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1.
Maaria Rosenkranz Yuanyuan Chen Peiyuan Zhu A. Corina Vlot 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2021,108(3):617-631
Plants interact with other organisms employing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The largest group of plant-released VOCs are terpenes, comprised of isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Mono- and sesquiterpenes are well-known communication compounds in plant–insect interactions, whereas the smallest, most commonly emitted terpene, isoprene, is rather assigned a function in combating abiotic stresses. Recently, it has become evident that different volatile terpenes also act as plant-to-plant signaling cues. Upon being perceived, specific volatile terpenes can sensitize distinct signaling pathways in receiver plant cells, which in turn trigger plant innate immune responses. This vastly extends the range of action of volatile terpenes, which not only protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses, but also convey information about environmental constraints within and between plants. As a result, plant–insect and plant–pathogen interactions, which are believed to influence each other through phytohormone crosstalk, are likely equally sensitive to reciprocal regulation via volatile terpene cues. Here, we review the current knowledge of terpenes as volatile semiochemicals and discuss why and how volatile terpenes make good signaling cues. We discuss how volatile terpenes may be perceived by plants, what are possible downstream signaling events in receiver plants, and how responses to different terpene cues might interact to orchestrate the net plant response to multiple stresses. Finally, we discuss how the signal can be further transmitted to the community level leading to a mutually beneficial community-scale response or distinct signaling with near kin. 相似文献
2.
Joan Llusia Jordi Sardans Ülo Niinemets Susan M. Owen Josep Peñuelas 《Plant biosystems》2013,147(2):307-317
We have conducted a screening study of leaf terpene emissions for 43 rainforest woody species of Borneo. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports for first time the terpene emission capacity of 43 species belonging to 22 genera of rainforest woody plant species. We have used a general lineal model with phylogenetic control by the phylogenetic distance matrix when necessary. The proportion of the species that emitted terpenes in this set of Borneo woody species was 95% and the species average total terpene emissions of emitting species were 0.04–11.6 μg g? 1 h? 1, which is in the range of the reported emissions in similar screening studies conducted in other biomes. Altogether, 85 terpene compounds were detected, and 11 common monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were identified and quantified. Only two of the terpenes, ocimene and γ-terpinene, of the 11 determined compounds showed a phylogenetic signal. No significant relationships were found between the terpene emissions and the physiological, chemical and morphological foliar traits and the data also showed a lock of constant applicability of the “excess carbon” hypothesis for this set of species. This evidence suggests multiple and diverse factors and conditions driving plant chemistry in the tropical forests. 相似文献
3.
Isoprene emission from plants is one of the principal ways in which plant processes alter atmospheric chemistry. Despite
the importance of this process, few long-term controls over basal emission rates have been identified. Stress-induced changes
in carbon allocation within the entire plant, such as those produced by defoliation, have not been examined as potential mechanisms
that may control isoprene production and emission. Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) saplings were partially defoliated and physiological and growth responses were measured from undamaged and damaged leaves
7 days following damage. Defoliation reduced isoprene emission from undamaged and damaged leaves on partially defoliated plants.
Photosynthetic rates and leaf carbon and nitrogen pools were unaffected by damage. Photosynthetic rate and isoprene emission
were highly correlated in undamaged leaves on undamaged plants and damaged leaves on partially defoliated plants. There was
no correlation between photosynthetic rate and isoprene emission in undamaged leaves on partially defoliated plants. Isoprene
emission was also highly correlated with the number of source leaves on the apical shoot in damage treatments. Increased carbon
export from source leaves in response to defoliation may have depleted the amount of carbon available for isoprene synthesis,
decreasing isoprene emission. These results suggest that while isoprene emission is controlled at the leaf level in undamaged
plants, emission from leaves on damaged plants is controlled by whole-branch allocation patterns.
Received: 12 May 1998 / Accepted: 9 November 1998 相似文献
4.
