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1.
Mineralization of synthetic humic substances by manganese peroxidase from the white-rot fungus Nematoloma frowardii 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
M. Hofrichter K. Scheibner I. Schneegaß D. Ziegenhagen W. Fritsche 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1998,49(5):584-588
A manganese peroxidase preparation from the white-rot fungus Nematoloma frowardii was found to be capable of releasing up to 17% 14CO2 from 14C-labelled synthetic humic substances. The latter were prepared from [U-14C]catechol by spontaneous oxidative polymerization or laccase-catalysed polymerization. The ex-tent of humic substance mineralization
was considerably enhanced in the presence of the thiol mediator glutathione (up to 50%). Besides the evolution of 14CO2, the treatment of humic substances with Mn peroxidase resulted in the formation of lower-molecular-mass products. Analysis
of residual radioactivity by gel-permeation chromatography demonstrated that the predominant molecular masses of the initial
humic substances ranged between 2 kDa and 6 kDa; after treatment with Mn peroxidase, they were reduced to 0.5–2 kDa. The extracellular
depolymerization and mineralization of humic substances by the Mn peroxidase system may play an important role in humus turnover
of habitats that are rich in basidiomycetous fungi.
Received: 25 September 1997 / Received revision: 12 January 1998 / Accepted: 13 January 1998 相似文献
2.
Degradation of lignite (low-rank coal) by ligninolytic basidiomycetes and their manganese peroxidase system 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
M. Hofrichter D. Ziegenhagen S. Sorge R. Ullrich F. Bublitz W. Fritsche 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1999,52(1):78-84
Ligninolytic basidiomycetes (wood and leaf-litter-decaying fungi) have the ability to degrade low-rank coal (lignite). Extracellular
manganese peroxidase is the crucial enzyme in the depolymerization process of both coal-derived humic substances and native
coal. The depolymerization of coal by Mn peroxidase is catalysed via chelated Mn(III) acting as a diffusible mediator with
a high redox potential and can be enhanced in the presence of additional mediating agents (e.g. glutathione). The depolymerization
process results in the formation of a complex mixture of lower-molecular-mass fulvic-acid-like compounds. Experiments using
a synthetic 14C-labeled humic acid demonstrated that the Mn peroxidase-catalyzed depolymerization of humic substances was accompanied by
a substantial release of carbon dioxide (17%–50% of the initially added radioactivity was released as 14CO2). Mn peroxidase was found to be a highly stable enzyme that remained active for several weeks under reaction conditions in
a liquid reaction mixture and even persisted in sterile and native soil from an opencast mining area for some days.
Received: 31 July 1998 / Received revision: 29 September 1998 / Accepted: 2 October 1998 相似文献
3.
The production of ligninolytic enzymes was studied in surface cultures of the South American white-rot fungus Nematoloma frowardii b19 and four other strains of this ecophysiological group (Clitocybula dusenii b11, Auricularia sp. m37a, wood isolates u39 and u45), which are able to depolymerize low-rank-coal-derived humic acids with the formation
of fulvic-acid-like compounds. The fungi produced the three crucial enzymes of lignin degradation – lignin peroxidase, manganese
peroxidase and laccase. In the case of N. frowardii b19, laccase and the two peroxidases could be stimulated by veratryl alcohol. Manganese (II) ions (Mn2+) caused a rapid increase of Mn peroxidase activity accompanied by the complete repression of lignin peroxidase. Under nitrogen-limited
conditions the growth as well as the production of ligninolytic enzymes was partly repressed. During the depolymerization
process of coal humic acids using solid agar media, gradients of ligninolytic enzyme activities toward 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)
and syringaldazine were detectable inside the agar medium.
Received: 5 August 1996 / Received revision: 13 November 1996 / Accepted: 15 November 1996 相似文献
4.
The agaric basidiomycete Clitocybula dusenii was used for the production of the extracellular ligninolytic enzyme, manganese (Mn) peroxidase. An immobilization technique
is described using cellulose and polypropylene as carrier for the fungal mycelium. High amounts of Mn peroxidase were obtained
with agitated cultures of immobilized fungus (up to 3,000 U l−1) while the biomass was recovered and used for further production cycles. Purification of Mn peroxidase revealed the existence
of two forms: MnP1 (molecular mass 43 kDa, pI 4.5) and MnP2 (42 kDa, pI 3.8).
