营提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)5种林分林下共发现草本植物86种,分属 30科 74属,其中林分Ⅴ的植物科、属、种数量均最多(25科42属49种),林分Ⅰ均最少(17科26属27种);林分Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ中草本层均以野草莓的重要值最大(分别为 44.42%、20.29%、23.05%),林分Ⅱ、Ⅴ分别以山尖子、野草莓、黑麦草为优势种,其重要值分别为 20.97%、13.95%、13.68%和8.34%、16.83%、27.82%。(2)5种林分的林下草本物种丰富度(S)、Shannon Wiener多样性指数(D)、Simpson多样性指数(H)均差异显著(P<0.05),而Pielou均匀度指数(J)差异不显著,但S、D、H、J均表现为阔叶纯林(Ⅱ和Ⅲ)、混交林(Ⅳ和Ⅴ)高于针叶纯林(Ⅰ)。(3)不同林分间的林分密度 (SD)、平均胸径(DBH)、平均树高(H)、平均冠幅(CW)均无显著差异,但平均胸径、平均树高、平均冠幅在整体上表现为针阔混交林>阔叶混交林>阔叶纯林>针叶纯林。(4)土壤碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、有机质(SOC)含量及酸碱度(pH)均表现为混交林和阔叶纯林高于针叶纯林,且土壤AN、AP、AK、SOC含量均随土层深度增加而降低,土壤pH值随土层深度增加而增加。(5)研究认为,森林生态系统中林下草本物种多样性对林分特征和土壤养分特征均有显著响应,林分平均胸径是影响草本多样性最主要的林分因子,碱解氮是最主要的土壤养分特征。因此,在未来林分改造中,积极改善人工林建设模式,优化林分特征,提升土壤肥力,以提高林下草本植物的多样性,维持林分的稳定和可持续发展。     

不同酸中和对垃圾渗滤液厌氧生物处理的影响

不同时间垃圾填埋场渗滤液用石灰絮凝、吹脱后分别经磷酸、盐酸、硫酸调pH到7,在35℃条件下进行厌氧处理。试验表明,经磷酸或盐酸中和的早期垃圾渗滤液易于厌氧生物处理,38d后其COD、BOD5、VFA（挥发性脂肪酸）都有大幅度的降低。盐酸中和的早期垃圾渗滤液其厌氧产甲烷性能良好;但磷酸中和的其产甲烷性能被完全抑制。硫酸中和的早期垃圾渗滤液在反应过程中产生大量的硫化物,最高浓度达到1.241mg／L,对厌氧处理产生了严重的抑制,但是在第38d硫化物浓度达到最高后抑制作用慢慢减弱,其COD、BOD5、VFA开始迅速下降。晚期垃圾渗滤液经磷酸、盐酸、硫酸中和后经过54d的反应,其COD、BOD5、VFA均没有明显降低。     

渗滤液负荷和灌溉深度对土壤氧化亚氮与二氧化碳释放的影响

采用预设取样器和静态箱气相色谱法,对渗滤液灌溉条件下,土柱土壤不同深度剖面 N₂O的浓度以及N₂O和CO₂的表面释放通量进行了监测.结果表明: 渗滤液灌溉可促进N₂O的生成和释放,灌溉后24 h内土柱N₂O的释放通量与表土下10 cm（r=0.944,P< 0.01）、20 cm（r=0.799,P<0.01）、30 cm（r=0.666,P<0.01）和40 cm（r=0.482,P<0.05）处所生成的N₂O浓度呈显著相关,且相关程度依次递减.渗滤液灌溉还促进了CO₂的释放,但N₂O与CO₂释放通量之间无显著相关性（P>0.05）.渗滤液的灌溉负荷主要决定温室气体释放总量的强弱（N₂O和CO₂,以CO₂当量计）,灌溉负荷为6 mm·d^-1条件下温室气体释放总量为灌溉负荷2 mm·d^-1的3倍多.采用表土下20 cm处灌溉方式可比表土下10 cm处灌溉方式削减47%的温室气体释放总量.渗滤液灌溉土壤14 d内,N₂O释放量约占温室气体释放总量的57.0%～91.0%.     