Mardarowicz M Wianowska D Dawidowicz AL Sawicki R 《Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences》2004,59(9-10):641-648
Terpenes emitted by conifer trees are generally determined by analysing plant extracts or essential oils, prepared from foliage and cones using steam distillation. The application of these procedures limits experiments to cut plant materials. Recently headspace techniques have been adopted to examine terpene emission by living plants. This paper deals with the application of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) for the analysis of terpenes emitted by conifers foliage of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), including its seedlings. The compositions of SPME extracts obtained for destroyed and non-destroyed old and juvenile spruce needles were compared with the compositions of essential oils and pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) extracts corresponding to the same plant materials. No substantial differences have been found in the qualitative terpene composition estimated by analysing essential oil and PLE and SPME extracts from non-destroyed old and juvenile foliage. The disintegration of spruce needles results in the formation of a significant amount of myrcene in the case of the old conifer foliage and non-terpenoic compounds in the case of juvenile conifer foliage. This phenomenon can be attributed to enzymatic reactions occurring in the destroyed plant cells. 相似文献
5.
Summary An in vitro culture procedure was established for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from callus cultures of the important
palm ‘betel nut’ (Areca catechu L.). Segments of zygotic embryos of Areca catechu L. were cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with dicamba (9.05, 18.1, 27.15, and 36.2 μM). After 7–8 wk in darkness, wounded regions of explants formed callus with yellow, soft, glutinous structures. Proliferation
and maintenance of callus was on the same dicamba-containing medium. With regular subculture every 8 wk, the callus showed
pale yellow, compact and nodular structures. During subculture, somatic embryos were formed spontaneously from nodular callus
tissues within 2–4 mo. The embryos developed into plantlets after 10 wk of culture on basal medium free of plant growth regulators.
After subculturing every month for 3 mo., the plantlets were transferred to containers for acclimatization in the greenhouse.
The survival rate was 24%. 相似文献
6.
Measurement of volatile terpene emissions in 70 dominant vascular plant species in Hawaii: aliens emit more than natives 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Joan Llusià Josep Peñuelas Jordi Sardans Susan M. Owen Ülo Niinemets 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2010,19(6):863-874
Aim Alien plant invasion is prominent in the Hawaiian Islands. There are many factors involved in invader success. To date, there is a general lack of information about one of them, which we aim to study here: the terpene emission capacity of both Hawaiian native and alien plants. Location Oahu (Hawaii). Methods We screened 35 alien and 35 native dominant plant species on Oahu Island for monoterpene emissions. The emission rates were measured from field‐grown plants under standardized conditions of temperature and quantum flux density in the laboratory. Results The emission rates of total terpenes ranged from 0 µg g?1 h?1 to 55 µg g?1 h?1, and altogether 15 different terpenes were emitted in detectable amounts by the overall set of species. A phylogenetic signal was observed for total terpene emissions. Total terpene emission rates were higher in aliens than in native species (12.8 ± 2.0 vs. 7.6 ± 1.9 µg g?1 h?1, respectively). Main conclusions The greater terpene emission capacity may confer protection against multiple stresses and may partly account for the success of the invasive species, and may make invasive species more competitive in response to new global change‐driven combined stresses. These results are consistent with aliens coming from very diverse ecosystems with generally higher biotic and abiotic stress pressures, and having higher nutrient concentrations. On the contrary, these results are not consistent with the ‘excess carbon’ hypotheses. These results indicate changes in vegetation terpene emissions brought about by alien plant invasions. 相似文献
7.
Ethylene influences green plant regeneration from barley callus 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The plant hormone ethylene is involved in numerous plant processes including in vitro growth and regeneration. Manipulating
ethylene in vitro may be useful for increasing plant regeneration from cultured cells. As part of ongoing efforts to improve
plant regeneration from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), we investigated ethylene emanation using our improved system and investigated methods of manipulating ethylene to increase
regeneration. In vitro assays of regeneration from six cultivars, involving 10 weeks of callus initiation and proliferation
followed by 8 weeks of plant regeneration, showed a correlation between regeneration and ethylene production: ethylene production
was highest from ‘Golden Promise’, the best regenerator, and lowest from ‘Morex’ and ‘DH-20’, the poorest regenerators. Increasing
ethylene production by addition of 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid (ACC) during weeks 8–10 increased regeneration from
Morex. In contrast, adding ACC to Golden Promise cultures during any of the tissue culture steps reduced regeneration, suggesting
that Golden Promise may produce more ethylene than needed for maximum regeneration rates. Blocking ethylene action with silver
nitrate during weeks 5–10 almost doubled the regeneration from Morex and increased the Golden Promise regeneration 1.5-fold.
