生态工程设计研究进展及特点——以黑龙江省肇东市玉米生态工程为例

生态工程设计是生态工程建设的核心。明确生态工程设计的特点,是进行良好的生态工程设计的根本。通过生态设计研究进展的综述,从１０个方面,以肇东市玉米生态工程设计为例,分析了生态工程设计的特点,并在此基础上,提出了今后进行生态工程设计应采取的策略。     

典型农业生态工程运行机制分析—以山东省西单村为例

通过对典型农业生态工程结构的研究,分析了生态农业系统的运行机制,结果表明,结构多样性与主导性关系的协调问题,是目前制约农业生态系统良性循环的根本问题,山东省西单村农业生态系统之所以以前期能够保持持续稳定发展,后期出现减缓趋势,主要原因也是由于其系统的结构多样性比较高,结构多样性指数最高达0．6556,结构链内部各组分之间的协调性超过90％,而系统实际主导性则较低,结构主导性指数最高为0．2574,系统的最高协调性指数只有0．1327,因此,要保证系统的可持续发展,必须保证系统结构的协调性。     

典型农业生态工程运行机制分析——以山东省西单村为例

通过对典型农业生态工程结构的研究,分析了生态农业系统的运行机制.结果表明,结构多样性与主导性关系的协调问题,是目前制约农业生态系统良性循环的根本问题.山东省西单村农业生态系统之所以前期能够保持持续稳定发展,后期出现减缓趋势,主要原因也是由于其系统的结构多样性比较高,结构多样性指数最高达0.6556,结构链内部各组分之间的协调性超过90%;而系统实际主导性则较低,结构主导性指数最高为0.2574,系统的最高协调性指数只有0.1327.因此,要保证系统的可持续发展,必须保证系统结构的协词性.     

旱地作物生态工程的设计

旱地作物生态工程是运用生态学和系统科学的原理和方法而设计和组建的旱地作物生产工艺体系。它把作物及其环境作为一个系统,统筹兼顾,相互协调,全面安排,综合利用。其最终目标是建立高效的,相对平衡的旱地作物生态系统。工程的最大特点在于它的整体性和综合性。它是作物先进生产技术的科学组装     

海藻场生态系统及其工程学研究进展

海藻场生态系统是典型近岸生态系统之一,其独特的结构和功能使其生态系统生态学研究及其工程学研究在近年来日益引起国际学术界关注.本文着重介绍了海藻场生态系统的概念、基本结构、生态功能及其生态工程的概念与基本实施步骤等,并以美国、日本为例,介绍了发达国家的海藻场生态工程的研究与实践现状.结合我国现已开展的海藻场生态系统生态学的相关研究,呼吁我国尽快组织开展相关的基础研究,以期尽快发挥海藻场生态工程对我国海洋经济与科技发展的积极作用.     

生态工程中食物链组合的环分析

本文研究了一个用于治理水体生态系统富营养化的生态工程,应用环分析方法对工程中的食物链的组合进行了分析。在这里,贝类被用于清除过量的藻类;种植水生植物改变营养的流转途径并且放养食植性鱼类,通过捕捞鱼和贝,使水体中的有机物和无机盐沿着从藻类到贝类和从水生植物到食植性鱼类两条途径由水体生态系统中输出,应用环分析的手段,可以调整生态工程中食物链的组合结构,使整个生态工程具有某种特定的功能。     

气候变化对“山水林田湖草”重大生态工程的影响

“山水林田湖草”重大生态保护与修复工程是中国对复杂生态环境治理的重要探索。鉴于目前大多数重大生态工程未系统地考虑气候变化对重大生态工程的影响问题,针对气候变化对高寒草地、北方林区以及风沙源区生态的影响,以实施了多年的三江源生态保护工程、三北防护林工程和京津风沙源治理工程为重点,分析了重大生态工程对全球气候变化的响应,解构了重大生态工程与气候的反馈关系和影响程度,指出了中国“山水林田湖草”重大生态工程实施过程中可能存在的问题,并给出了应对建议。结果表明：（1）气候变化对重大生态工程影响研究不足,尤其是涉及区域生态系统结构、功能、生物多样性与脆弱性等方面以及气候变化在工程实施效果贡献率的研究。（2）缺乏有效区分气候变化和工程实施效果的评估方法。目前能够定量识别气候变化对生态系统恢复的试验和方法比较少见,且缺乏对气候变化未来风险预估,导致制订的措施不能有效适应气候变化从而达到生态效益的最大化。所以在今后设计和实施“山水林田湖草”重大生态保护与修复工程时,要充分考虑自然规律、地理地带性差异和气候因素对生态系统的影响,并且加强建设生态综合监测和工程评价体系,根据未来不同的气候变化情景制订不同的措施,并依据气候动态预估来适当调整措施,使得生态工程能发挥出最大效益,以保证修复工程的系统性、区域性和整体性。     