Received: 30 July 1999 / Received revision: 1 December 1999 / Accepted: 3 December 1999 相似文献
5.
The in vitro depolymerization of humic acids derived from German lignite (low-rank coal, brown coal) was studied using a
manganese peroxidase preparation from the white-rot fungus Nematoloma frowardii b19. The H2O2 required was continuously generated by glucose oxidase. Mn peroxidase depolymerized high-molecular-mass humic acids by forming
fulvic-acid-like compounds. The depolymerization process was accompanied by the decolorization of the dark-brown humic acid
fraction soluble in alkaline solutions (decrease in absorbance at 450 nm) and by the yellowish coloring of the fraction of
acid-soluble fulvic-acid-like compounds (increase in absorbance at 360 nm). The Mn peroxidase of N. frowardii b19 has been proved to be highly stable; even after an in vitro reaction time of 7 days in the presence of humic acids, less
than 10% loss in total oxidizing activity was detectable.
Received: 16 September 1996 / Received revision: 16 December 1996 / Accepted: 20 December 1996 相似文献
6.
Production of ligninolytic enzymes and synthetic lignin mineralization by the bird's nest fungus Cyathus stercoreus 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Production of ligninolytic enzymes and degradation of 14C-ring labeled synthetic lignin by the white-rot fungus Cyathus stercoreus ATCC 36910 were determined under a variety of conditions. The highest mineralization rate for 14C dehydrogenative polymerizates (DHP; 38% 14CO2 after 30 days) occurred with 1 mM ammonium tartrate as nitrogen source and 1% glucose as additional carbon source, but levels
of extracellular laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) were low. In contrast, 10 mM ammonium tartrate with 1% glucose gave
low mineralization rates (10% 14CO2 after 30 days) but higher levels of laccase and manganese peroxidase. Lignin peroxidase was not produced by C. stercoreus under any of the studied conditions. Mn(II) at 11 ppm gave a higher rate of 14C DHP mineralization than 0.3 or 40 ppm, but the highest manganese peroxidase level was obtained with Mn(II) at 40 ppm. Cultivation
in aerated static flasks gave rise to higher levels of both laccase and manganese peroxidase compared to the levels in shake
cultures. 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid at 500 μM concentration was the most effective inducer of laccase of those tested. The
purified laccase was a monomeric glycoprotein having an apparent molecular mass of 70 kDa, as determined by calibrated gel
filtration chromatography. The pH optimum and isoelectric point of the purified laccase were 4.8 and 3.5, respectively. The
N-terminal amino acid sequence of C. stercoreus laccase showed close homology to the N-terminal sequences determined from other basidiomycete laccases. Information on C. stercoreus, whose habitat and physiological requirements for lignin degradation differ from many other white-rot fungi, expands the
possibilities for industrial application of biological systems for lignin degradation and removal in biopulping and biobleaching
processes.
Received: 29 January 1999 / Received revision: 5 July 1999 / Accepted: 9 July 1999 相似文献
7.
Polymerization of guaiacol by lignin-degrading manganese peroxidase from Bjerkandera adusta in aqueous organic solvents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lignin-degrading manganese (II) peroxidase (MnP) purified from the culture of a wood-rotting basidiomycete, Bjerkandera adusta, was used in the polymerization of guaiacol. MnP was found to catalyze polymerization of guaiacol in 50% aqueous acetone,
dimethyl formamide, methanol, ethanol, dioxane, acetonitrile, ethylene glycol and methylcellosolve. Maximum yield of polyguaiacol
was achieved in 50% aqueous acetone. The weight average molecular weight (M
w) of the polymer was estimated to be 30 300 by gel permeation chromatography. However, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
time of flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis gave a more reliable M
w of 1690. IR, 13C-NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS and pyrolysis GC-MS analyses showed the presence of C–C and C–O linkages and quinone structure in polyguaiacol.
It was also indicated that polyguaiacol has a methoxy-phenyl group as the terminal moiety. This suggests that polyguaiacol
is a branched polymer in which guaiacol units are cross-linked at the phenolic group. Thermal gravimetric and differential
scanning calorimetric analyses were also carried out. MnP also catalyzed the polymerization of o-cresol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and other phenolic compounds and aromatic amines. M
w of these polymers ranged from around 1000 to 1500.
