Apports de la palynologie a la connaissance du Pliocène du Roussillon (sud de la France)

The present study illustrates clearly how pollen analysis may be applied to stratigraphy from a botanical point of view. Within a chronologically reliable frame (Middle Pliocene for the marine deposits on the basis of Foraminifera record; two subzones for continental deposits on the basis of Mammals record: Hautimagne for Terrats fauna, Sète for Serrat-d'en-Vacquer fauna), palynology provides a good stratigraphical boundary: the extinction of the Taxodiaceae. In a remblayage area, it is established that a continental level is not necessarily younger than a marine one unless they are superposed. Many profiles are replaced according to the «progradation of the pliocene gulf of Roussillon. The boundary between marine and continental deposits cuts through the chronological line of the Taxodiaceae extinction. The flora investigated (93 taxa) is the first known for the Pliocene of this area. The extinction of the Taxodiaceae in southern France has a climatic cause: the setting in of a mediterranean rhythm (dry summers). This extinction is much older than the one which took place in Italy (Tiberian boundary) and in the Netherlands (Reuverian-Pretiglian boundary).     

La crise de la psychiatrie contemporaine 1ère Partie: la perte du singulier

Contemporary psychiatry relies on its activity of categorization. It ignores the person’ subjective experience. This vista fits the current specialization of sciences. The authors relate the origins of modern psychiatry to the scientific spirit of the Age of the Enlightment. The activity of abstraction required by science leads to neglect some aspects of reality. This explains the equivocal face of contemporary psychiatry, which lacks a conception of healthy mental life, as well as a conception of pathological life, and moreover theoretical foundations able to guarantee healing perspectives. The main dangers are conformism and normality.     

La division de la cellule phénomène bipolaire de caractère électro-colloÏdal

Sans résumé     

Industries lithiques du centre et du nord-est du Brésil pendant la transition Pléistocène–Holocène et l’Holocène ancien : la question du Technocomplexe Itaparica

In publications on Brazilian prehistory, the Itaparica tradition corresponds to the first relatively dense human occupation in central and northeast Brazil, during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition and early Holocene. It is characterized in typological terms by the presence of unifacially shaped stone tools, traditionally called lesmas. We present here a critical review of the concept of Itaparica tradition, testing, beyond these typological similarities, its technological coherence. For this, we rely on the techno-functional analysis of lithic collections from reference site GO-JA-01, in State of Goiás, compared to those of sites Boqueirão da Pedra Furada and Pica-Pau, in State of Piauí. The results of this study demonstrate the existence of a technical system based on the design of an original tool blank, the unifacially shaped artifact, and a complementarity between these and the associated tool flakes. The comparative approach between the different sites shows a strong technical relationship. Consequently, we can talk about the existence of an “Itaparica technocomplex”. This implies a cultural link between human groups that participated in this first dense peopling of central and northeast Brazil.     

Une nouvelle espèce d'Apodemus (Rodentia,Mammalia)du Pliocène de la dépression de Guadix-Baza (Grenade,Espagne)

This paper describes a new species of Apodemus,A. agustii, a Middle Pliocene Muridae from the Guadix-Baza basin. Its morphology is far from that postulated as more frequent in Apodemus: its molars crowns are relatively high: there is no connection between t6 and t9 in M¹ and M². Taking in account this and its age, it is placed in an evolutionary branch, convergent with “Rhagapodemus” morphotype.     

Dinosaur footprints from the Early Jurassic of Le Mazel (Lozère,Southern France)

During the 20^th century, the first dinosaur tracks of the Causses Basin were identified at Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves, in the Parc National des Cévennes (southern France). A recent excavation reveals a new theropod tracksite in the Hettangian deposits from Le Mazel, 2 km from the historical tracksite at Saint-Laurent-de-Trèves. The tracks are here described combining a biometric approach and 3D imaging photogrammetry. The main track-bearing surface bears 64 in situ tridactyl footprints preserved as concave epireliefs. Two morphotypes were identified, a “Grallatorid” morphotype and a “Kayentapus” morphotype. Footprints belonging to the first morphotype are closely similar to Grallator lescurei, Grallator minusculus, and Grallator sauclierensis. This study shows the difficulty to distinguish quite similar tridactyl tracks from an ichnotaxonomic point of view and highlights the importance of detailed biometric comparisons. Tracks are preserved in a brown to yellowish dolomudstone showing abundant cryptalgal laminites and mud cracks. These deposits were accrued in shallow environments such as intertidal and supratidal zones of a tidal flat.     