西北干旱区山地-绿洲-荒漠系统生态恢复综合效益评估

西北干旱区目前已实施众多生态恢复举措试图修复和重建受损的生态系统,截至目前恢复效果如何我们不得而知,但生态恢复效益评估却能够检测其结果,并为未来的生态工程提供参考。在前人研究的基础上,以地面观测的气象资料、土壤调查数据、多源遥感数据和陆面模型模拟数据作为输入,对基于像元二分法的植被覆盖度估算方法、修正的风力土壤侵蚀模型、修正的通用土壤流失方程和基于光能利用率的净初级生产力模型中的参数进行本地化,更为准确的估算了西北干旱区生态恢复效益评价体系中的关键指标,并集成生态恢复效益指标,评估了1990—2015年西北干旱区14个山地-绿洲-荒漠子系统的生态恢复效益。研究发现:(1)山地-绿洲-荒漠子系统的生态系统结构、生态系统质量和生态系统功能时空分异明显:全区山地系统的生态系统结构有所改善,北疆和伊犁地区的山地-绿洲-荒漠子系统生态系统质量上升,荒漠生态系统的生态系统功能下降;(2)1990—2015年西北干旱区的荒漠子系统生态恢复效益在下降,而绿洲和山地的生态恢复效益在上升。基于多指标的生态恢复效益定量评估有助于客观认识西北干旱区的生态恢复现状和动态,评估结果可为未来生态工程提供具体的空间位置,也为我国其他生态脆弱区的生态恢复效益评价提供参考。     

吉林省中部商品粮地区农村生态发展战略动态仿真模型

农村生态系统是一个极其复杂的大系统,涉及到农、林、牧、渔以及乡镇企业等各个产业部门。描述这样一个大系统的内部结构、总体功能以及这些结构和功能的发展趋势,靠一般的数学规划方法(如线性规划、非线性规划、投入产出等)是很难做到的。而系统动力学则能够解决变量多、关系复杂的大系统的调整结构、强化功能的问题。因此,我们采用系统动力学方法,用DYNAMO语言建立了吉林省中部地区农村生态系统动态仿真模型。通过设计不同的方案,对吉林省中部地区的农村生态环境进行了长时间序列的规划、设计、试验和预测,对未来农村生态环境的发展有了比较清醒的认识和积极的、切实可行的对策。     

用生态工程技术控制农村非点源水污染

非点源污染的本质是农村生态系统的严重失调,生态工程技术是进行流域生态修复,强化物质循环的有效方法,非点源污染的治理策略有控制径流污染和控制源头污染两个方面。本文介绍了多水塘系统,植被缓冲带,湿地系统,生态农业、坡面生态工程和污染物生态处理6种生态治理技术,它们的有机结合可形成控制非点源污染的流域生态工程,执行时,应该因地制宜,还要加强资金、管理和教育的投入。     

Context-dependent impacts of a non-native ecosystem engineer, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

The introduction of non-native species represents unprecedented large-scale experiments that allow us to examine ecological systems in ways that would otherwise not be possible. Invasion by novel ecological types into a community can press a system beyond the bounds normally seen and can reveal community interactions, local drivers and limits within systems that are otherwise hidden by coevolution and a long evolutionary history among local players, as well as local adaptation of species. The success of many invaders is attributed to their ability to thrive in a wide range of habitat types and physical conditions, setting the stage for direct examination of ecological impacts of a species across a range of habitat and community contexts. Bivalves are well-known ecosystem engineers, especially oysters, which are the target of wild-caught fisheries and aquaculture. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is grown worldwide for aquaculture, and is presently invading shores on virtually every continent. As a consequence, this non-native species is having large impacts on many systems, but the types of impacts are system specific, and greatly depend on substrate type, how physiologically stressful the environment is for intertidal zone species, and the presence of native engineering species. A novel type of engineering effect is identified for this non-native species, whereby it alters not only the physical environment, but also the thermal environment of the community it invades. The impacts of engineering by this non-native species will depend not only on whether it facilitates or inhibits species but also on the trophic level and ecological role of the species affected, and whether similar ecological types are found within the system.     

