The Identification of the Seeds of the British Papaveraceae

The morphology of seeds of British wild, introduced, and commonlycultivated members of the Papaveraceae has been examined, anda key to the identification of the seeds is presented. Quantitative data on size and weight as well as informationabout shape, colour and surface features of the seeds are givenfor Papaver rhoeas L., P. dubium L., P. lecoqii lamotte, P.hybridum L., P. argemone L., P. somniferum L., P. lateritiumC. Koch, P. atlanticum (Ball) Coss., P. orientale L., P. nudicauleL., Meconopsis cambrica (L.) Vig., M. betonicifolia French,Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC., Glaucium flavum Crantz., G. corniculatum(L.) Rudolph, Chelidonium majus L., Eschscholzia californicaCham., E. erecta cv. compacta and E. erecta cv. miniature. Arepresentative sample of each seed is illustrated.     

Responses of Photosynthesis and Biomass Allocation of an Understorey Herb, Pteridophyllum racemosum, to Gradual Increases in Irradiance

In wave-regenerating Abies forests in central Japan, light availabilityon the forest floor of a mature-tree stand increases graduallyover 4 to 5 years during the senescence of trees. The understoreyevergreen perennialPteridophyllum racemosum Sieb. et Zucc. (Papaveraceae)is commonly found in such forests. To determine the acclimationcharacteristics of this species to gradual changes in lightavailability, leaf photosynthetic traits and biomass allocationpatterns were determined along a transect running from fullyshaded understorey to a canopy gap. Along the transect, thephoton flux density on the forest floor relative to full sun(RPFD) varied from 2.3–36.7%. The light-saturated netphotosynthetic rate of field-grown plants increased as the lightenvironment increased from 2.3–14.1% RPFD. However, aslight conditions increased from moderate (14.1%) to high (36.7%),the light-saturated net photosynthetic rate decreased to a levelcomparable to that exhibited by low-light grown plants. On theother hand, root mass per unit leaf area (RMA) increased withincreasing light conditions. A higher RMA contributes to a higherwater uptake capacity per unit leaf area which in turn supportshigher rates of photosynthesis and transpiration in high light.We conclude that in wave-regenerating forests P. racemosum cansurvive in high-light environments by avoiding a severe waterdeficit and heat load by increasing RMA. Copyright 2001 Annalsof Botany Company Biomass allocation, photosynthesis, Pteridophyllum racemosum, root mass per unit leaf area, wave regeneration     

Quaternary alkaloids of Fumaria indica

Dehydrocheilanthifoline, a phenolic protoberberine alkaloid has been isolated from the whole plant of Fumaria indica together with coptisine. This is the second report of the natural occurrence of dehydrocheilanthifoline and first from any Fumaria species.     

A phenetic comparison of someFumaria spp. (Fumariaceae)

The taxonomy of the genusFumaria has not been considered in detail sincePugsley's work in 1919 ff., and few modern methods have been applied to it. In a phenetic study, 33 populations of 11Fumaria spp. were grown in uniform conditions, and seven morphological characters measured. After re-expression and transformation the data were analysed by cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Alternative analyses did not indicate contradictory taxonomic conclusions. Artificial crosses gave some evidence on interfertility, and suggestedF. occidentalis to be an allopolyploid ofF. bastardii ×F. capreolata. Pugsley's subsectional classification is supported within sect.Parviflora, but not within sect.Grandiflora. His two sections are seen to be meaningful, but not discrete.     

Highly variable chloroplast genome from two endangered Papaveraceae lithophytes Corydalis tomentella and Corydalis saxicola

