大麦小穗结构与开花特性研究──雄蕊在开闭花过程中的生长动态和结构变化

开花前,雄蕊花丝细胞中的淀粉等物质水解,细胞水势下降而吸胀,花丝伸长。随着＂小花轴＂中物质的输入,细胞进一步吸水膨大,花丝迅速伸长,花丝维管束中的导管被拉断,薄壁细胞内膜系统崩解,细胞自溶,降解物质＂撤回＂,＂小花轴＂被重新分配利用。开花后,花药表面大量失水,药壁开裂传粉。不育系雄蕊花药药隔小、发育不良,绒毡层发育和行为异常,其花药通常为空药室或花粉败育。用可育系花粉对不育系小花授粉,其小花能逐渐关闭。     

粉背薯蓣雄花的形态发生

通过田间观察与石蜡切片法,对粉背薯蓣雄花的发生发育进行了形态与解剖学观察。结果表明:粉背薯蓣雄花为功能上的单性花,花芽分化时雄蕊原基正常启动,随后,3枚雄蕊正常发育,3枚雄蕊退化。成熟雄蕊药隔分叉、变宽呈加厚短叉状,退化雄蕊呈花丝状,顶端分叉或膨大成瘤状。初步分析了花部构件的演变与功能的关系。对粉背薯蓣小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程的观察表明,花药具4个花粉囊,花药壁发育为单子叶型,由表皮、药室内壁、中层1层和绒毡层组成,绒毡层为腺质型。小孢子母细胞减数分裂后胞质分裂为同时型,四分体为四面体型排列,偶有左右对称型排列,成熟的花粉粒为二细胞型。     

紫玉盘

正紫玉盘(Uvaria macrophylla Roxb.)为番荔枝科(Annonaceae)紫玉盘属植物,直立或攀缘灌木。幼枝、幼叶、花序轴或果序轴均被星状柔毛。叶革质,长倒卵形或长椭圆形,长10～23 cm,宽5～11 cm,顶端急尖或钝,基部近心形或圆形。花1～2朵与叶对生,红色,直径2.5～3.5 cm;花瓣6片,2轮,内外轮花瓣相似,卵形,长约2 cm,宽约1.3 cm;雄蕊线形,长约9 mm,药隔卵形,无毛,最外面的雄蕊常退化;心皮长圆形,长约5 mm,每枚心皮有胚珠6～8颗,2列。成熟心皮卵状,长     

封面植物介绍——裸果木北大核心CSCD

裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii Bunge ex Maxim.)隶属于石竹科裸果木属,起源第三纪,是古地中海残遗珍稀濒危植物,别名“瘦果石竹”。多年生落叶半灌木,株高50~100 cm。叶线形,长5~20 mm,宽1~1.5 mm,近无柄,顶端短尖,基部稍收缩,偏肉质,表面覆蜡质层,无被毛,无明显叶脉;托叶膜质鳞片状;叶对生或互生。茎有两种形态,直立或曲折,节间膨大,多分枝;老枝灰褐色,剥裂,嫩枝红褐色。花两性,为红色、黄绿色;无花瓣,外部透明白色苞片包被;花萼5枚,披针形,顶端具芒尖,有较宽的透明膜质边缘,外被短柔毛;雄蕊10枚,为内外两轮各5枚,仅内轮雄蕊有花药,外轮花药败育,花药球形,纵裂;上位子房,近球形,胚珠1枚;花腋生,聚伞花序,由5~15朵单花组成,单花花期约4 d,种群花期30~36 d。     

焕镛木属——中国木兰科一新属

焕镛木属(Woonyoungia Law)曾分布于广西西北部罗城县,现星散分布于广西北部环江县,贵州省东部荔坡县、云南西南部马关县、是珍稀濒危树种。焕镛木属的花单性异株,与木兰科其他各属均不同;雄花的花被片形态相似而雌花的花被片则明显异形,这也是与木兰科其他各属均不同。此外,焕镛木属的雄蕊两药室稍分开,内侧向开裂,药隔伸出成舌状尖;雌蕊6-9,心皮全部合生,仅露出柱关面;成熟心皮革质,沿背缝开裂,形成近球形的聚合果。与它近缘的单性木兰属(Kmeria Dandy)则雄蕊两药室紧贴,内向开裂,顶端钝,药隔不伸出;成熟心皮木质、沿腹缝全裂及顶端开裂,最后裂成两果瓣、形成各成熟心皮散开的聚合果等不同。依上述不相同特征,故成立焕镛木属属新属。     