咸水灌溉对沙土土壤盐分和胡杨生理生长的影响

通过咸水灌溉沙土土质生长的幼龄胡杨,分析了咸水灌溉沙土土壤盐分分布累积特点、盐分胁迫对胡杨的耗水生长关系、叶绿素、Pro、MDA的影响,结果表明:(1)在1.2—3 g/L范围内,微咸水灌溉沙土处于脱盐状态,6—12 g/L咸水灌溉使沙土积盐大增。在整个生长周期内,微咸水和咸水灌溉,0—200 cm内土体的总盐都呈累积趋势。(2)咸水灌溉胡杨,不同盐分处理的生长耗水关系可以用对数模型描述。(3)盐分胁迫下,胡杨叶片内叶绿素含量呈抛物线递减,Pro和MDA含量则呈现抛物线递增趋势。说明短期内咸水灌溉对土壤安全和胡杨的生长影响有限,可用咸水解决生态缺水现状,3种生理指标可用来衡量胡杨的盐胁迫程度,以此为指导提高人工造林的成活率。     

渗滤液覆盖层灌溉处理对夹竹桃的生理生态效应

以夹竹桃（Nerium indicum Mill．）作为填埋场覆盖层封场植被材料,历时1a现场研究了有无渗滤液灌溉下夹竹桃生长及其生理生化反应。结果表明,10mm／d渗滤液灌溉下夹竹桃持续生长,生长的快慢呈季节性,且生长较对照组略快;渗滤液灌溉组和对照组夹竹桃丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）含量的动态变化同气温变化规律相似,超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和抗坏皿酸（AsA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量基本呈季节性波动。盛夏（6—8月份）和秋冬（10-4月份）SOD、POD活性明显提高,AsA、GSH积累显著;1a中渗滤液灌溉组各生理生化指标均较对照组变化辐度大,但两组间差异基本不显著;表明有无渗滤液灌溉下,夹竹桃生理生态反应主要受气候的季节性变化调控,渗滤液灌溉处理不会显著加大对夹竹桃胁迫。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液中古细菌群落16S rRNA基因的ARDRA分析

利用特异性的引物对,选择性扩增垃圾填埋场渗滤液中古细菌群落的18S rRNA基因片断,在此基础上建立16S rDNA克隆文库,经古细菌通用寡核苷酸探针的原位杂交筛选后,克隆文库内古细菌16S rDNA扩增片断的多样性通过ARDRA分析（amplified rDNA restriction analysis)而获得,利用PCR将各组重克隆子内的16S rDNA外源片断再扩增出来后,两种限制性内切酶－Hha I和HaeⅢ－被分别用于16S rDNA克隆片断的限制酶切分析,结果表明,随机选出的70个古细菌16S rDNA克隆片断被妥为21个不同的ARDRA型（组）,其中的两个优势型总共占了所有被分析克隆子的60％,而其余19个型的相对丰度均处于较低的水平,当中的14个型更仅含有1个克隆子,通过对16S rRNA基因的PCR扩增,克隆及其ARDRA分析,能快速地获得有关填埋场渗滤液中古细菌群落的结构及其多样性的初步信息。     

垃圾渗滤液在土壤中的生物降解动态

通过室内好氧、厌氧2种培养,研究了3种不同填埋年限垃圾渗滤液在红壤和潮土中的生物降解动态.鲜样、天井洼样、水阁样垃圾渗滤液分别为填埋0年、4～5年和12年的垃圾渗滤液.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液在前7 d降解相对较快.在好氧培养条件下,红壤鲜样、天井洼样、水阁样渗滤液在前7 d的表观降解率为88.9%、60.5%、25.0%;潮土中的表观降解率更大,分别为96.6%、80.4%和65.0%;7 d后下降趋势均趋于平缓.在相同土壤中,填埋龄越短的垃圾渗滤液的表观降解率越大,在厌氧培养条件下的情况与此类似,但降解率不如好氧条件下高.在没有土壤介质参与的条件下(如低洼处积存的渗滤液),3种垃圾渗滤液自身降解速率均符合一级动力学方程.鲜样垃圾渗滤液降解的半衰期为12～16 d,其余垃圾渗滤液降解的半衰期为20～30 d.垃圾渗滤液一旦进入土壤环境,降解速率会大大加快.土壤处理垃圾渗滤液有一定的功效.     