Ecological engineering: A field whose time has come

Ecological engineering is defined as “the design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both.” It involves the restoration of ecosystems that have been substantially disturbed by human activities such as environmental pollution or land disturbance; and the development of new sustainable ecosystems that have both human and ecological value. While there was some early discussion of ecological engineering in the 1960s, its development was spawned later by several factors, including loss of confidence in the view that all pollution problems can be solved through technological means and the realization that with technological means, pollutants are just being moved from one form to another. Conventional approaches require massive amounts of resources to solve these problems, and that in turn perpetuates carbon and nitrogen cycle problems, for example. The development of ecological engineering was given strong impetus in the last decade with a textbook, the journal Ecological Engineering and two professional ecological engineering societies. Five principles about ecological engineering are: (1) It is based on the self-designing capacity of ecosystems; (2) It can be the acid test of ecological theories; (3) It relies on system approaches; (4) It conserves non-renewable energy sources; and (5) It supports biological conservation. Ecology as a science is not routinely integrated into engineering curricula, even in environmental engineering programs, while shortcoming, ecologists, environmental scientists, and managers miss important training in their profession—problem solving. These two problems could be solved in the integrated field of ecological engineering.     

The emergence of ecological engineering as a discipline

Pioneering efforts in ecological engineering (a precedent setting engineering and applied science discipline in which the self-engineering capabilities of ecosystems are managed for the benefit of the environment and humankind) research and practice have proven to be tremendous strides toward establishing a new engineering discipline with a science base in ecology. Case studies, demonstrations and applications pertaining to restoration, rehabilitation, conservation, sustainability, reconstruction, remediation and reclamation of ecosystems using ecological engineering techniques are numerous. This has brought the field to the current level where many scientists and engineers adequately support the concept of, and need for, ecological engineering, and generally agree that ecological engineering has been sufficiently defined. There is also general agreement that full emergence as an engineering discipline remains a difficult task. Certain general characteristics of existing engineering disciplines can guide the emergence of ecological engineering and thus are a vital context covered in this paper. From the context of engineering practice, three concepts are evident including: (1) establishment of formal foundations for ecological engineering research and development; (2) development of core ecological engineering sciences and curricula; and (3) certification in ecological design. These elements are important components of a formal approach to develop ecological engineering as a principled, quantitative, recognized, practical, novel, and formal engineering discipline that coalesces past and future research and practice into cohesive underpinnings.     

A “Living” Machine

Biomimetics (or bionics) is the engineering discipline that constructs artificial systems using biological principles. The ideal final result in biomimetics is to create a living machine. But what are the desirable and non-desirable properties of biomimetic product7 Where can natural prototypes be found7 How can technical solutions be transferred from nature to technology? Can we use living nature like LEC, O bricks for oonstmction our machines? How can biology help us? What is a living machine? In biomimetic practice only some “part“ (organ, part of organ, tissue) of the observed whole organism is utilized. A possible template for future super-organism extension for biornimetic methods might be drawn from experiments in holistic ecological agriculture (ecological design, permacuhure, ecological engineering, etc. ). The necessary translation of these roles to practical action can be achieved with the Russian Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), specifically adjusted to biology. Thus, permaculture, reinforced by a TRIZ conceptual framework, might provide the basis for Super-Organismic Bionics, which is hypothesized as necessary for effective ecological engineering. This hypothesis is supported by a case study-the design of a sustainable artificial nature reserve for wild pollinators as a living machine.     

崇明岛河道治理中的生态护坡技术

生态护坡技术对于减弱河道生态系统中的河岸侵蚀及其水质保护至关重要。本研究以上海崇明岛瀛东村生态河道示范工程为例,探讨了以生态修复和稳定坡岸为目标的生态护坡技术在河道坡岸修复中的应用及其生态效应;将自主发明的生态护坡技术应用到工程实例,并进行了连续的生态监测。结果表明,护坡工程竣工后第2年采样点河道中段(A2)与村口桥(A4)的坡岸抗剪强度均值分别为62.0和63.5kPa,远大于原始护坡A1处37kPa的抗剪强度,土壤抗剪强度有明显增加,坡岸结构稳定性增强。河水水质经过护坡植物的净化得到较好改善;沿水流方向,总氮(TN)从2.95降到1.08mg·L-1,减少了63.4%;铵态氮(NH4+-N)从2.64降到1.02mg·L-1,减少了61.4%。同时,河岸生境得到改善,生物多样性增加,生态稳定性增强。     

