寡霉素对叶绿体质子传导的作用

在叶绿体中,寡霉素具有加速类囊体内部质子(H~ in)流出的作用,相应地加速光合磷酸化高能态的暗衰变;寡霉素完全不能恢复叶绿体残缺膜在光下形成膜内外质子浓度梯度的作用,它对H~ in流出的加速,不是由于对类囊体膜透性的影响,而是影响于ATP酶复合体的质子传导。由于这种加速作用,导致类囊体在光下形成的膜内外质子浓度梯度的降低,从而抑制了光合磷酸化活力。 可溶性的CF_1经用DTT或胰蛋白酶活化后所表现出的Ca~( )ATP酶活力对寡霉素敏感不同,DTT活化者受寡霉素的抑制,而胰蛋白酶活化者则不敏感。说明它的作用部位是在CF_1上而不在CF_0上,而且可能与胰蛋白酶活化时切去的多肽有关。 寡霉素对电子传递有一抑制作用部位,但其作用较轻微。     

6-苄氨基嘌呤对叶绿体偶联因子功能的影响

可溶性偶联因子经6-BA修饰后,明显促进Mg~(2 )-ATPase活力。从6-BA处理的叶绿体上洗脱下来的偶联因子,其Mg~(2 )-及Ca~(2 )-ATP酶活力都比对照有明显的增加。从~3H-6BA处理叶绿体上洗脱下来的偶联因子等蛋白,经聚丙烯酰胺电泳分析,~3H-6BA除与偶联因子结合外,还与RuBP羧化酶及其他蛋白结合。用6-BA处理提纯的β亚单位,能明显促进其Mg~(2 )-ATPase活力,表明6-BA至少有一个结合位点是在CF_1的β亚单位上并可影响其能量转换反应。     

Clotrimazole对叶绿体ATPase功能的影响及其作用部位

clotrimazole能抑制 DTT+光激活的类囊体膜上Mg~(2+)—ATPase的活力。这种抑制属于可逆非竞争性抑制。进一步的实验还表明clotrimazole可以消除 9—AA光下荧光粹灭指示的正常类囊体及DCCD重组残缺膜的跨膜质子梯度。卵磷脂可以减缓 clotrimazole对9—AA荧光粹灭的抑制作用。clotrimazole还能抑制DTT加热激活的游离CF_1 Ca~(2+)—ATPase的活力。根据以上结果我们推测 clotrimazole在类囊体上可能有两个作用部位,一个在类囊体膜脂;另一个在CF_1。     

三苯基锡,二环己基碳二亚胺和寡霉素对叶绿体CF0与CF1功能联系的影响

作用于H~ —ATP酶复合体质子通道的能量传递抑制剂 TPT、DQCD和 OM能明显抑制叶绿体光合磷酸化反应和膜上 ATP酶活性,减小恒态ΛpH值,加速ΛpH和515 nm吸收衰减。这种在正常叶绿体加速H_(in)~ 经CF_0外流与在残缺膜中阻塞质子外流不一致。TPT等物质是干扰了CF_0与CF_1的构象连接,使 CF_0的质子传导失去CF_1的控制,H_(in)~ 无效漏失或质子逆向转移受影响,从而抑制与质子传导紧密相关的光合磷酸化反应和膜上ATP酶活性。     

叶绿体结构和功能的研究——Ⅲ.高等植物光合膜上Mg~( )-ATP酶活力的温度效应

本文是在已有工作基础上通过几种植物(菠菜、蚕豆、大麦和小麦)叶绿体片层膜上CF_1-ATP酶活力温度效应的研究,证明结合于膜的Mg~( )-ATP酶活力受控于膜脂。游离的CF_1-ATP酶活力Arrhenius图上并无破折点出现,而结合于膜的Mg~( )-ATP酶温度效应Arrhenius图上都有破折点出现。在测定温度范围内不同植物表现不同,菠菜的有两个破折点,蚕豆、大麦和小麦都只有一个破折点,彼此破折点所在的位置不同,活化能也不同。将菠菜叶绿体片层膜摘除CF_1后的残缺膜与蚕豆CF_1重组;或将蚕豆、大麦和小麦叶绿体制备的残缺膜片与菠菜的CF_1重组,其重组膜系统Mg~( )-ATP酶温度效应Arrhenius图形都与各自的残缺膜原来膜片的Arrhenius图形相似。这些现象支持CF_1-ATP酶活力受控于膜脂。     

三苯基锡,二环己基碳二亚胺和寡霉素在叶绿体中的作用特点

作用于质子通道的抑制剂(TPT,DCCD和OM)对与叶绿体中质子跨膜传导失去联系的甲醇活化的类囊体膜上或离体的CF1—ATP酶活性无抑制作用,其主要作用部位在质子通道CF_0上。TPT和 DCCD能恢复残缺膜积贮H_in~ 、重建△pH和△ψ,使其电子流从解联状态回到复与叶绿体基础电子流相一致的水平。低浓度TPT即可部分恢复残缺膜的DLE,而DCCD需较高的浓度。低浓度TPT对叶绿体DLE有明显促进作用,而高浓度TPT和 DCCD有抑制作用。OM对这些功能都没有明显影响。推测OM可能作用于CF_0与CF_1的连接处,TPT的作用部位可能与光系统Ⅱ的水氧化质子释放部位有联系。     

