长白山区小蜉科(蜉蝣目)稚虫新记录种、亚种检索

世界上现已知小蟀科有22属190余种,我国目前仅正式报道过该科的6属15种[1]。小蜉科稚虫多生活在石质河床的清冷流水体中,常可用来监测和指示河流的水质状况。作者1984年至1995年在吉林省长白山区共采集到小蜉科的稚虫标本上千头,经鉴定发现中国新记录13种及1亚种,隶属带助蜉属Cincticostella（2种）、弯握蜉属Drunella（5种及1亚种）、小蜉属Ephemerella（4种）、锯形蜉属Serratella（1种）、天角蜉属Uracanthella（1种）[2～4]。兹列出这些稚虫的属和种检索表。小蜉科新记录种及亚种稚虫形态特征检索表la前足腿节的前缘有齿状突起,…     

短须滑爪蜉成虫的首次描述及其稚虫的重新描述(蜉蝣目,四节蜉科)

首次描述了采自中国香港的短须滑爪蜉Cloeodes longisetosus(Braasch and Soldán)的成虫形态及重新描述了该种的稚虫形态.所有成虫标本由稚虫在实验室内饲养而成.对于短须滑爪蜉稚虫的研究进一步明确了该种在滑爪蜉属Cloeodes中的地位.短须滑爪蜉的稚虫与同属其它种类的主要区别是下颚须极短.短须滑爪蜉雄性成虫外生殖器的尾铗基部具有一块近长方形的突起,这一特征在同属其它已知成虫中是很独特的.这也表明类似这种特征在滑爪蜉属中也许存在或不存在.     

黄蟌属(蜻蜓目: 均翅亚目)稚虫形态分类特征稳定性研究

基于线粒体基因COI、核基因ITS序列数据, 结合成虫、稚虫相互匹配的方法, 文章对蜻蜓目广布种长尾黄蟌Ceriagrion fallax Ris和翠胸黄蟌Ceriagrion auranticum Fraser稚虫的尾鳃和上颚这两个传统的形态鉴定特征的稳定性进行了分析, 结果显示: (1)长尾黄蟌稚虫尾鳃黑斑的有无、数量、颜色等特征均不稳定, 且与种群、性别无关; (2)两种稚虫的上颚齿式特征在同种群内也呈现明显的不稳定性。因此, 两种稚虫的尾鳃和上颚特征不稳定, 鉴定时应慎用。这暗示蜻蜓目其他物种的形态特征或存在类似的不稳定性。     

“蜉蝣”名称考

“蜉蝣”一词最早见于《诗经》。蜉蝣成虫极短的生活期、暴发式的羽化及大量蜉蝣成虫几乎同时死亡后漂浮于水面可能是“蜉蝣 (浮游 )”的真正含义及由来。     

东北亚地区蜉蝣多样性及生物地理学初探(英文)

在标本鉴定和文献汇总的基础上,对东北亚地区(包括朝鲜半岛、日本、俄罗斯远东地区、中国东北)的蜉蝣区系做了统计分析.结果显示,截至目前该地区已报道蜉蝣18科48属237种.其中俄罗斯远东地区的蜉蝣属种多样性最高,而从地区对比来看,朝鲜半岛和中国东北地区的蜉蝣区系最为相似(属种相似度分别为83%和64%).日本群岛蜉蝣区系相对独特,这可能是由于它长期与大陆分离而造成的.     

胜利河连续系统中蜉蝣优势种的生产量动态和营养基础

大型底栖动物在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用, 2009 年3月至2010 年3月间对长江中游支流巴河流域的胜利河大型底栖动物群落优势种类的生产力进行为期1 周年的调查研究, 结果表明, 主要蜉蝣优势种扁蜉、等蜉和红斑蜉的生活史为3代/年、3代/年和 2代/年。现存量呈现出1-3级河流增加,而4级又较3级有所下降的趋势。采用龄期频率法( instar-frequency method) 测算的平均周年生产量分别为扁蜉, 200.13 g/(m².a) , P/B 为23.69; 等蜉, 82.06 g/(m².a), P/B 为18.12;红斑蜉, 12.30 g/(m².a), P/B 为8.78。三种蜉蝣的生产量动态在时间上与现存量动态较一致,但彼此各不相同。扁蜉的日均产量于2009年3月在二级河流中达到最大(363.56 mg/m².d),等蜉于2010年3月在三级河流中到达最大(282.76 mg/m².d),而红斑蜉于2009年3月在一级河流中到达最大(33.36 mg/m².d)。生产量的营养基础分析结果表明,扁蜉前肠内含物中无形态碎屑、动物组织、植物纤维、丝状藻类、硅藻所占平均比例为74.37%,4.19%,17.11%,4.29%,0.04%,对生产量的贡献率分别为77.15%,11.27%,6.57%,4.95% ,0.04%;等蜉前肠内含物中无形态碎屑、动物组织、植物纤维、真菌、丝状藻类和硅藻所占平均比例为65.64%,6.17%,23.04%,0.54%,4.53%,对生产量的贡献率分别为: 68.16%,16.61%,8.86%,1.03%,5.23%,0.09%,0.10%;红斑蜉前肠内含物中,无形态碎屑、动物组织、植物纤维、真菌、丝状藻类和硅藻所占平均比例为41.14%,5.96%,38.04%,1.34%,11.21%,2.31%,对生产量的贡献率分别为46.67%,17.52%,15.98%,2.81%,14.13%,2.91%。这与我们在黑竹冲和叹气沟的研究结果存在一定差异,可能与这些溪流自身环境和地区分布有关。     