Ecological engineering analysis and eco-hydrodynamic simulation of tidal rivers in Shenzhen City of China

A comprehensive approach using ecological engineering analysis and eco-hydrodynamic simulation was conducted on the tidal rivers in Shenzhen City of China in this study. A tidal river along a near-shore city should be evaluated and regulated from a multidisciplinary point of view, focused especially on ecology, in order to maintain and enhance the ecological structure and function of the river. Firstly, eco-hydrodynamic control can be used, based on simulated modeling of tidal water circulation, to trace the distribution of pollutants and to predict circulation of tidal water. Using findings from this modeling effort, some water control facilities, such as additional channel connection and water gates, can be established. Appropriate operation strategy is to use tidal energy to promote effective water exchange in the water bodies and thereby improve water quality in the tidal river. Secondly, ecological engineering methods should be integrated with hydraulic measures to further improve the environment. Appropriate plant communities for this ecological engineering can be selected. Based on the simulated results of eco-hydrodynamic model, the optimum locations for adding reclaimed land can be determined. These ecological engineering methods are as follows: (1) it is necessary to calculate the ecological water requirements for the tidal river. The water effluent from the sewage treatment plant can be considered as reclaimed water and pumped to upstream of the tidal reach for reuse; (2) well planned aquatic plant systems composed of emergent, floating, and submergent plants can be used to promote water treatment; (3) the configuration of the engineered landscape should give preference to indigenous plants and appropriate non-indigenous plant species; (4) constructed wetlands, especially mangroves at coastal city sites, can also improve the tidal river aquatic environment.     

Ecosystem, environmental quality and ecotechnology in the Taipei metropolitan region

The “self-design” capability of a natural environment is ignored in currently practiced environmental technology and urban planning professionals. Therefore, we propose an ecological engineering approach to conduct scenarios for environmental management in the metropolitan region of Taipei. Ecological energetic analysis is applied to assess the ecological economic status and the role and contribution of solid waste and water resources in the Taipei metropolitan region. The benefit of an ecological engineering approach to the environmental quality and sustainable development of the metropolitan region is evaluated using emergy synthesis. The results indicate that Taipei metropolitan region operates its activity mainly on the imported fuels and goods and services, which account for 90% of total emergy used. The treatment of waste as resources and the use of the self-design capability of the natural environment according to the ecological engineering approach can generate positive contribution and aid the environmental quality and productive potential of the ecological economic system. It is concluded that ecological sustainability should be used as a reference of environmental quality for urban development policy.     

生态工程实施对羌塘和三江源国家级自然保护区植被净初级生产力的影响

为了有效评估生态工程建设对青藏高原典型国家级自然保护区的影响, 基于表征生态系统功能状况的植被净初级生产力变化系列数据, 采用样区对比法系统分析了羌塘和三江源两个国家级自然保护区建立及2004/2005年实施的新生态工程的效果。研究表明: (1) 1982-2009年间, 在10组对比样区中有9组保护区内样区的草地净初级生产力呈波动上升的趋势; (2) 2004年后新生态工程的实施效果良好, 有8组对比样区生态状况转好; (3)在所有高寒草地类型中, 新生态工程对高寒草甸类型样区的保护效果最为显著。     

Soil bioengineering and the ecological restoration of riverbanks at the Airport Town,Shanghai, China

Ecological, soil bioengineering, and traditional techniques were integrated to obtain a structurally sound, ecologically sustainable and socio-economically beneficial method for restoring the riverbanks at the Airport Town, Shanghai, which was the first project applying soil bioengineering to riverbank restoration in China. Soil bioengineering is the use of living plant materials to construct structures that perform some engineering and ecological functions and can provide an effective means for slope stabilization and site restoration of riverbanks. The restoration and management strategy was based on a plan to integrate the natural landscape using live staking, live fascines, brush layer, vegetated geo-grids and geo-gabions, along with native vegetation for riverbank preservation. Ecological parameters including root characteristics and their biomass, species and habitat diversity, and soil moisture and shear stress were measured for site characterization and evaluation of a demonstration project The riverbank erosion was reduced significantly, along with an increase in species and habitat diversity, and improvement in aesthetics and water quality after a ten-month project implementation period, when compared to the control site. Our project of ecological restoration of riverbanks can be viewed through the perspective of the 19 principles presented by Mitsch and Jorgensen, which shows also how the principles and methods of soil bioengineering, and the concepts of ecological engineering that have recently been much developed in the West have been absorbed into Chinese practices of ecological engineering and can be applied to ecological restoration of riverbanks in China.