长白山区野生草本观赏花卉调查

长白山区野生草本花卉有 98科 31 5属 60 1种 73变种。其中宿根花卉 40 8种 ,球根花卉 82种 ,一、二年生花卉 68种 ,草质藤本花卉 43种 ,珍稀濒危花卉 43种。长白山区草本花卉的丰富度依次为安图、抚松、长白、临江、和龙、敦化、汪清、珲春、通化、集安等 ,海拔 45 0m以下和 45 0～1 0 0 0m的地段花卉植物较为丰富 ,珍稀花卉主要集中在海拔 2 0 0 0～ 2 30 0m和 1 80 0～ 2 0 0 0m两个地段。按花色分类 ,则以橙黄花种类最为丰富 ( 1 2 2种 )、紫蓝色花次之 ( 1 1 7种 )、白花较少 ( 97种 )、红花最少 ( 95种 )。     

The effect of landfill age on municipal leachate composition

The influence of municipal landfill age on temporal changes in municipal leachate quality on the basis of elaboration of 4 years monitoring of leachate from landfill in Wysieka near Bartoszyce (Poland) is presented in this study. In leachate, concentrations of organic compounds (COD, BOD(5)), nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus), mineral compounds, heavy metals and BTEX were investigated. It was shown that the principal pollutants in leachate were organics and ammonia - as landfill age increased, organics concentration (COD) in leachate decreased from 1,800 mg COD/l in the second year of landfill exploitation to 610 mg COD/l in the sixth year of exploitation and increase of ammonia nitrogen concentration from 98 mg N(NH)/l to 364 mg N(NH4) /l was observed. Fluctuation of other indexes (phosphorus, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, dissolved solids, heavy metals, BTEX) depended rather on season of the year (seasonal variations) than landfill age. Moreover, the obtained data indicate that despite of short landfill's lifetime some parameters e.g. high pH (on average 7.84), low COD concentration (<2,000 mg COD/l), low BOD(5)/COD ratio (<0.4) and low heavy metal concentration, indicated that the landfill was characterized by methanogenic conditions already at the beginning of the monitoring period.     

Phytoextraction of As and Fe using Hibiscus cannabinus L. from soil polluted with landfill leachate

Terrestrial plants as potential phytoremediators for remediation of surface soil contaminated with toxic metals have gained attention in clean-up technologies. The potential of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) to offer a cost-effective mechanism to remediate Fe and As from landfill leachate-contaminated soil was investigated. Pot experiment employing soil polluted with treatments of Jeram landfill leachate was conducted for 120 days. Plants were harvested after 8th, 12th, and 16th weeks of growth. Accumulation of Fe and As was assessed based on Bioconcentration Factor and Translocation Factor. Results showed sequestration of 0.06-0.58 mg As and 66.82-461.71 mg Fe per g plant dry weight in kenaf root, which implies that kenaf root can be an bioavailable sink for toxic metals. Insignificant amount of Fe and As was observed in the aerial plant parts (< 12% of total bioavailable metals). The ability of kenaf to tolerate these metals and avoid phytotoxicity could be attributed to the stabilization of the metals in the roots and hence reduction of toxic metal mobility (TF < 1). With the application of leachate, kenaf was also found to have higher biomass and subsequently recorded 11% higher bioaccumulation capacity, indicating its suitability for phytoextraction of leachate contaminated sites.     