封面植物介绍--裸果木北大核心CSCD

裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii Bunge ex Maxim.)隶属于石竹科裸果木属,起源第三纪,是古地中海残遗珍稀濒危植物,别名“瘦果石竹”。多年生落叶半灌木,株高50~100 cm。叶线形,长5~20 mm,宽1~1.5 mm,近无柄,顶端短尖,基部稍收缩,偏肉质,表面覆蜡质层,无被毛,无明显叶脉;托叶膜质鳞片状;叶对生或互生。茎有两种形态,直立或曲折,节间膨大,多分枝;老枝灰褐色,剥裂,嫩枝红褐色。花两性,为红色、黄绿色;无花瓣,外部透明白色苞片包被;花萼5枚,披针形,顶端具芒尖,有较宽的透明膜质边缘,外被短柔毛;雄蕊10枚,为内外两轮各5枚,仅内轮雄蕊有花药,外轮花药败育,花药球形,纵裂;上位子房,近球形,胚珠1枚;花腋生,聚伞花序,由5~15朵单花组成,单花花期约4 d,种群花期30~36 d。瘦果宿存;种子小,长圆形,直径约0.5 mm,褐色,结籽率极低。主根明显,长达4 m,侧根发达,根毛较少。花期5~6月,果期7~8月。     

雄性不育与可育楸树花发育的细胞学比较研究

楸树（Catalpa bungei C.A.Meyer.）属紫葳科(Bignoniaceae)梓树属(Catalpa),落叶乔木,是我国特有的珍贵优质用材树种。本文用石蜡切片法对可育株和雄性不育株楸树的大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育过程进行了详细地比较观察。结果表明：可育株和不育株楸树雌蕊的发育基本相同,胚珠倒生,薄珠心,单珠被,胚囊发育为蓼型。可育株雄蕊花药四室,药隔薄壁组织发达;异型绒粘层,由药壁绒粘层和药隔绒粘层组成;花药壁表皮细胞在小孢子母细胞减数分裂前后开始径向伸长加厚,直到花药开裂并不降解,这可能与花药开裂有关;成熟花粉为四合花粉。雄性不育株花药的早期发育到次生造胞细胞时期与可育雄蕊的相同,小孢子母细胞减数分裂前绒毡层发育不充分;四分体时期,绒毡层细胞高度液泡化,细胞质稀薄,已提前降解,小孢子四分体因绒毡层结构和功能异常而不能正常发育,因此楸树雄性不育为结构型雄性不育。     

封面植物介绍——太白美花草

太白美花草(Callianthemum taipaicum W.T.Wang)又名重叶莲,隶属于毛茛科美花草属。为多年生草本,高8～10cm,全株无毛。基生叶3～6片,花期不完全展开;叶柄长2～10cm,基部抱茎;叶片深裂,小叶2～3对,再2～3裂。茎生叶1～2片,长1～2.5cm。花直径2.2～2.8cm。萼片5,蓝紫色。花瓣9～13,基部褐色,狭倒卵形或倒披针形,长11～14mm,宽3.5～6mm,先端截形。雄蕊长4～5mm;花丝狭线形;花药长圆形,长约0.8mm。心皮18～22个。花期6月。     

封面植物介绍——太白美花草

太白美花草(Callianthemum taipaicum W.T.Wang)又名重叶莲,隶属于毛茛科美花草属。为多年生草本,高8~10cm,全株无毛。基生叶3~6片,花期不完全展开;叶柄长2~10cm,基部抱茎;叶片深裂,小叶2~3对,再2~3裂。茎生叶1~2片,长1~2.5cm。花直径2.2~2.8cm。萼片5,蓝紫色。花瓣9~13,基部褐色,狭倒卵形或倒披针形,长11~14mm,宽3.5~6mm,先端截形。雄蕊长4~5mm;花丝狭线形;花药长圆形,长约0.8mm。心皮18~22个。花期6月。     

