Three new species of Centella series Glabratae (Apiaceae)

Three new species of Centella series Glabratae are described in this paper: C. brachycarpa, C. dolichocarpa and C. pilosa. These species are similar to C. difformis , and in order to clarify species limits the latter is also described and illustrated. The fruit shape and the bulging commissure of the new species show that the sectional limits of the series Glabratae will have to be revised to include C. difformis and related species, previously associated with the series Montanae.     

Capparis dongvanensis sp. nov. (Capparaceae) from Vietnam

Capparis dongvanensis (Capparaceae) is described as a new species and illustrated from Ha Giang Province of Vietnam. It is morphologically similar to C. lanceolaris and C. fengii, but differs in the number of flowers on peduncles, length of spine and petiole, apex of the leaf, type of inflorescence, petal color, cylindrical ovary without any beak, fruit shape and number of seeds per fruit. Diagnostic morphological characters along with pollen and seed SEM images of C. dongvanensis and allied species are provided. Its ecology, habitat and conservation status are also described.     

Cyanoneuron (Rubiaceae), a new genus from Borneo and Sulawesi

The genus Cyanoneuron is established to accommodate three Bornean and Sulawesi species previously placed in Myrioneuron . Two new species: C. grandiflorum and C. pedunculatum are described. All five species are illustrated. A survey of the character states including vegetative, inflorescence, floral, fruit, pollen, seed morphology and anatomy is given. The chromosome number has been counted for C. cyaneum, C. grandiflorum and C. pubescens. Cyanoneuron is tentatively included in the tribe Hedyotideae, but its affinity to genera inside this tribe is unknown.     

Revision of the subgenus Ceratitis (Pardalaspis) Bezzi, 1918 (Diptera, Tephritidae, Ceratitini)

Abstract. The fruit fly genus Ceratitis (Diptera: Tephritidae) comprises several important pest species attacking a wide range of unrelated fruits. In this paper the subgenus Ceratitis ( Pardalaspis ) Bezzi is revised. Ten species are recognized of which five are described as new: C.(P.)hamata sp.n., C.(P.)munroi sp.n., C.(P.)serrata sp.n., C.(P.)semipunctata sp.n. and C.(P.)zairensis sp.n. A key to both sexes is provided. All species are restricted to the Afrotropical Region and distributional and known host plant data are given.     

A new species of Cymopterus (Umbelliferae) from southern Idaho

A new species,Cymopterus davisii, from alpine areas in the Albion Mountains of extreme south-central Idaho, is described. It has been confused withC. nivalis, with which it is compared. The fruit ofC. davisii are subterete to somewhat compressed laterally and, contrary to the literature, correspond closely to those ofC. nivalis and related species.     

铁线莲属研究随记(VI)(英文)

讨论了Clematis eriopoda Maxim.和sect.Atragenopsis Boiss.的地位,认为这二分类群均应成立;描述了2新种,1新变种;过去长期被归并的卷萼铁线莲C.tubulosa得到恢复;Clematisheracleifoliavar.ichangensis被转移改作卷萼铁线莲的变种;首次给出光叶铁线莲Clematisglabrifolia的果实的形态描述。     

Life history strategies in two coexisting agamospecies of dandelion

Populations of Taraxacum , dandelion, on a Northumberland sand dune system contain 27 agamospecies. Demographic parameters for subpopulations containing a preponderance of two closely related agamospecies, Taraxacum lacistophyllum and T. brachyglossum are described. High and low density populations were stable over a 3 year period. The estimated turnover times differed between densities and species. The early growth characteristics of the two species are described. The plastochrons of the two species are distinct, as are the growth patterns of the leaves, the total leaf length per plant, the number of leaves and rate of leaf birth, and the patterns of allocation of dry weight to the root, shoot, and reproductive organs of the plant. Differences between the species were observed in fruit, scape height, the wind speed required to achieve fruit dispersal, and the pattern of fruit dispersal at different wind speeds. The origin and maintenance of agamospecies diversity is discussed in relation to the observed life history variation.     

Bee pollination and fruit set of Coffea arabica and C. canephora (Rubiaceae)

Self-sterile Coffea canephora and self-fertile C. arabica are important cash crops in many tropical countries. We examined the relative importance of insect, wind, and spontaneous self-pollination and the degree of self-fertility of these two coffee species in 24 agroforestry coffee fields in Indonesia. In both species, open pollination and cross pollination by hand led to the highest fruit set. Wind pollination (including self-pollination) led to 16% lower fruit set than open pollination in C. canephora and to 12.3% lower fruit set in C. arabica. Self-pollinated flowers and unmanipulated controls achieved an extremely low fruit set of 10% or less in the self-sterile species, and of 60% and 48%, respectively in the self-fertile species. These results constitute experimental evidence that cross pollination by bees causes a significant increase in fruit set of not only the self-sterile, but also the self-fertile coffee species. The practical implication is that coffee yield may be improved by managing fields for increased flower visitation by bees.     