金霉素促进光合磷酸化机理的再探

在叶绿体经TPCK—trypsin光下修饰后,电子传递加速、磷酸化解联、膜上偶联因子Mg~(2+)—ATP酶活力促进的条件下,用金霉素处理叶绿体,能降低TPCK—trypsin 对磷酸化的解联程度,部分降低膜上Mg~(2+)—ATP酶的激活。在NEM及TPCK—trypsin共同存在时,金霉素处理仍能部分恢复磷酸化活力。进一步证明了金霉素是作用在偶联因子上的γ亚单位或其邻近部位,使之减少能量耗散而提高磷酸化活力.     

小麦根和叶细胞质膜Ca^2＋—ATPase性质的比较

比较了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Longchun No.13)根和叶细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase的性质,并结合二者所处的环境和功能方面的差异进行了分析。结果表明:根细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase在一个较宽的pH范围内有高活性,最适反应温度为45℃;叶细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase只在一个较窄的pH范围内有高活性,最适反应温度为50℃。根细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase对ATP的Hill系数为1.6,具有明显的正协同作用;叶细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase对ATP的Hill系数为1.0,符合米氏动力学类型。两种器官的细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase受Ca~(2 )激活的Hill系数都小于1,都具有负协同作用。钙调素对酶活性有激活作用,而Mg~(2 )则有抑制作用。     

红光对绿豆下胚轴线粒体Ca~(2+)积累、ATPase及NAD激酶活性的影响

绿豆下胚轴切段经红光处理后10min,其线粒体的Ca~(2+)积累下降15％,Ca~(2+)-ATPase 及 Mg~(2+)-ATPase活性也分别下降29％和10％,切段CaM含量增加近1倍。Ca~(2+)存在时,红光能促进线粒体NAD 激酶活性。说明Ca~(2+)-ATPase及一部分Mg~(2+)-ATPase可作为钙泵控制Ca~(2+)进入线粒体。     

红光和远红光对绿豆叶绿体Ca^2＋—ATP酶活性的影响

10分钟虹光照射抑制绿豆叶绿体Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性,远红光照射有逆转红光的作用。酶活性的高低取决于最终照射的光质。红光照射后2小时,叶绿体Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性增加。红光和远红光对离体的叶绿体Ca~(2 )-ATPase活性没有显著影响。     

利用CHAPS分离豌豆叶绿体偶联因子复合物

近年来不少工作者对叶绿体偶联因子复合物的结构、功能和发生的问题颇为关注(程秋琛等 1986,Merchant等 1985,Nelson 1982,Pick等1979,Strontman等1983,Suss等 1983)。分离生物膜蛋白质的     

氯丁唑和咪唑对叶绿体能量转换反应的效应

比较了氯丁唑和咪唑对叶绿体能量转换各步骤反应的效应,氯丁唑抑制光合基础的和偶联的电子传递,氯化铵可部分解除偶联的电子传递的抑制;咪唑促进基础电子传递。两者均抑制光合磷酸化、9-氨基吖啶荧光猝灭和膜上腺三磷酶活性。氯丁唑抑制质子吸收,促进游离腺三磷酶活;咪唑促进质子吸收,也促进游离腺三磷酶的活性。由此提出,氯丁唑具有能量传递抑制剂的特征,咪唑似解联剂。     

Mutants of Acanthamoeba castellanii Resistant to Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, and Oligomycin

SYNOPSIS. Cell lines of Acanthamoeba castellanii resistant to erythromycin (Ery^R), chloramphenicol (Cap^R), and oligomycin (Oli^R) have been isolated. These may be the first such mutants for A. castellanii. These mutants have been phenotypically stable for 2 years, surviving storage and vegetative multiplication in the absence of drugs. Resistance was specific for each drug, but double mutants (e.g. Ery^RCap^R) were obtained by stepwise selection. Mutant frequencies were determined in multiwell plates; <10 colony forming units (CFU/10⁵ amebas were observed in wild-type populations 12 days after incubation in 500 μg Ery/ml, 2.5 mg Cap/ml, or 15 μg Oli/ml. After 30 days, averages of 100 CFU/10⁵ amebas were observed in Ery and Cap, whereas, frequencies for Oli remained unchanged. Frequencies for Ery^R and Cap^R were consistent with rates of recovery from these drugs in batch cultures. We were unable to obtain spontaneous mutants resistant to cycloheximide, emetine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, or ethidium bromide. Ery^R, Cap^R and Oli^R could be mitochondrial mutants.     