鼠尾草属东亚分支的传粉模式

简述了世界鼠尾草属传粉模式多样性,从宏观层面对东亚鼠尾草属分布中心———中国的鼠尾草属传粉模式进行归纳与总结。研究补充了以往所缺乏的东亚鼠尾草属核心类群的雄蕊结构和传粉模式,并提出雄蕊结构的可能进化方向。根据花器官形态、内部结构、雄蕊特征、花粉接触传粉昆虫的部位,将中国分布的鼠尾草属植物划分为3种模式类型:TypeⅠ,短药隔杠杆传粉模式(short-lever type),主要发生在弧隔鼠尾草亚属(subg.Salvia Benth.),其雄蕊药隔短,属原始结构类型;TypeⅡ,长药隔杠杆传粉模式(long-lever type),主要发生在荔枝草亚属(subg.Sclarea Benth.),雄蕊药隔明显伸长,是典型的背部杠杆传粉结构;TypeⅢ,退化杠杆传粉模式(degraded-lever type),主要发生在鼠尾草亚属(subg.Allagospadonopsis Briq.),花冠筒变短变窄,雄蕊下臂明显退化,传粉者无需进入冠筒即可取食花蜜,花粉触碰昆虫头部,进而杠杆作用弱化。研究表明,鼠尾草属传粉模式的进化趋向于提高传粉者的专一性,同时保证传粉过程的有效性、精确性和忠实性,推测具有退化雄蕊下臂的TypeⅢ模式可能更为进化。比较美洲和地中海2个进化分支的雄蕊结构和进化趋势,东亚多样性中心可能是一个独立的进化分支。毫无疑问,雄蕊结构与花器官和传粉功能高度相关,是适应传粉者的进化表型,它的进化对东亚分支的物种辐射与多样性形成可能具有关键作用。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Miconia walterjuddii</Emphasis> (Miconieae: Melastomataceae), a new species from Cuba

Miconia walterjuddii, a new species of Melastomataceae from the mountains in northeast Cuba, is described. This species can be easily assigned to Miconia section Chaenopleura due to its short anthers that open by two longitudinal slits. Sequence data from nrITS confirm this placement. This new species is characterized by its inconspicuous lepidote indumentum of minute adpressed scales ca. 0.05 mm long; small flowers in dichasia, forming a compact, many-flowered, rounded to subcorymbose cymes, with purple to fuchsia colored petals.     

Reproductive structures of an extinct platanoid from the early Cretaceous (latest Albian) of eastern North America

Two new species of platanoid reproductive structure are described from the Bull Mountain locality in the Patapsco Formation (Potomac Group) of northeastern Maryland, USA. Pistillate inflorescences and infructescences (Platanocarpus elkneckensis sp. nov.) consist of flowers and fruits in sessile globose heads that are borne on an elongate axis. Individual pistillate flowers consist of five free carpels surrounded by prominent tepals. Staminate inflorescences, flowers and isolated stamens are assigned to Hamatia elkneckensis gen. et sp. nov. Staminate flowers are borne in a globose head with a small number of stamens (five?) per flower. Stamens consist of very short filaments, long anthers with strongly valvate dehiscence and an apically expanded connective. The connective expansion is frequently very well-developed, hook-like and extends down the ventral surface of the stamen. Anthers contain small, tricolporate, reticulate pollen. Association evidence, similarity of inflorescence structure and the occurrence of Hamatia-type pollen on flowers, carpels and fruits of Platanocarpus elkneckensis suggests that the staminate and pistillate material was produced by a single species of plant. The “Hamatia-plant” provides further evidence of pentamerous floral structure in mid-Cretaceous platanoids and documents the occurrence of unequivocal tricolporate pollen in the platanoid complex.     

福建蜂斗草属（野牡丹科）一新种

描述了中国福建蜂斗草属（野牡丹科）一新种,即三脉蜂斗草(Sonerila trinervis Q.W.Lin)。本新种与直立蜂斗草(Sonerila erecta Jack)相似,区别在于本种的茎圆柱形,无翅,有卷曲的微柔毛;叶面被极细的微柔毛,仅具基部3出脉;花瓣白色,近圆形,直径约2 mm;雄蕊长约2.5 mm,花药长约1 mm,易于区别。     

Oberholzeria (Fabaceae subfam. Faboideae), a New Monotypic Legume Genus from Namibia

Oberholzeria etendekaensis, a succulent biennial or short-lived perennial shrublet is described as a new species, and a new monotypic genus. Discovered in 2012, it is a rare species known only from a single locality in the Kaokoveld Centre of Plant Endemism, north-western Namibia. Phylogenetic analyses of molecular sequence data from the plastid matK gene resolves Oberholzeria as the sister group to the Genisteae clade while data from the nuclear rDNA ITS region showed that it is sister to a clade comprising both the Crotalarieae and Genisteae clades. Morphological characters diagnostic of the new genus include: 1) succulent stems with woody remains; 2) pinnately trifoliolate, fleshy leaves; 3) monadelphous stamens in a sheath that is fused above; 4) dimorphic anthers with five long, basifixed anthers alternating with five short, dorsifixed anthers, and 5) pendent, membranous, one-seeded, laterally flattened, slightly inflated but indehiscent fruits.     