The increasingly wide application of chloroplast (cp) genome super‐barcode in taxonomy and the recent breakthrough in cp genetic engineering make the development of new cp gene resources urgent and significant. Corydalis is recognized as the most genotypes complicated and taxonomically challenging plant taxa in Papaveraceae. However, there currently are few reports about cp genomes of the genus Corydalis. In this study, we sequenced four complete cp genomes of two endangered lithophytes Corydalis saxicola and Corydalis tomentella in Corydalis, conducted a comparison of these cp genomes among each other as well as with others of Papaveraceae. The cp genomes have a large genome size of 189,029–190,247 bp, possessing a quadripartite structure and with two highly expanded inverted repeat (IR) regions (length: 41,955–42,350 bp). Comparison between the cp genomes of C. tomentella, C. saxicola, and Papaveraceae species, five NADH dehydrogenase‐like genes (ndhF, ndhD, ndhL, ndhG, and ndhE) with psaC, rpl32, ccsA, and trnL‐UAG normally located in the SSC region have migrated to IRs, resulting in IR expansion and gene duplication. An up to 9 kb inversion involving five genes (rpl23, ycf2, ycf15, trnI‐CAU, and trnL‐CAA) was found within IR regions. The accD gene was found to be absent and the ycf1 gene has shifted from the IR/SSC border to the SSC region as a single copy. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of common CDS showed that the genus Corydalis is quite distantly related to the other genera of Papaveraceae, it provided a new clue for recent advocacy to establish a separate Fumariaceae family. Our results revealed one special cp genome structure in Papaveraceae, provided a useful resources for classification of the genus Corydalis, and will be valuable for understanding Papaveraceae evolutionary relationships.     

Alkaloids of Fumaria vaillantii

The aerial parts of Turkish Fumaria vaillantii yielded 26 isoquinoline alkaloids. Of these, oxysanguinarine, (±)-8-acetonyldihydrosanguinarine, (±)-8-methoxydihydrosanguinarine and fumaramidine are reported for the first time from this plant. New alkaloids for the genus Fumaria are dihydrosanguinarine, norsanguinarine, (+)-isocorydine, (?)-corledine and (+)-juziphine. This is the first occurrence of the isoquinolone N-methylcorydaldine in a member of the Fumariaceae. Spectral data are given for the new compound, E-fumaramine.     

Sites of self-pollen tube inhibition in Papaveraceae (sensu lato)

Papaver rhoeas (Papaveraceae) has a well-characterized gametophytic self-incompatibility system in which self-pollen tube growth ceases either just before, or just after, emergence from the copal aperture. Papaver flowers are unusual, however, in having flat stigmatic rays sitting directly on top of the hard ovary and no style. Immediate self-pollen arrest might be required with this floral architecture. There is much variation in floral architecture among Papaveraceae and self-incompatibility is widespread. However, there are no reports of the site of self-pollen tube inhibition in Papaveraceae other than P. rhoeas. We examined the site of self-pollen tube inhibition in four species (Argemone munita, Lamprocapnos spectabilis, Eschscholzia californica, and Platystemon californicus) representing a broad phylogenetic and morphological sample of Papaveraceae. Squash preparation was used for species with soft stigmas whereas woody tissue was sectioned with a cryostat and images were stitched into a mosaic to visualize pollen tubes on whole stigmas. For three species, self-pollen tube inhibition appeared similar to that described for P. rhoeas. Self-pollen tubes were arrested before any substantial penetration of female tissue and usually did not grow longer than 100?μm. In the fourth species, A. munita, self-pollen tubes grew up to 500?μm in length. However, self-pollen tubes appeared to grow along the stigmatic spines, and growth ceased once tubes contacted the stigma surface. Despite variation in floral architecture, rapid arrest of self-pollen tubes occurred before or just after penetration of female tissue in all species, consistent with the hypothesis that members of the family share the same incompatibility mechanism.     

Phenetics andFumaria

A paper byWilson & al. (1990) on the taxonomy ofFumaria is commented upon. It is concluded that the lack of congruence between the authors' results and evidence from morphology, chemistry, and crossing experiments renders their approach questionable.     

广西罂粟科一新记录属——黄药属

报道了广西罂粟科一新记录属——黄药属(Ichtyoselmis LidénFukuhara)及一新记录种黄药[Ichtyoselmis macrantha(Oliver)Lidén]。     

Zygomorphy evolved from disymmetry in Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae,Ranunculales): new evidence from an expanded molecular phylogenetic framework