铁线莲属研究随记(Ⅵ)

讨论了Clematis eriopoda Maxim和sect．Atragenopsis Boiss．的地位,认为这二分类群均应成立;描述了2新种,1新变种;过去长期被归并的卷萼铁线莲C.tubulosa得到恢复;Clematis heracleifolia var．ichangensis被转移改作卷萼铁线莲的变种;首次给出光叶铁线莲Clematis glabrifolia的果实的形态描述。     

The Bornean Lithocarpus B1. section Synaedrys (Lindl.) Barnett (Fagaceae): its circumscription and description of a new species

The Bomean species of Lithocarpus B1. section Synaedrys edl.) Barnett (Fagaceae) are discussed in terms of their unifying characteristics, and keys to the species are provided. A novel morphological feature present in the genus, where the seed in the mature fruit is enclosed by a lignified and thickened receptacle, is illustrated. A new species, L palungensis Cannon & Manos, is described. It can be distinguished from L. pulcher (King) Markgr. by its submontane distribution, prominent reflexed cupular spines, present at all stages, and broadly oblong leaves with scattered open fasciculate trichomes on the abaxial surface. Foliar trichome types present within the section are also described. Distinctiveness of fruit wall and receptacle shape, as described by two-dimensional elliptic Fourier transformation, is demonstrated by principal components analysis.     

The primate community of the Lopé reserve,Gabon: Diets,responses to fruit scarcity,and effects on biomass

The diets of all diurnal primates (Gorilla g. gorilla, Pan t. troglodytes, Mandrillus sphinx, Colobus satanas, Cercocebus albigena, Cercopithecus nictitans, C. pogonias, C. cephus) in the Lopé Reserve, central Gabon, are described from qualitative and quantitative data collected over 10 years. A total of 397 foods were recorded, of which 91% were from plants. The diets of seven of the eight species were numerically dominated by fruit, the exception being Colobus satanas with a diet dominated by seeds. When proportion of feeding time was examined, fruit remained the dominant food class for six species, while Cercocebus albigena, like the black colobus, spent most time feeding on seeds. The number of foods recorded per species ranged from 46–220, but dietary breadth of the four species that have not been subjects of detailed study was certainly underestimated. Almost half of the foods (46%) were eaten by only one species, and only four (1%) were recorded for all eight species. At Lopé, fruit is scarce for 2–3 months during the annual dry season, and fruit crop failures can prolong this period of scarcity to as many as 8 months in some years. When fruit is scarce, the diets of all species changed to include more nonfruit foods, but chimpanzees and the three species of guenons maintained a fruit dominated diet. The total biomass of the Lopé primate community is 374 kg/km², which is low compared to other sites in tropical Africa. Within the Lopé community, biomass correlates negatively with degree of frugivory, suggesting that fruit availability may be critical, but this does not explain the low total biomass compared to other sites. Neither floristic diversity nor the composition of the primate community at Lopé can account for the low biomass. While historical events such as climate-induced changes in forest cover, disease, or impact of human activities cannot be ruled out, we conclude that the most likely explanation of low primate biomass is the occurrence of an ecological “catastrophe” in the fairly recent past from which populations have not yet recovered. We believe that the most likely scenario was climate-mediated disturbance of flowering of important fruit food species. Prolonged fruit scarcity would have caused mortalities and affected the most frugivorous species more severely. Am. J. Primatol. 42:1–24, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Floral anatomy,embryology, seed,and fruit development in Cephalanthus (Naucleeae-Rubiaceae), with emphasis on C. glabratus

Information on the reproductive anatomy in genera of the tribe Naucleeae, particularly Cephalanthus, is scarce and fragmented. Of the six species in the genus, only the mature megagamethophyte of Cephalanthus occidentalis has been described. This study aims to provide information on embryological aspects in flowers of C. glabratus and to analyze the morphology and anatomy of the flowers, fruit, and seed in the six species of the genus. Cephalanthus glabratus have imperfect flowers: pistillate (PF) and staminate (SF). In the PF, the ovules are functional, while in the SF, they atrophy during the formation of the embryo sac. The mature ovule has a single integument, corresponds to the Phyllis type and the embryo sac is a Polygonum type, forming only in the PF. The presence of pollenkitt and secondary presentation of pollen were observed in the SF, as well as in the pollen formation previously described, whereas in the PF, they are absent, due to the collapse of the pollen grains inside the indehiscent anthers. The analysis of the ontogeny of the ovular excrescence in C. glabratus determined its funicular origin, calling it an aril. Its development is a pre-anthesis event, initiated during megasporogenesis. In seeds, the aril is a fleshy, white appendage which almost completely envelops the seeds of Cephalanthus, except for Cephalanthus natalensis where it is noticeably more reduced. Studies of the fruit in Cephalanthus species indicate that the infructescence is a dry schizocarp which separates into uni-seminated mericarps, except in C. natalensis that has fleshy indehiscent fruit.