Étude palynologique du pliocène de la côte d'azur (France) et du littoral ligure (Italie)

Pollen analysis of Pliocene marine clays in coastal Alps paleogulfs is supported by biostratigraphic records according to foraminifers and accessorily to nannoplankton. From the seashore up to elevated areas, the region was occupied by forests mostly constituted by Gymnosperms (Taxodiaceae particularly). The Lower Pliocene vegetation was also characterized by local differences related to the substratum. Pollen assemblages changed in the Earliest Piacenzian; this event is probably to be related to a climatic fluctuation already evidenced in the Northwestern Mediterranean region.     

Aspects toxiques du cuivre sur la biomasse et la productivité du phytoplancton de la rivière du Saguenay,Québec

In 1979 and 1980, batch culture experiments were conducted to observe the inhibitory effect of copper ion (concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg Cu · l^–1) on the standing crops and photosynthesis of phytoplankton of the Saguenay River (for 124 hours) and in Chlorella vulgaris (for 8 days). These algal assays were carried out using the surface water of the Saguenay River. In natural populatoins of phytoplankton, it was found that photosynthesis was more sensitive than growth: at the lowest concentrations, such as 10 µg Cu · 1^–1, copper seemed to increase the chlorophyll concentrations whereas the rates of primary production show a decrease of 60% with respect to the control. At higher concentrations of copper, the effect is weak in chlorophyll concentrations and more pronounced in the rates of primary production (decrease of 86 to 90%). The pennate diatoms are dominant (in all the samples) and these organisms are known as relatively resistant to copper. In Chlorella vulgaris, it was observed that with 100 µg Cu · 1^–1, chlorophyll concentrations and rates of photosynthesis respectively decrease by 63 and 99% with respect to the control. At higher concentrations of copper, a maximum decrease of 70% and 99% respectively for chlorophyll concentrations and rates of primaryproduction are observed.

     

Kovalevskiella (Ostracoda,Timiriaseviinae), genre à mode de vie benthique depuis l'Oligocène,son adaptation à la vie interstitielle

This paper reviews the distribution of the fossil and recent Kovalevskiella. The fossil species of this group lived in a benthic environment (fresh and oligomesohaline environments) in Europe from the Upper Oligocene to the beginning of the Quaternary. The recent Kovalevskiella species are exclusively groundwater dwellers. A lacustrine paleoenvironment in southwestern France from the Lower Miocene, where Kovalevskiella lived abundantly, is studied in detail. The study reveals the paleoecologic characteristics of the species in question. The morphology of this fossil species is compared with that of the Recent groundwater Kovalevskiella and the slow rate of the evolutionary change of the carapace shape and structure of the Kovalevskiella group is emphasized. Evolutionary-ecologic explanations for this slow process are provided.     

Effet du rayonnement solaire sur la persistance des conidiospores de L'hyphomycète entomopathogène,Nomuraea rileyi, à la surface d'un couvert végétal

Résumé La persistance des conidiospores deNomuraea rileyi (F.) Samson à la surface du couvert végétal a été étudiéein situ en culture de féverole (?Féverole 1 et 2?) et de chou. L'effet du rayonnement solaire sur la survie du germe a été analysé, d'une part, dans des microparcelles recouvertes d'écrans sélectifs arrêtant les radiations de longueurs d'onde inférieures à 320 nm (UV A⁺) ou à 400 nm (UV⁻) ou par un écran total vis-à-vis du rayonnement direct (RYT⁻) et, d'autre part, dans une microparcelle découverte (RYT⁺). Les conditions microclimatiques ont été suivies pendant toute la durée des expérimentations et le contr?le de l'activité résiduelle du champignon a porté essentiellement sur le dénombrement des spores viables sur milieu nutritif après mise en suspension d'un broyat des échantillons de feuilles prélevés sur le terrain. Dans le cas des variantes expérimentales (RYT⁺) et (RYT⁻) le potentiel infectieux a été éprouvé sur des larves deSpodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lépidoptère Noctuidae) alimentées pendant 24 h avec des rondelles de feuilles recueillies dans le couvert. La durée de demi-vie de l'inoculum sporal est étroitement liée à l'ensoleillement; par temps clair elle peut atteindre un minimum de 3,6 h (?Féverole 1?), alors que dans les microparcelles totalement protégées du rayonnement direct, elle est supérieure à 40 h. Les données d'activité pathogène confirment l'inactivation de l'inoculum soumis au rayonnement solaire. Parallèlement, le recours aux écrans transparents (UV A⁺) ou opaques (UV⁻) au proche ultra-violet (320–400 nm) a permis de démontrer clairement l'effet léthal de l'UV A naturel sur les conidiospores deN. rileyi, dont les demi-vies peuvent être réduites jusqu'à 4 fois (?Féverole 1?: X_{UV A} +=11,6 h au lieu de X_UV−=48,2 h). A partir de ces résultats, on estime que par temps ensoleillé en été, le potentiel d'inoculum deN. rileyi exposé au rayonnement solaire direct peut chuter de 10⁴ fois en une semaine, alors que par temps couvert cette réduction n'aurait été que de 100 fois. Avec la collaboration technique deH. Vermeil de Conchard.     