蜉蝣目化石的研究进展

回顾了世界蜉蝣目化石研究简史,列出已发表的化石种类名录、分布及年代,共40科、124属、218种,其中包括中国的8属13种;描述了不同地质时期主要蜉蝣化石的分类单元和分布地区.简要介绍了蜉蝣分类系统及系统发育、稚虫食性、与其它昆虫的关系和古生态等方面的研究成果.在本文的第2部分,初步分析了目前该类群所存在的一些问题,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望.     

放牧对蝗虫栖境结构的改变及其对蝗虫栖境选择的影响

放牧是草原植被利用的主要形式,牲畜的牧食极易改变蝗虫生存的栖境结构,本研究表明：在重牧区蝗虫发生的密度最高,而轻牧区蝗虫发生的密度最低,这说明,不同的牧压强度所形成的栖境对蝗虫栖境选择的适合度不一致。     

Do nymphs of Parameletus chelifer and P. minor (Ephemeroptera) reduce mortality from predation by occupying temporary habitats?

Summary The possible effect of predation on the habitat selection of nymphs of the two mayfly species Parameletus chelifer Bengtsson and P. minor (Bengtsson) was investigated for different habitats of a North Swedish boreal river. In spring, these two species migrate to river margins and subsequently, in different proportions, to adjacent seasonal ponds. Feeding rates on mayfly nymphs and mosquito larvae by some dytiscid beetles and larvae, a corixid waterbug and a caddisfly larva were studied in the laboratory. In the seasonal pond, the consumption rate of invertebrate predators on Parameletus nymphs was below that expected from their relative abundance, and mosquito larvae were preferred. At the river margin, where mosquito larvae were absent, Parameletus nymphs were consumed in agreement with their relative abundance. The absolute abundance of macroinvertebrate predators was similar at the river margin and in the pond. Fish predators visited the seasonal pond only during a short time of flood, while at the river margin their presence was continuous. In the seasonal pond, minnow and roach consumed nymphs of both P. chelifer and P. minor in a lower proportion than expected. At the river margin, nymphs of P. chelifer were consumed by minnow and ten-spined stickleback in a higher proportion than expected. Nymphs of P. minor were consumed according to expectance. Imagines of P. minor emerged early, and nymphs were equally abundant in the river and in the seasonal pond. In contrast, almost all nymphs of P. chelifer migrated to the seasonal pond. The later emergence of P. chelifer would probably result in a very high mortality from predation if it remained at the river margin.     

The relevance of morphology for habitat use and locomotion in two species of wall lizards

Understanding if morphological differences between organisms that occupy different environments are associated to differences in functional performance can suggest a functional link between environmental and morphological variation. In this study we examined three components of the ecomorphological paradigm – morphology, locomotor performance and habitat use – using two syntopic wall lizards endemic to the Iberian Peninsula as a case study to establish whether morphological variation is associated with habitat use and determine the potential relevance of locomotor performance for such an association. Differences in habitat use between both lizards matched patterns of morphological variation. Indeed, individuals of Podarcis guadarramae lusitanicus, which are more flattened, used more rocky environments, whereas Podarcis bocagei, which have higher heads, used more vegetation than rocks. These patterns translated into a significant association between morphology and habitat use. Nevertheless, the two species were only differentiated in some of the functional traits quantified, and locomotor performance did not exhibit an association with morphological traits. Our results suggest that the link between morphology and habitat use is mediated by refuge use, rather than locomotor performance, in this system, and advise caution when extrapolating morphology-performance-environment associations across organisms.     