Background and Aims Fumarioideae (20 genera, 593 species) is a clade of Papaveraceae (Ranunculales) characterized by flowers that are either disymmetric (i.e. two perpendicular planes of bilateral symmetry) or zygomorphic (i.e. one plane of bilateral symmetry). In contrast, the other subfamily of Papaveraceae, Papaveroideae (23 genera, 230 species), has actinomorphic flowers (i.e. more than two planes of symmetry). Understanding of the evolution of floral symmetry in this clade has so far been limited by the lack of a reliable phylogenetic framework. Pteridophyllum (one species) shares similarities with Fumarioideae but has actinomorphic flowers, and the relationships among Pteridophyllum, Papaveroideae and Fumarioideae have remained unclear. This study reassesses the evolution of floral symmetry in Papaveraceae based on new molecular phylogenetic analyses of the family.Methods Maximum likelihood, Bayesian and maximum parsimony phylogenetic analyses of Papaveraceae were conducted using six plastid markers and one nuclear marker, sampling Pteridophyllum, 18 (90 %) genera and 73 species of Fumarioideae, 11 (48 %) genera and 11 species of Papaveroideae, and a wide selection of outgroup taxa. Floral characters recorded from the literature were then optimized onto phylogenetic trees to reconstruct ancestral states using parsimony, maximum likelihood and reversible-jump Bayesian approaches.Key Results Pteridophyllum is not nested in Fumarioideae. Fumarioideae are monophyletic and Hypecoum (18 species) is the sister group of the remaining genera. Relationships within the core Fumarioideae are well resolved and supported. Dactylicapnos and all zygomorphic genera form a well-supported clade nested among disymmetric taxa.Conclusions Disymmetry of the corolla is a synapomorphy of Fumarioideae and is strongly correlated with changes in the androecium and differentiation of middle and inner tepal shape (basal spurs on middle tepals). Zygomorphy subsequently evolved from disymmetry either once (with a reversal in Dactylicapnos) or twice (Capnoides, other zygomorphic Fumarioideae) and appears to be correlated with the loss of one nectar spur.     

Meconic acid as a chemotaxonomic marker in the papaveraceae

Of 48 species of Papaveraceae examined representing 12 genera, 24 were shown to contain meconic acid and of these, 21 were Papaver species. Meconopsis cambrica was also found to contain meconic acid, in contrast to other species of Meconopsis examined. One recent rearrangement of the Papaveraceae includes a grouping of Papaver, Roemeria and Stylomecon together with M. cambrica and our further discovery of meconic acid in two Roemaria species examined leads to the conclusion that meconic acid may be a distinctive taxonomic feature of this new grouping. Some attempt has also been made to correlate meconic acid occurrence with that of certain types of alkaloids, and of chelidonic acid.     

Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of the total alkaloid fraction from Fumaria capreolata in the DSS model of colitis in mice

Fumaria genus has been traditionally used for managing inflammatory and gastrointestinal disorders. The study evaluates the immunomodulatory potential of the total alkaloid fraction from Fumaria capreolata L. (AFC) in primary macrophages and the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect in a dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis in mice. AFC inhibited LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages gene expression program dose-dependently. In vivo, AFC markedly reduced macroscopic and microscopic signs of intestinal inflammation. Besides, it restored the colonic expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, as well as enhanced the expression of intestinal barrier markers. These results demonstrate the potential of AFC extract as a therapeutic tool for the management of inflammatory bowel disease.     

Meconopsis taylorii,a new Species from Nepal

Summary

Meconopsis taylorii (Papaveraceae) described here is a new species from the Annapurna Himal of Central Nepal, allied to M. superba Prain and M. regia G. Taylor, but distinct in its pink flowers, inaperturate pollen grains and long narrowly clavate capsules.     

Über kalkoxalatkristalle in der Samenschale von Fumaria officinalis L

Zusammenfassung Entgegen der bisherigen Ansicht, daß die Früchte vonFumaria im Gegensatz zu den übrigen Papaveraceen keine Bildung von Kalziumoxalatkristallen in der Samenschale aufweisen, haben die vorliegenden Untersuchungen anFumaria officinalis L. ergeben, daß vor dem Eintritt der Fruchtreife im Außenintegument der Samenschale von den frühesten Entwicklungsstadien an wohlausgebildete Kalziumoxalatkristalle des monoklinen Systems ausgeschieden werden. Eine quantitativ bedeutende Anreicherung erfolgt in der Gegend des Funikulusansatzes, während mit der Entfernung von diesem eine Abnahme der Kristallbildung festgestellt werden kann. Mit fortschreitender Fruchtreife erfolgt eine Korrosion und schließlich die vollständige Auflösung dieser Kristalle, so daß die vollreife Frucht, bzw. deren Samenschale kristallfrei ist. Daraus ergibt sich nicht nur die Zugehörigkeit zu den Papaveraceen, sondern auch die Höherstellung vonFumaria im System.Mit 1 Textabbildung.     