Received: 2 August 1999 / Received revision: 10 December 1999 / Accepted: 4 January 2000 相似文献
8.
There is need for new effective technologies to convert coal into environmentally acceptable liquid fuels. Thermochemical
coal-conversion processes occur under extreme conditions. Thus there is a potential to use the biotransformation of coal as
a cheap alternative method. A basidiomycete strain, which decomposes coal macromolecules, was isolated from humic-acid-rich
soil of a lignite surface-mining region. The isolate showed the ability to decolorize liquid dark-brown media containing water-soluble
coal-derived substances (humic acids). The presence of an easily available substrate is necessary for the biodegradation.
The influence of different culture conditions on the bleaching effect was studied. Evidence for decomposition of water-soluble
coal substances was provided by measuring the decrease of absorbance and the modification in the distribution of molecular
masses. The degradation process resulted in a complete decolorization of the coal-derived humic acids and was also combined
with massive alterations in their molecular structure. Solid-state #13C-NMR spectroscopy showed an increase of carboxylic
groups as well as hydroxylated and methoxylated aliphatic groups, which indicates an oxidative attack. Enzymatic analysis
showed the presence of a Mn peroxidase in the culture supernatant. Extracellular lignin peroxidase and laccase activities
were not detectable. The production of the peroxidase was induced by addition of humic acids. But, in vitro, this enzyme did
not cause a decolorization or reduction in molecular mass of the coal-derived humic acids.
Received: 30 May 1996 / Received revision: 11 September 1996 / Accepted: 13 September 1996 相似文献
9.
Piccolo A Conte P Cozzolino A Paci M 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2001,26(1-2):70-76
Phenoxyalkanoic acids are a widely used class of herbicides. This work employed high-resolution 13C NMR to study the structural changes induced by humic substances and horseradish perodixase on 2,4-dichorophenoxyacetic acid
(2,4-D) 13C-labelled in the side chain. NMR spectra showed that humic substances chemically catalyze abiotic splitting of [13C]2,4-D into 2,4-dichlorophenol and [13C]acetic acid at pH 7 but not at pH 4.7. Peroxidase did not catalyze the oxidative degradation of [13C]2,4-D at any pH tested and inhibited the effect of humic substances. Catalytic degradation by humic substances was attributed
to free-radical reactions enhanced by the stereochemical contribution of large conformational structures formed by heterogeneous
humic molecules at neutral pHs. Inhibition of 2,4-D degradation when humic substances were combined with peroxidase was explained
by modification of both chemical and conformational humic structure due to peroxidase-promoted oxidative cross-coupling among
humic molecules. Our findings show for the first time that the abiotic degradation of 2,4-D is catalyzed by dissolved humic
substances at neutral pH. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 70–76.
Received 09 February 2000/ Accepted in revised form 22 May 2000 相似文献
10.
Residues and coal fractions that remained after the biosolubilization of Rhenish brown coal by strains of Lentinula edodes and Trametes versicolor have been studied by Curie-point pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using tetraethylammonium hydroxide (NEt4OH) at 610 °C. To differentiate methyl derivatives of esters and ethers from free or bound hydroxyl and carboxyl groups NEt4OH was used in the thermochemolysis experiments instead the commonly used tetramethylammonium hydroxide. A comparison of humic
acid fractions before and after fungal attack shows considerable alteration of the soluble macromolecules of coal. Depending
on the coal fraction studied and the fungi used, the assortment of fatty acid esters released during the pyrolysis varies
significantly. Furthermore, dicarbonic acid ethyl diesters as well as ethyl derivatives of aromatic ethers and acids yield
information about humic acid structure and the biosolubilization of brown coal. Variations in the mixture produced are possibly
caused by differences in the pattern of extracellular enzymes secreted that attack the macromolecular structural elements
of brown coal. Therefore pyrolysis of native and microbiologically altered geomacromolecules using NEt4OH allows one to differentiate between free hydroxyl groups as well as substances that are attached to humic substances via
ester or ether bridges, and their methylated counterparts.
Received: 13 July 1998 / Received revision: 12 October 1998 / Accepted: 16 October 1998 相似文献
11.