Mitochondria contribute to increased photosynthetic capacity of leaves of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) following cold-hardening

Cold-hardening of winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Musketeer) increased dark respiration from ?2.2 to ?3.9 μmol O₂ m^?2s^?1 and doubled light-and CO₂-saturated photosynthesis at 20°C from 18.1 to 37.0μmol O₂ m^?2 s^?1 We added oligomycin at a concentration that specifically inhibits oxidative phosphorylation to see whether the observed increase in dark respiration reflected an increase in respiration in the light, and whether this contributed to the enhanced photosynthesis of cold-hardened leaves. Oligomycin inhibited light- and CO₂-saturated rates of photosynthesis in non-hardened and cold-hardened leaves by 14 and 25%, respectively, and decreased photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence to a greater degree in cold-hardened than in non-hardened leaves. These data indicate an increase both in the rate of respiration in the light, and in the importance of respiration to photosynthesis following cold-hardening. Analysis of metabolite pools indicated that oligomycin inhibited photosynthesis by limiting regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. This limitation was particularly severe in cold-hardened leaves, and the resulting low 3-phospho-glycerate pools led to a feed-forward inhibition of sucrose-phosphate synthase activity. Thus, it does not appear that oxidative phosphorylation supports the increase in photo-synthetic O₂ evolution following cold-hardening by increasing the availability of cytosolic ATP. The data instead support the hypothesis that the mitochondria function in the light by using the reducing equivalents generated by non-cyclic photosynthetic electron transport.     

The Oligomycin Axis of Mitochondrial ATP Synthase: OSCP and the Proton Channel

Oligomycin has long been known as an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase, putatively binding the F_o subunits 9 and 6 that contribute to proton channel function of the complex. As its name implies, OSCP is the oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein necessary for the intact enzyme complex to display sensitivity to oligomycin. Recent advances concerning the structure and mechanism of mitochondrial ATP synthase have led to OSCP now being considered a component of the peripheral stator stalk rather than a central stalk component. How OSCP confers oligomycin sensitivity on the enzyme is unknown, but probably reflects important protein–protein interactions made within the assembled complex and transmitted down the stator stalk, thereby influencing proton channel function. We review here our studies directed toward establishing the stoichiometry, assembly, and function of OSCP in the context of knowledge of the organization of the stator stalk and the proton channel.     

EFFECT OF OLIGOMYCIN ON DARK RESPIRATION IN THE MARINE DIATOM PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR DETERMINATION OF MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION

Oligomycin is an inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. In nitrogen-replete cells of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin, the rate of dark respiration was high and markedly inhibited (62%–74%) in the presence of oligomycin. In contrast, the rate of dark respiration in nitrogen-deprived cells was about half that in nitrogen-replete cells but was only slightly inhibited (16%–30%) by oligomycin. Consistent with these effects on rates of dark respiration, oligomycin decreased the ATP level and the ATP:ADP ratio by about 40% in nitrogen-replete cells incubated in darkness but had a negligible effect on the ATP level and ATP:ADP ratio in nitrogen-deprived cells. In sodium and nitrogen-deprived cells, the rate of dark respiration was greater than that in nitrogen-replete cells, but there was little effect of oligomycin on the rate of dark respiration. In light-limited cells, the rate of dark respiration was similar to that in nitrogen-deprived cells, but the inhibition (57%) in the presence of oligomycin was greater. These results suggest that most of the O₂ consumption by nitrogen-replete cells was linked to mitochondrial ATP synthesis and that the rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis in nitrogen-deprived and sodium and nitrogen-deprived cells was low. The potential implications of these results for our understanding of maintenance respiration are discussed.     

Impaired cardiac mitochondrial membrane potential and respiration in copper-deficient rats

Cardiac mitochondrial respiration, ATP synthase activity, and membrane potential and intactness were evaluated in copper-deficient rats. In the presence of NADH, both copper-deficient and copper-adequate mitochondria had very low oxygen consumption rates, indicating membrane intactness. However copper-deficient mitochondria had significantly lower oxygen consumption rates with NADH than did copper-adequate mitochondria. Copper-deficient mitochondria had significantly lower membrane potential than did copper-adequate mitochondria using fluorescent dyes. Copper-deficient mitochondria had significantly lower state 3 oxygen consumption rates and were less sensitive to inhibition by oligomycin, an ATP synthase inhibitor. Copper-deficient and copper-adequate mitochondria responded similiarly to CCCP. No difference was observed in mitochondrial ATPase activity between copper-deficient and copper-adequate rats using submitochondrial particles. We conclude that cardiac mitochondrial respiration is compromised in copper-deficient rats, and may be related to an altered ATP synthase complex and/or a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential.     

Glucose is essential for the initiation of fatty acid oxidation in ATP-depleted cultured ventricular myocytes

Cultured cardiac myocytes were depleted of ATP by incubation with oligomycin (1 mg/ml). Then the ability of the cells to oxidize various substrates and to restore ATP levels was studied. Following ATP depletion, the cells were found to be able to oxidize glucose given alone, but not palmitate. However, with both substrates, palmitate was oxidized in the presence of glucose and ATP recovery was enhanced. Pyruvate had a minor effect on palmitate oxidation, while acetate given alone was oxidized, but did not enhance cellular ATP content. These results show that glucose is essential for restoration of mitochondrial function and the coupling between oxidation and ATP synthesis.