Silver nitrate treatment of Golden Promise cultures during weeks 8–14 more than doubled the green plant regeneration. These
results indicate that differential ethylene production is related to regeneration in the improved barley tissue culture system.
Specific manipulations of ethylene were identified that can be used to increase the green plant regeneration from barley cultivars.
The timing of ethylene action appears to be critical for maximum regeneration. 相似文献
8.
Pious Thomas Chinnaian Goplakrishnan Manem Krishnareddy 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2011,105(3):423-429
This study was undertaken to ascertain if the soft rot inciting Pectobacterium carotovorum/Erwinia carotovora would pass through the micropropagated bananas as a latent pathogen and cause disease during or post acclimatization. In
vitro cultures of ‘Grand Naine’ were exposed to the pathogen by providing 100 μl of inoculum (0.001–1.0 at OD600 nm) at the lower leaf axil. These cultures showed a gradual development of soft rot symptoms coupled with obvious bacterial
colony growth on banana proliferation medium and consequent plant mortality within a month irrespective of the inoculum level
employed. Plants carried forward to acclimatization following inoculation in vitro failed to establish ex vitro. Monitoring
the normal field-grown suckers at culture initiation through PCR screening employing soft rot Erwinia primers did not show the amplification of the 119-bp fragment as seen with the pure cultures of pathogen. Further testing
of micropropagated banana plants through soil inoculation, in vitro culturing and PCR screening ruled out the possibility
of the pathogen surviving in micropropagated stocks in latent form as the organism outgrew and killed the cultures. It emerged
that the infection possibly takes place in the nursery. This information will be of particular value for the plant tissue
culture industry, plant pathologists and quarantine agencies. 相似文献
9.
Elodie A. Courtois Kyle G. Dexter Charles Eliot Timothy Paine Didier Stien Julien Engel Christopher Baraloto Jérôme Chave 《Ecology and evolution》2016,6(9):2854-2864
Plant responses to natural enemies include formation of secondary metabolites acting as direct or indirect defenses. Volatile terpenes represent one of the most diverse groups of secondary metabolites. We aimed to explore evolutionary patterns of volatile terpene emission. We measured the composition of damage‐induced volatile terpenes from 202 Amazonian tree species, spanning the angiosperm phylogeny. Volatile terpenes were extracted with solid‐phase micro extraction and desorbed in a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for compound identification. The chemical diversity of the terpene blend showed a strong phylogenetic signal as closely related species emitted a similar number of compounds. Closely related species also tended to have compositionally similar blends, although this relationship was weak. Meanwhile, the ability to emit a given compound showed no significant phylogenetic signal for 200 of 286 compounds, indicating a high rate of diversification in terpene synthesis and/or great variability in their expression. Three lineages (Magnoliales, Laurales, and Sapindales) showed exceptionally high rates of terpene diversification. Of the 70 compounds found in >10% of their species, 69 displayed significant correlated evolution with at least one other compound. These results provide insights into the complex evolutionary history of volatile terpenes in angiosperms, while highlighting the need for further research into this important class of compounds. 相似文献
10.