A. M. Moilanen T. Lundell T. Vares A. Hatakka 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1996,45(6):792-799
The effects of high manganese [180 μM Mn(II)] concentration and addition of malonate (10 mM) were studied in nitrogen-limited
cultures of the white-rot fungus, Phlebia radiata. High levels of manganese alone showed no systematic influence on the production of lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase
(MnP) or laccase. In contrast, high-manganese containing cultures of P. radiata showed lower efficiency in the mineralization of 14C-ring-labelled synthetic lignin ([14C]DHP). The highest rates of mineralization, up to 30% in 18 days, were reached in low- manganese(2 μM)-containing cultures
when malonate was omitted. Degradation of [14C]DHP was substantially restricted by the addition of malonate. The combination of high manganese and malonate resulted in
increased levels of MnP and laccase production, whereas LiP production was repressed. Also, the profiles of expression of
the MnP and LiP isozymes were affected. A new P. radiata MnP isozyme of pI 3.6 (MnP3) was found in the high-manganese cultures. Addition of malonate alone caused some repression but also stimulating
effects on distinctive MnP and LiP isozymes. The results indicate that manganese and malonate are individual regulators of
MnP and LiP expression and have different roles in the degradation of lignin by P. radiata.
Received: 30 August 1995/Received revision: 10 January 1996/Accepted: 12 February 1996 相似文献
12.
Cloning and characterization of an epoxide hydrolase-encoding gene from Rhodotorula glutinis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Visser H Vreugdenhil S de Bont JA Verdoes JC 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2000,53(4):415-419
We cloned and characterized the epoxide hydrolase gene, EPH1, from Rhodotorula glutinis. The EPH1 open reading frame of 1230 bp was interrupted by nine introns and encoded a polypeptide of 409 amino acids with a calculated
molecular mass of 46.3 kDa. The amino acid sequence was similar to that of microsomal epoxide hydrolase, which suggests that
the epoxide hydrolase of R. glutinis also belongs to the α/β hydrolase fold family. EPH1 cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli and resting cells showed a specific activity of 200 nmol min−1 (mg protein)−1 towards 1,2-epoxyhexane.
Received: 2 August 1999 / Received revision: 4 October 1999 / Accepted: 10 October 1999 相似文献
13.
Differential expression of manganese peroxidase and laccase in white-rot fungi in the presence of manganese or aromatic compounds 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
White-rot fungi (basidiomycetes) play an important role in the degradation of lignin which is, beside cellulose, the major
compound of wood. This process is catalyzed by ligninolytic enzymes, which are able to cleave oxidatively aromatic rings in
lignin structure. Manganese peroxidase and laccase of white-rot-fungi are the most important of these among the ligninolytic
enzymes. In addition, they are able to degrade xenobiotic aromatic polymers, persisting as environmental pollutants. Manganese
and aromatic compounds have often been discussed as being inducers, enhancers or mediators of these ligninolytic enzymes.
It is known that supplementing the growth medium with either Mn2+, veratryl alcohol or coal-derived humic acids leads to significantly enhanced extracellular ligninolytic activities. Measuring
the amount of expressed mRNA of the two enzymes by quantitative RT-PCR provided evidence that the expression of manganese
peroxidase was induced in the three tested white-rot fungi, Clitocybula dusenii b11, Nematoloma frowardii b19, and a straw-degrading strain designated i63–2. Laccase, on the other hand, was expressed in all three fungi with a significant
basic activity even without inducer added. However, since the level of laccase mRNA was higher in cultures supplemented with
any one of the tested inducers, we conclude that both manganese and the aromatic substances also increase the expression of
laccase.
Received: 4 February 2000 / Received revision: 11 May 2000 / Accepted: 12 May 2000 相似文献
14.