紫花苣苔属——广东省被子植物一新记录属

在广东省德庆县进行全国第四次中药资源普查时采集了大量标本,经过鉴定和查阅相关资料,确定其中一号标本为紫花苣苔属(Loxostigma Clarke)东兴紫花苣苔[Loxostigma dongxingensis(Chun ex K.Y.Pan)M9llerY.M.Shui]。该属及该种在广东尚无分布报道,这是首次发现。紫花苣苔属为草本或亚灌木,根状茎匍匐或不存在,花冠粗筒状,檐部二唇形,雄蕊4,花药顶端成对连着,两对雄蕊紧密靠合,种子两端具毛状附属物。紫花苣苔属目前共11种,我国、尼泊尔、锡金、不丹、印度、缅甸及越南北部均有分布,在我国11种全产,分布于四川、云南、贵州和广西,广东首次记录。目前广东省是紫花苣苔属自然分布的最东界。东兴紫花苣苔为多年生草本,具横走根状茎,茎高为20~60 cm,花冠粗筒状,黄色,下方肿胀,近基部之上、中部之下突然收缩呈缢缩状,檐部2唇形,雄蕊4,花药成对连着,分布于广西及越南北部,广东首次记录,发现地位于德庆县象牙山林场,种群沿山间溪流两侧分布,生于林下沟谷旁光线较暗处。     

中国栘木衣属（Docynia Dcne.）一新种——长爪栘木衣

报道了栘木衣属一新种,长爪栘木衣(Docynia longisunguis Q.Luo et J.L.Liu)。该新种与栘木衣(Docynia indica(Will.) Dcne.)和云南栘木衣(Docynia delavayi (Franch.)Schneid.)相似,但以花较大,直径3.5~4 cm,花瓣长20～25 mm,宽12～16 mm,基部具长爪,长5～9 mm,雄蕊46～53;子房5～6（7）,花柱5～6（7）;果径3～4.5 cm,而与它们相区别。     

春天麻，中国大陆天麻属一新记录种

报道了在广西姑婆山自治区级自然保护区发现的中国大陆兰科(Orchidaceae)天麻属(Gastrodia R. Br.)一新记录种春天麻(G. fontinalis T. P. Lin)。该种花期植株高可达17.0 cm,果期植株高达85.0 cm,有花1～7朵,花被筒钟形,长约2.1 cm,基部略膨大,唇盘具6～8条脊,中间2条延伸至舌状先端。提供了春天麻的形态描述和彩色图版,并讨论了该发现的生物地理学意义。     

Staggered arrangement and sequential dehiscence of anthers in didynamous stamens facilitate reproductive fitness of Brandisia hancei

Didynamous stamens are separated into two pairs of different length, and the implication of this arrangement has not been well understood. The functional advantages of didynamous stamens were investigated in Brandisia hancei. Change of stamens during floral aging was recorded; the quantity, viability, and siring ability of pollen grains were tested; the anther arrangement was manipulated into four types based on stamen category and number, and fruit set and number of seeds per fruit were measured. Didynamous stamens exhibited staggered anther arrangement, and pollen sacs dehisced gradually. There was no difference for quantity, viability, and siring ability of pollen grains between the two pairs of anthers. Seed production after the removal of one long and one short stamen was higher than that of two long or two short stamens. Through prolonging pollen presentation and promoting delayed self-pollination, staggered arrangement and sequential dehiscence of anthers in didynamous stamens facilitate reproductive fitness of B. hancei.     

Hawkmoth pollination of aerangoid orchids in Kenya, with special reference to nectar sugar concentration gradients in the floral spurs

The African orchid flora has a high proportion of species with long-spurred white flowers. Few data exist to test the prediction that this floral syndrome pattern reflects an important role for hawkmoth pollination in the evolution and ecology of these orchids. The pollination biology of five aerangoid orchid species (Rangaeris amaniensis, Aerangis brachycarpa, A. confusa, A. thomsonii, and A. kotschyana) was investigated in Kenya. Four of these have long spurs (>10 cm) and were pollinated by Agrius convolvuli and Coelonia fulvinotata. Aerangis confusa, which has relatively short spurs (ca. 4 cm), was pollinated by the short-tongued hawkmoths Hippotion celerio and Daphnis nerii. Nectar frequently filled the entire spur in some of the study species, even at anthesis. Sugar concentration of the nectar of four species was found to vary from ca. 1% at the mouth of the spur to 20% at the tip. Gradients were expressed more strongly in species with long, straight spurs. Species with spirally twisted spurs showed both steep and shallow nectar gradients. These gradients, previously unknown in plants, may function as a "sugar trail," enticing long-tongued hawkmoths to probe deeply into spurs without incurring the cost of filling an entire spur with concentrated nectar. In addition, the most concentrated nectar is kept out of reach of short-tongued pollinators.