Un Mésosuchien ziphodonte dans l'Éocène supérieurde La Livinière (Hérault,France)

Crocodilian remains collected at the turn of the centuryin the early Bartonian locality of La Livinière (Hérault, southern France) belong to a ziphodont mesosuchian. They include compressed, serrated teeth, primitive jugals, amphicoelous vertebrae, dermal scutes, and elongated, slender limb bones. The systematic position of this animal is difficult to determine, but it is more reminiscent of some forms from the upper Cretaceous of South America than of the Tertiary Sebecidae. It may be related to Iberosuchus, a ziphodont mesosuchian from the Eocene of the Iberian peninsula. Its peculiar limb bones confirm the terrestrial habits of ziphodont crocodilians.     

Suoidea du Miocène inférieur de Laugnac (Lot-et-Garonne, France)

The fossil vertebrate locality of Laugnac is the type locality of the Neogene mammalian zone MN2b. It has yielded many remains of Suoidea belonging to two different genera.Xenohyus venitor is characterized by its large size and especially its large central upper incisors, I1/ and I2/. It is quite difficult to know its phyletic relationships because the material is not abundant.Hyotherium cf.meisneri is more abundant with a quite good skull, pieces of skull, jaws and isolated teeth. It belongs to a peculiar lineage different from that ofH. major from Saint Gérand-le-Puy, France. It has some similarities withAureliachoerus aurelianensis from later geological levels (MN3-MN5).     

Une nouvelle espèce du genre Bohlinia (Mammalia,Giraffidae) du Miocène supérieur de Toros-Menalla,Tchad

New Giraffidae specimens discovered from the Late Miocene fossiliferous sector of Toros-Menalla (northern Chad) are described. These specimens are assigned to Bohlinia, a genus known so far only in some Late Miocene localities of Eurasia. This is the first occurrence of the genus in Africa. Analysis of the material allows us to describe a new species of giraffid, Bohlinia adoumi n. sp., probably close to the Eurasian forms.     

Nouveaux genres de Squaliformes (Chondrichthyes) du Paléogène des Landes (Sud-Ouest de la France)

Résumé  Parmi les nombreux squaliformes récoltés dans le Lutétien des Landes (SO de la France), deux genres et espèces nouveaux ont été reconnus:Squaliodalatias weltoni n. gen. n. sp. etAngoumeius paradoxus n. gen. n. sp. La morphologie dentaire du premier permet de le rapprocher des Dalatiidae. Les relations phylétiques du second taxon sont pour 1’instant moins claires, en raison de sa denture supérieure inhabituelle pour un Dalatiiforme aussi évolué au niveau de la denture inférieure. Ces taxa nouveaux viennent enrichir nos connaissances sur un groupe encore mal connu à l’état fossile en raison de son habitat bathyal ainsi que sur la mise en place et la radiation, encore trop peu documentée, des faunes profondes.      

Orthida (brachiopoda) de la formation de Postolonnec (Ordovicien) Finistère,France

Three species of Orthida are described from the «Schistes de Postolonnec Formation. The distribution of Crozonorthis musculosa n. g., n. sp. allows to improve the correlations between the Iberic Peninsula and the Armorican massif and supply new arguments for a Llandeilian age to a part of the «Schistes de Postolonnec Formation.     

Première biozonation du Pléistocène Européen,principal résultat biostratigraphique de l'étude des Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia,Perissodactyla) du Miocène terminal au Pléistocène supérieur d'Europe Occidentale

For the Uppermost Miocene the already known zones MN 9 to MN 13 are used without any change; they prove to be particularly useful for the study of fossil rhinocerotids. The Plio-Villafranchian age corresponds to the zones 14 to 19, the definition of the first five being completed and the last being new. Middle to Upper Pleistocene age deals with the zones 20 to 26, all being new and defined following the same principles.