Effects of aeration intensity on formation of phenol-fed aerobic granules and extracellular polymeric substances 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Effect of air aeration intensities on granule formation and extracellular polymeric substances content in three identical
sequential batch reactors were investigated. The excitation–emission–matrix spectra and multiple staining and confocal laser
scanning microscope revealed proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and humic substances in the sludge and granule samples. Seed
sludge flocs were compacted at low aeration rate, with produced extracellular polymeric substances of 50.2–76.7 mg g−1 of proteins, 50.2–77.3 mg g−1 carbohydrates and 74 mg g−1 humic substances. High aeration rate accelerated formation of 1.0–1.5 mm granules with smooth outer surface. The corresponding
quantities of extracellular polymeric substances were 309–537 mg g−1 of proteins, 61–109 mg g−1 carbohydrates, 49–92 mg g−1 humic substances, and 49–68 mg g−1 lipids. Intermediate aeration rate produced 3.0–3.5 mm granules with surface filaments. Reactor failure occurred with overgrowth
of filaments, probably owing to the deficiency of nutrient in liquid phase. No correlation was noted between extracellular
polymeric substances composition and the proliferation of filamentous microorganisms on granule surface. 相似文献
15.
Differences in the chemical properties of the organic matter from a highly lignocellulosic compost after incubation with
two ligno- and cellulolytic microorganisms were studied in this work. Inoculation with either of the two microorganisms assayed,
Trichoderma viride or Bacillus sp., of soil-compost mixtures enhanced degradation processes and the degree of organic matter humification. According to
the humification index, inoculation with T. viride produced the highest humification rate in all the compost-soil proportions studied (10, 20 and 30%). To evaluate the quality
of the extracted humic substances according to their electrofocusing behaviours a new index was established. This index showed
an increased yield of humic substances of the lowest electrophoretic mobility (highest molecular weight) in treatments inoculated
with Bacillus sp., whereas inoculation with T. viride enhanced the formation of molecules of the fastest electrophoretic mobility. These results, together with the fibre analysis
performed, showed that the nature of the humic substances produced after incubation appeared to depend greatly on the degradation
pathway carried out by the inoculated microorganism, T. viride or Bacillus sp.. Both degradation-humification pathways beneficially affected lettuce growth, demonstrating that inoculation with any
of these two microorganisms may be a useful tool to modify agronomic properties of unripe composts.
Received: 2 August 1995/Received revision: 14 November 1995/Accepted: 11 December 1995 相似文献
16.
Extracellular lignin peroxidase (LiP) was not detected during decoloration of the azo dye, Amaranth, by Trametes versicolor. Approximately twice as much laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) was produced by decolorizing cultures compared to when
no dye was added. At a low Mn2+ concentration (3 M), N-limited (1.2 mM NH4
+) cultures decolorized eight successive additions of Amaranth with no visible sorption to the mycelial biomass. At higher
Mn2+ concentrations (200 M), production of MnP increased and that of laccase decreased, but the rate or number of successive Amaranth
decolorations was unaffected. There was always a 6-h to 8-h lag prior to decoloration of the first aliquot of Amaranth, regardless
of MnP and laccase concentrations. Although nitrogen-rich (12 mM NH4
+) cultures at an initial concentration of 200 M Mn2+ produced high laccase and MnP levels, only three additions of Amaranth were decolorized, and substantial mycelial sorption
of the dye occurred. While the results did not preclude roles for MnP and laccase, extracellular MnP and laccase alone were
insufficient for decoloration. The cell-free supernatant did not decolorize Amaranth, but the mycelial biomass separated from
the whole broth and resuspended in fresh medium did. This indicates the involvement of a mycelial-bound, lignolytic enzyme
or a H2O2-generating mechanism in the cell wall. Nitrogen limitation was required for the expression of this activity.
Received: 19 May 1998 / Received revision: 22 October 1998 / Accepted: 7 November 1998 相似文献
17.
New methods of determining the structural groups —COOH and —CH2— have been developed. The investigation of carboxyl groups is possible both after derivatization with p-fluorophenacylbromide and by quantitative interpretation of the Fourier transform infrared (FT IR) spectra. There exists
a linear relationship between the results of these two methods that is generally valid for the analysis of all brown coal
components. The maximum extinction coefficient of the symmetric stretching vibration band of the CH2 groups has been determined using model substances. This allows quantification of this structural group directly from the
FT IR spectrum. The results agree with the contents of methylene groups as determined by 13C-cross polarization–magic angle spinning–nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy. Using these methods, the COOH and CH2 groups contained in brown coals of the North Rhine region and in their bioconversion products have been quantified.
Received: 21 December 1999 / Received revision: 25 April 2000 / Accepted: 1 May 2000 相似文献
18.