Phytodesalination of landfill leachate using Puccinellia nuttalliana and Typha latifolia

Abstract

Landfilling has been widely used for solid waste disposal; however, the generation of leachate can pose a major threat to the surrounding environment in the form of soil salinity. Two native plants of North America Puccinellia nuttalliana (alkaligrass) and Typha latifolia (cattail) were selected in this study to investigate bioaccumulation of sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) under controlled greenhouse conditions. The treatments include irrigation of the plants using fertilizer (F), landfill leachate (LL), and tap water (control, C). Plants cultivated after one season (12?weeks) were harvested by separating aboveground tissues and roots, and soil from each treatment was collected for analysis. The results show that alkaligrass irrigated with LL had 2.13% more biomass yield than control, but 17.63% less than that with F. However, cattail yielded 19.70% more biomass with the irrigation of LL than C and 3.04% less compared to F. Alkaligrass and cattail accumulated 6.85 and 7.00?g Na⁺/Kg biomass with the irrigation of LL, respectively. Alkaligrass and cattail irrigated with LL accumulated 120.14% and 94.47% more Cl^? than C. When alkaligrass and cattail were irrigated with LL, the electrical conductivity of soil was reduced by 71.70% and 45.36%, respectively. This study demonstrated that using North American native halophytes could be a cost-effective and promising approach for phytoremediation of landfill leachate.     

Co-digestion of intermediate landfill leachate and sewage sludge as a method of leachate utilization

This study examines the co-digestion of intermediate landfill leachate and sewage sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Application of leachate as a co-fermentation component increased the concentrations of soluble organic compounds (expressed as total organic carbon), ammonium nitrogen, and alkalinity in the digester influents.The biogas yield obtained from the co-fermentation of a 20:1 sewage sludge: intermediate leachate mixture was 1.30 m³ per kg of removed volatile solids (VS), while that from a 10:1 mixture was 1.24 m³ per kg of removed VS. These values exceeded the biogas yield for the sludge alone by 13% and 8%, respectively. The leachate addition influenced the proportion of methane to a minor extent. Increased methane yields of 16.9% and 6.2% per kg of removed VS were found for the two sewage sluge:intermediate leachate mixtures, respectively.     

长白山苔原草本植物入侵与土壤环境的关系

在对长白山高山苔原西坡样带内132个样方进行植被调查和土壤取样分析的基础上,应用冗余分析(RDA)和典型相关分析方法,探讨了草本植物入侵苔原带程度与苔原土理化性质及环境之间的关系。研究表明,长白山苔原带西坡草本入侵程度区域差异明显,可分为5个不同的入侵等级;海拔、坡度、全钾含量、粘粒含量、有机质含量等10种土壤环境因子与草本植物入侵程度明显相关。RDA分析表明土壤环境因子能解释93%的植物物种多度信息,影响草本植物入侵的主要土壤因子是有机质含量,粘粒含量和坡度;第一对典型变量说明有机质含量与牛皮杜鹃多度正相关,与大白花地榆多度负相关,粘粒含量则相反;第二对典型变量说明海拔、速效氮含量与笃斯越桔、长白老鹳草多度呈负相关。长白山苔原带西坡草本植物在空间分布上是离散的,呈斑块状。可见,草本植物入侵,对生境是有所选择的。土壤有机质含量与灌木多度呈正相关,说明在草本入侵过程中,土壤有机质含量会减少;或者有机质含量减少的地方,灌木生长退化,草本由此开始侵入定植。     

Powdered activated carbon added biological treatment of pre-treated landfill leachate in a fed-batch reactor

Biological treatment of landfill leachate usually results in low treatment efficiencies because of high chemical oxygen demand (COD), high ammonium-N content and also presence of toxic compounds such as heavy metals. A landfill leachate with high COD content was pre-treated by coagulation-flocculation followed by air stripping of ammonia at pH = 12. Pre-treated leachate was biologically treated in an aeration tank operated in fed-batch mode with and without addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC). PAC at 2 g l^–1 improved COD and ammonium-N removals resulting in nearly 86% COD and 26% NH₄-N removal.