Joan Llusià Josep Peñuelas Romà Ogaya Giorgio Alessio 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2010,32(2):387-394
We measured the gas exchange and foliar terpene concentrations and terpene emission rates of Cistus albidus throughout the seasons of two annual periods (2003 and 2005) of contrasting precipitations (900 vs. 500 mm) and in response
to experimental drought in a Mediterranean forest of southern Catalonia. C. albidus showed a typical seasonal oscillation of photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. Maximum photosynthetic activity appeared
in the spring of the first year of the study and minimum ones in both summers. Net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance
tended to decrease with drought treatment. In the first year, Cistus albidus presented maximum values of stored terpenes in autumn and winter and minimum values in spring and summer. Average concentrations
in the first year were 154 and 96 μg g−1 dry matter (d.m.) for control and drought, respectively. Average concentrations in the second year were higher, 339 and 263 μg g−1 (d.m.) for control and drought, respectively. The most abundant terpene was zingiberene, followed by aromadendrene, germacrene,
(−)-α-cedrene, and sesquiphellandrene. The drought treatment tended to decrease terpene content, but not significantly. Considering
all the treatments together, total terpene emissions ranged between practically 0 (spring 2003) to 9 μg g−1 (d.m.) h−1 (winter 2003). In the second year, total terpene emission rates decreased 39% in control plants, and 29% in drought plants.
Significant seasonal differences in emission rates were found. Total emission rates tended to be higher in the drought treatment,
especially in spring and autumn. These results help for a better understanding of the behavior of plant volatiles in Mediterranean
conditions interannualy and seasonally, an issue of great interest for forest flammability and atmospheric chemistry. 相似文献
11.
While most risk assessments contrast a transgenic resistant to its isogenic line, an additional comparison between the transgenic
line and a classically bred cultivar with the same resistance gene would be highly desirable. Our approach was to compare
headspace volatiles of transgenic scab resistant apple plants with two representative cultivars (the isogenic ‘Gala’ and the
scab resistance gene-containing ‘Florina’). As modifications in volatile profiles have been shown to alter plant relationships
with non-target insects, we analysed headspace volatiles from apple plants subjected to different infection types by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry. Marked differences were found between healthy and leafminer (Phyllonorycter blancardella) infested genotypes, where emissions between the transgenic scab resistant line and the two cultivars differed quantitatively
in four terpenes and an aromatic compound. However, these modified odour emissions were in the range of variability of the
emissions recorded for the two standard cultivars that proved to be crucial references. 相似文献
12.
R. Akashi S.-S. Hoffmann-Tsay F. Hoffmann 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1998,96(6-7):758-764
Root cultures, displaying vigorous growth and high embryogenic capacity, were established in the legume forage species Lotus corniculatus (bird’s-foot trefoil). Root cloning as well as plant regeneration was achieved on hormone-free medium, in agitated culture
in the dark or under stationary conditions in the light, respectively. These qualities of vigorous growth and regeneration
faded with time in hormone-free culture, with slow-growing roots turning brown in color. Addition of the synthetic cytokinin-like
hormone benzylaminopurine to the culture medium, however, re-established the aging tissue’s capacity for somatic embryogenesis
and plant formation. During continuous initiation of new cultures, it was possible to obtain one root culture (selected from
11 960 seeds at a 65% germination rate) which did not show the typical decline of qualities after prolonged proliferation
but distinguished itself by displaying even faster growth and more vigorous embryogenic plant production on hormone-free medium.
There was no decline since its initiation 9 months earlier. This super-growing root culture produces plants that show no morphological
differences as compared to wild-type regenerants or seedlings. Roots, dissected from plantlets derived from super-root embryogenesis,
expressed all the super-root qualities again when cultured in vitro. This is the first report on somatic embryogenesis from
sustained root cultures without exogenous hormone application. Such a hormone-free, continuous root culture should provide
a superior experimental system for genetic or developmental studies that might be sensitive to exogenous hormones, such as
somaclonal variation in transgenesis or, since introduced in a legume species, nodulation in vitro.
Received: 22 September 1997 / Accepted: 21 October 1997 相似文献
13.