四种利用不同生境蜥蜴运动能力的形态特征相关性

动物体态特征、功能表现和生境利用之间是否存在相关性是当前生态形态学领域的一个研究焦点。在实验室条件下测定分别利用开阔地面、草丛、岩石、树丛生境的 4种蜥蜴 (中国石龙子、北草蜥、山地麻蜥和变色树蜥 )的形态特征和运动能力 ,着重探讨蜥蜴运动能力与形态特征之间的相关性。 4种蜥蜴的头体长大小依次为 :中国石龙子 >变色树蜥 >北草蜥 >山地麻蜥。就相对体长而言 ,中国石龙子 >山地麻蜥和北草蜥 >变色树蜥 ,而头大小、附肢长度和尾长的种间差异趋势则相反 ;体高的种间差异为北草蜥 >中国石龙子和变色树蜥 >山地麻蜥。在平面上 ,山地麻蜥和北草蜥的速度显著大于中国石龙子和变色树蜥 ;在斜面上 ,变色树蜥和山地麻蜥的速度显著高于中国石龙子。变色树蜥斜面附着能力最强 ,中国石龙子最弱。生境利用不同的蜥蜴形态迥异 ,运动能力亦因此有显著的差异。本研究结果支持动物形态特征与其功能表现相关的观点。     

Description and ecology of larvae and juveniles of three native cypriniforms of coastal southern California

Larval series of the Santa Ana sucker, Catostomus santaanae (Federally Threatened), arroyo chub, Gila orcutti (California Species of Special Concern), and Santa Ana speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus (California Species of Special Concern) are described from wild-caught specimens from the Los Angeles and Santa Ana river drainages. Santa Ana sucker larvae are elongate, having 41–46 myomeres and a distinctive paired-triangle patch of melanophores over the midbrain. Melanophores present on the snout, dorsal body, lateral midline, dorsal gut, postanal ventral body, and caudal fin. Preanal length 74–79% in body length (BL), typical of catostomids. Arroyo chub larvae relatively deep-bodied, 36–39 myomeres, and a heart-shaped patch of melanophores over the midbrain with a line of melanophores trailing posteriorly. Heavy pigment present on the snout, lower jaw, dorsal body, lateral midline, gill arches, dorsal gut, postanal ventral body, and caudal fin; short preanal length of 65–72% BL, typical of native North American cyprinids. Santa Ana speckled dace are similar to arroyo chub except for having less pigment on the ventral gut, large distinct melanophores on the ventrolateral caudal peduncle, a wedge-shaped patch of midbrain melanophores with no distinct line trailing posteriorly, and lateral midline melanophores that do not extend anteriorly. These three species often occur together and with nonnative cyprinids. Characters distinguishing them from other local larvae, including southern fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas confertus and red shiner, Cyprinella lutrensis, are discussed with their habitat preferences.     

基于线粒体基因、形态学和栖息地指标的两种鼢鼠分类研究

以祁连山东段高寒草甸区栖息的鼢鼠(Eospalax spp.)为研究对象,通过分子系统学、形态学和栖息地特征调查相结合的方法对区域内鼢鼠的分类地位进行了研究。利用分子生物学技术,测定了线粒体D-loop 序列,构建了系统发育树并计算了鼢鼠间遗传距离。测量了鼢鼠头骨指标以及体貌形态特征,并调查了不同鼢鼠栖息地草地类型、优势种植物及土壤紧实度等。结果发现4 个采样地的鼢鼠属两个不同种,即甘肃鼢鼠(Eospalax cansus)和高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)。两种鼢鼠的遗传距离为0.147;眶间宽、听泡宽在两性间均差异显著(n_雄=14,n_雌=16,P < 0.05),颧宽在雄性间差异显著(n_雄= 14,P < 0.05);甘肃鼢鼠尾部和后足有稀疏短毛,而高原鼢鼠则有密毛。甘肃鼢鼠主要栖息在海拔较低的高寒草甸区,其优势植物主要有矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、蕨麻(Potentilla anserina )、早熟禾(Poa annua);高原鼢鼠主要栖息在海拔较高的高寒灌丛草甸区,其优势植物主要有早熟禾(Poa annua)、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus),但两者栖息地的土壤紧实度无差异(P >0.05)。本研究结果为同区域分布甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠的野外鉴别提供技术依据。     

Experimental manipulation of shell color and morphology of the limpets Lottia asmi (Middendorff) and Lottia digitalis (Rathke) (Mollusca: Patellogastropoda)