J. S. Potekhina N. G. Sherisheva L. P. Povetkina A. P. Pospelov T. A. Rakitina F. Warnecke G. Gottschalk 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1999,51(5):639-646
In acetate-limited chemostat cultures of Acinetobacter johnsonii 210A at a dilution rate of 0.1 h−1 the polyphosphate content of the cells increased from 13% to 24% of the biomass dry weight by glucose (100 mM), which was
only oxidized to gluconic acid. At this dilution rate, only about 17% of the energy from glucose oxidation was calculated
to be used for polyphosphate synthesis, the remaining 83% being used for biomass formation. Suspensions of non-growing, phosphate-deficient
cells had a six- to tenfold increased uptake rate of phosphate and accumulated polyphosphate aerobically up to 53% of the
biomass dry weight when supplied with only orthophosphate and Mg2+. The initial polyphosphate synthesis rate was 98 ± 17 nmol phosphate min−1 mg protein−1. Intracellular poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and lipids served as energy sources for the active uptake of phosphate and its subsequent
sequestration to polyphosphate. The H+-ATPase inhibitor N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide caused low ATP levels and a severe inhibition of polyphosphate formation, suggesting the involvement
of polyphosphate kinase in polyphosphate synthesis. It is concluded that, in A. johnsonii 210A, (i) polyphosphate is accumulated as the energy supply is in excess of that required for biosynthesis, (ii) not only
intracellular poly-β-hydroxybutyrate but also neutral lipids can serve as an energy source for polyphosphate-kinase-mediated
polyphosphate formation, (iii) phosphate-deficient cells may accumulate as much polyphosphate as activated sludges and recombinants
of Escherichia coli designed for polyphosphate accumulation.
Received: 23 October 1998 / Received revision: 18 January 1999 / Accepted: 22 January 1999 相似文献
19.
It is critical that an inexpensive electron- donor/carbon-source be found for selenium bioremedia-tion using the selenate-respiring
bacterium, Thauera selenatis. Since acetate is a preferred substrate for growth of this organism, a method was developed for fermenting the lactose in
whey to large amounts of acetate. Indigenous whey microorganisms fermented the whey lactose in this manner when grown in continuous
culture at a very slow dilution rate (D = 0.05 h−1). The successful use of the fermented whey lactose as the carbon-source/electron-donor feed for a laboratory-scale selenium-bioremediation
reactor system, inoculated with T. selenatis, treating selenium-contaminated drainage water was also demonstrated. Selenium oxyanions and nitrate were reduced by 98%.
Received: 30 October 1998 / Received revision: 26 January 1999 / Accepted: 5 February 1999 相似文献
20.
Degradation of Soil Humic Extract by Wood- and Soil-Associated Fungi, Bacteria, and Commercial Enzymes 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Abstract
An alkaline humic extract (HE) of a black calcareous forest mull was exposed to 36 fungal and 9 eubacterial isolates in liquid
standing culture. At 21 d in fungi, and 4 d in bacteria, the groups of wood-degrading basidiomycetes, terricolous basidiomycetes,
ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil-borne microfungi, and eubacteria had reduced the absorbance (A
340) of HE media by 57, 28, 19, 26 and 5%, respectively. Gel permeation chromatography revealed that the large humic acid molecules
were more readily degraded than the smaller fulvic acid molecules and served as a sole source of carbon and energy. The more
active HE degraders reduced the overall molecular weight of humic and fulvic acids by 0.25 to 0.47 kDa. They also reduced
the chemical reactivity of HE to tetrazotized o-dianisidine, indicating the degradation of hydroxylated aromatic molecules (which are responsible for this reaction). Decreases
in absorbance, molecular weight, and reactivity were caused by fungal manganese peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase, β-glucosidase,
and abiotic oxidants such as H2O2 and Mn(III) acetate. It is concluded that fungi, some of which are propagated in contaminated soils to control xenobiotics,
metabolize HE compounds enzymatically. They use enzymes which are also involved in the degradation of soil xenobiotics. Because
of reductions in the molecular weight of HE, which is a potential carrier of heavy metal ions and xenobiotics, solubility
and motility of humic substances in soil and surface waters are increased.
Received: 4 March 1998; Accepted: 1 June 1998 相似文献