     

A new species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) damaging flower buds of goji berry Lycium barbarum (Solanaceae)

Larvae of a previously undescribed gall midge species have been feeding within malformed flower buds of goji berry Lycium barbarum L. (Solanaceae) in China, preventing fruit development and causing damage to the fruit industry. The new species is named Gephyraulus lycantha Jiao & Kolesik, its morphology is described, the COI mitochondrial gene segment is sequenced, and the biology is outlined. In order to taxonomically accommodate the new gall midge, the scope of the genus Gephyraulus is broadened and now encompasses also species that lack dorso-apical sensoria on the female cercus.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:17B243CF-5235-405B-AA60-8E872C848367.     

Bilacunaria anatolica sp. nov. (Apiaceae) from southwest Anatolia,Turkey

A new species, Bilacunaria anatolica A. Duran (Apiaceae) is described and illustrated from southwest Turkey. The species grows on eroded marly stony slopes and in openings of Pinus brutia forest in Fethiye district (C2 Mu?la province). Bilacunaria anatolica, an endemic confined to southwest Anatolia, is related to B. microcarpa and B. scabra. It is also similar to the Mediterranean species Cachrys crassiloba and C. cristata in terms of habit, but differs in fruit characteristics. Diagnostic morphological and carpo‐anatomical characters are discussed. Notes are also presented on ecology and conservation status. In addition, pollen characteristics and mericarp surface features are examined by SEM. The geographical distribution of the new species and related species is mapped.     

Dos especies nuevas de <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quararibea</Emphasis> (Malvaceae) del sur de México

Two new species in the genus Quararibea from southern Mexico are described and illustrated, and information on their distribution and habitat is provided. Quararibea lopezperaltae is distinguished by its glabrate branchlets, its obloid, shallowly bilobed fruit, with a conspicuously depressed apex lacking a mammilla, and by the presence of a calyx that is not accrescent in fruit. Quararibea mayarum is distinguished by its densely villous-tomentose branches, petioles, and leaves, and by the presence of an ellipsoid, mammillate fruit that has a depressed apex when dry, and a calyx that is not accrescent in fruit. The relationships of these species are discussed further and a key to separate the Mexican species of Quararibea is presented.     

Fruit Traits in Baboon Diet: A Comparison with Plant Species Characteristics in West Africa

Primate fruit choice among plant species has been attributed to different morphological plant and fruit characteristics. Despite a high abundance of animal-dispersed plant species in the savanna–forest mosaic of West Africa, few data are available on the interplay between morphological fruit traits and primate fruit consumers in this ecosystem. We tested whether olive baboons (Papio anubis) at Comoé National Park, north-eastern Ivory Coast, prefer fruit species with particular characteristics relative to the availability of these traits among the woody plant species at the study site. Specifically we were interested in the suites of traits that best predict fruit choice and seed handling by baboons. The baboons ate fruit/seeds from 74 identified plant species, representing 25 percent of the regional pool of woody plant species. They preferred trees to shrubs and lianas as fruit sources. Otherwise, baboons seemed to consume whatever fruit type, color, and size of fruit and seeds available, though they especially included larger fruit into their diet. Against expectations from the African bird–monkey fruit syndrome of brightly colored drupes and berries, baboons ate mostly species having large, dull-colored fruit. Fruit type and color best described whether baboons included a species into their diet, whereas fruit type and seed size best predicted whether baboons predated upon the seeds of their food plant species. As most plant species at the study site had medium-sized to large fruits and seeds, large frugivores like baboons might be particularly important for plant fitness and plant community dynamics in West African savanna–forest ecosystems.     

A new species of alucita L. (Lepidoptera: alucitidae) from northern Chile

Male and female adults of a new species of Alucita L. (Lepidoptera: Alucitidae) are described and illustrated from the Azapa Valley, northern Chile. Immature stages are associated with fruit of "chuve", Tecoma fulva (Cav.) D. Don. (Bignoniaceae). This is the first species of Alucitidae described from Chile.