We experimentally show that substratum can determine an individual patellogastropod's color and morphology. Lottia asmi (Middendorff), previously considered a high-domed, black stenotopic species on trochid gastropods, is similar to other northeastern Pacific limpet species with low profile and tessellated color patterns, when it is translocated to rock substrata. Lottia digitalis (Rathke), a highly variable species with at least two ecological variants that have been considered to be genetically determined, changes between these two forms when translocated from stalked barnacles to rocks. Color changes because the ingested pigments (algal, periostracal, etc.) and other materials (e.g., calcium carbonate) vary between substrata; morphological changes occur as responses to the topographical complexity and constraints of substrata. The geographical distribution of ecological variants of polytypic limpet species, and the ability to achieve cryptic coloration, may be determined by the geographic distributions of algae on which the limpets feed rather than by intrinsic characteristics of the limpets.     

Impact of food concentration on diel vertical migration behaviour of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia pulex</Emphasis> under fish predation risk

Vertical migration of Daphnia represents the best-studied predator-avoidance behaviour known; yet the mechanisms underlying the choice to migrate require further investigation to understand the role of environmental context. To investigate the optimal habitat choice of Daphnia under fish predation pressure, first, we selected the individuals exhibiting strong migration behaviour. The animals collected from the hypolimnion during the daytime were significantly larger, being more conspicuous, and in turn performed stronger diel vertical migration (DVM) when exposed to fish cue. We called them strong migrants. Second, we provided the strong migrant D. pulex with food at high and intermediate (1 and 0.4 mg C l⁻¹, respectively) levels, which were well above the incipient limiting level and of high quality. They traded the benefits of staying in the warm water layer and moved down to the cold water in response to fish cue indicating fish predation. The availability of food allowed the animals to stay in the cold hypolimnion. However, at the low food level (0.1 mg C l⁻¹), which is an additional constraint on fitness, Daphnia moved away from the cold hypolimnion. Poor food condition resulted in strong migrant Daphnia to cease migration and remain in the upper warmer water layer. Although temperature is known to be a more important cost factor of DVM than food, our results clearly show that this is only true as long as food is available. It becomes clear that food availability is controlling the direction of vertical positioning when daphnids experience a dilemma between optimising temperature and food condition while being exposed to fish cue. Then they overlook the predation risk. Thus, the optimal habitat choice of Daphnia appears to be a function of several variables including temperature, food levels and fish predation. Handling editor: S. I. Dodson     

Changes of river morphology and physical fish habitat following weir removal

Gongneung Weir-2 was built in the 1970s to supply water for irrigation. For a long time, the weir was left untended due to the land-use changes that were made to a nearby area. This weir was removed completely on April 4, 2006. The present study investigated the effect of the resultant flow-regime changes on river morphology and fish habitat. Observed changes in the grain size distribution, bed elevation, and cross-section pre- and post-weir removal are provided and discussed in this paper. Various bed zones such as a sand island and a vegetated marshy zone, which can diversify an aquatic habitat, formed after the removal. In fact, changes in the number of observed fish species post-removal also were investigated. Finally, specific changes to the physical habitat of Zacco platypus were numerically simulated using the River2D model. The results indicated that habitat suitability post-removal was enhanced for all flow discharges. The WUA values increased 32.3-53.4% for all life stages in the flow discharge of 1.5 m³ s⁻¹. The numerical results also showed that after the removal of the weir, the distribution of the physical habitat changed to reflect continuity near the weir.     

Energetics of emergence in the cicadas, Cyclochila australasiae and Abricta curvicosta (Homoptera: Cicadidae)

The final moult in cicadas marks a major transition in lifestyle and is a behaviour that makes the cicada vulnerable to predation. Consequently, emergence times are short and, we predict, therefore the rate of energy consumption would be high. Hence, we measured the energetic cost of emergence in Cyclochila australasiae (green grocer) and Abricta curvicosta (floury baker) cicadas during the final moult from nymph to adult cicada. Maximum energy expended whilst emerging was compared between the sexes and species. Even though C. australasiae take longer to emerge than A. curvicosta, the mass-specific cost of emergence is not different between the two species (C. australasiae: 11.34+/-2.55 J g(-1); A. curvicosta: 12.91+/-1.90 J g(-1)). The mass-specific metabolic rates of fully emerged adults of both species are approximately twice those of the nymphs and the maximum metabolic rate during emergence is about 1.5 times higher than the resting metabolic rate of emerged adults. Emergence times, as indicated by rates of oxygen consumption, are longer than expected and probably reflect limitations in the oxygen capacity of the cicadas during moulting.