Alkaloids of argemone subintegrifolia and A. munita

Argemóne subintegrifolia G. B. Ownb. (Papaveraceae) was found to contain 0.14% total alkaloids consisting of 70 % allocryptopine, 20 % protopine,     

Adlumidiceine and adlumiceine: New alkaloids of narceine type

The structures of new alkaloids of narceine type, adlumidiceine (II), adlumiceine (III), and enol lactone of adlumidiceine (IV), isolated from Papaver rhoeas L. and Corydalis sempervirens (L.) Pers. (Papaveraceae), were determined by PMR, MS and IR spectra.     

Estimating the capacity for improvement in risk prediction with a marker

Consider a set of baseline predictors X to predict a binaryoutcome D and let Y be a novel marker or predictor. This paperis concerned with evaluating the performance of the augmentedrisk model P(D = 1|Y,X) compared with the baseline model P(D= 1|X). The diagnostic likelihood ratio, DLR_X(y), quantifiesthe change in risk obtained with knowledge of Y = y for a subjectwith baseline risk factors X. The notion is commonly used inclinical medicine to quantify the increment in risk predictiondue to Y. It is contrasted here with the notion of covariate-adjustedeffect of Y in the augmented risk model. We also propose methodsfor making inference about DLR_X(y). Case–control studydesigns are accommodated. The methods provide a mechanism toinvestigate if the predictive information in Y varies with baselinecovariates. In addition, we show that when combined with a baselinerisk model and information about the population distributionof Y given X, covariate-specific predictiveness curves can beestimated. These curves are useful to an individual in decidingif ascertainment of Y is likely to be informative or not forhim. We illustrate with data from 2 studies: one is a studyof the performance of hearing screening tests for infants, andthe other concerns the value of serum creatinine in diagnosingrenal artery stenosis.     

Leaf Survival and Evolution in Betulaceae

Studies on the changes in leaf number of 12 species of Betulaceaewere carried out by repeated observations during several years.The inner structure of the winter buds of these species wasalso examined. The periods of leaf emergence were long in Alnusand Betula, intermediate in Corylus and short in Ostrya andCarpinus. A heavy summer leaf fall is characteristic only ofthe Gymnothyrsus subgenus of Alnus. One lamina and two stipulesis the basic unit constituting the winter buds. Only the budsof Gymnothyrsus are composed of several of these units. In theAlnaster subgenus of Alnus, Betula and Corylus, there are oneor two scales that seem to have originated from the two stipulesremaining after reduction of the lamina. Eight and 24 scalesof similar origin were found in Ostrya and Carpinus respectively.A common ancestral species having the following primitive charactersis proposed: shoot constituted only of the equal-sized units,period of leaf emergence long, and leaf fall usually occurs.Alnus (Gymnothyrsus) is assumed to be the most primitive typeas it has many characters similar to those of the proposed ancestralspecies. Carpinus is assumed to be the most advanced group.The leaf survivorship curve is assumed to have changed fromthe primitive bell-shaped to an advanced trapezoid concurrentwith an increase in the number of bud scales. Betulaceae, Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya, leaf survival, leaf emergence, stipules, winter buds, evolution     

ON THE STATUS OF THE GENERIC NAMES OF THE NUDIBRANCH GENERA CATRIONA, CRATENA, HERVIA, RIZZOLIA AND TRINCHESIA

The genus Catriona Winckworth (1941) is synonymous with TrinchesiaPruvot-Fol (1951) but not with Trinchesia von Jhering (1879). It has priority over Trinchesia Pruvot-Fol. The genus Cratena Bergh (1864) is valid and synonymous withRizzolia Trinchese (1877) but not with Hervia Bergh (1871). The genus Hervia Bergh (1871) is synonymous with Facelina Alderand Hancock (1855), but not all species of Hervia can be includedin the latter genus, and these should, therefore, be distributedamong other genera, some of which are listed. (Received 8 October 1954;