Hui Zeng Haihui Ye Shaojing Li Guizhong Wang Jingru Huang 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》2010,46(5):431-437
Hepatopancreas is an important digestive and endocrine organ in crustacean. However, there are few reports on cell cultures
from crabs. Here, the cell cultures of hepatopancreas from Scylla paramamosain was studied in vitro. Both the primary cell culture and subculture were grown in Leibovitz’ L-15 medium, M199 medium, or
a specially designed medium for S. paramamosain (MSP). The results showed that hepatopancreas cells in vitro grew in compact clusters in 2–3 d. Four types of cells could
be identified. They were embryo cells, fibrillar cells, resorptive cells, and blister-like cells, respectively. Some of these
cells could be subcultured for three generations. The MSP supported the best survival of these hepatopancreas cells, while
M199 medium was the least effective of these three media. Fetal bovine serum and crab muscle extracts as supplements stimulated
growth, but the crab hemolymph inhibited cell growth. Taken together, MSP is an appropriate medium for hepatopancreas cell
cultures from S. paramamosain and can support cultures through several passages. 相似文献
14.
S. Jayasankar Richard E. Litz Dennis J. Gray Pamela A. Moon 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1999,35(6):475-479
Summary
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz., the causal agent of mango anthracnose, produces a phytotoxin in vitro. The partially purified phytotoxin, presumably
colletotrichin, caused anthracnose-like symptoms on young mango leaves, was toxic to embryogenic suspension cultures of two
mango cultivars, ‘Hindi’ and ‘Carabao,’ and inhibited in vitro seed germination of two nonhosts, lettuce and tobacco. There
were linear relationships between concentration of the partially purified phytotoxin and mortality of mango embryogenic cultures.
Embryogenic cultures grown in the presence of the partially purified phytotoxin showed significantly lower growth rates than
the controls. Similarly, embryogenic cultures grown in the presence of 40% (vol/vol) fungal culture filtrate showed significantly
lower growth rates than unchallenged controls. Medium containing 40% (vol/vol) Czapek-Dox fungal broth did not reduce growth
of embryogenic cultures, indicating the production of phytotoxin in vitro. The results suggest that either fungal culture
filtrate or purified phytotoxin can be used as in vitro selection agents to screen for resistance to this fungus. 相似文献
15.
Natasha Maurmann Sandra Beatriz Rech Arthur Germano Fett-Neto 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2008,44(3):209-215
Valeriana glechomifolia, a southern Brazilian endemic species commonly known as Valerian, accumulates the bioactive terpene derivatives valepotriates
in all of its organs. In vitro growth of V. glechomifolia on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) without phytohormones at full, 75% (MS 75), or on a modified formulation (M Δ) was compared
in stock cultures kept for up to 9 mo. without subculture. Changes in biomass accumulation, development of roots and shoots,
and the production of the valepotriates acevaltrate, didrovaltrate, and valtrate were monthly evaluated. The highest biomass
accumulation and root development was observed in plants grown on M Δ, whereas better leaf development was detected in M-Δ-
and MS-medium-grown plants after 8 and 9 mo. of culture, respectively. Maximal didrovaltrate and valtrate yields were observed
in M-Δ-grown plants harvested after 5 and 6 mo. of culture, respectively, whereas acevaltrate concentration was highest on
M-Δ- and MS-75-grown plants after 7 mo. of culture. Plants grown for 6 mo. without subculture in M Δ were successfully propagated,
showing stable growth and valepotriate yields three- to sixfold higher that those observed in field-grown plants. The results
showed a positive effect of combined moderate reduction in salt concentration and increases in selected micronutrients and
myo-inositol amounts on both growth and valepotriate yields of extended period stock cultures of V. glechomifolia. 相似文献
16.
Amanda Padovan András Keszei Carsten Külheim William J. Foley 《Phytochemistry Reviews》2014,13(3):695-716
Plant terpenes play many roles in natural systems, from altering plant–animal interactions, to altering the local abiotic environment. Additionally, many industries depend on terpenes. For example, commercially used essential oils, including tea tree oil and lavender oil, are a mixture of terpenes. Many species of the family Myrtaceae form a key resource for these industries due to the high concentration of terpenes found predominately in their leaves. The frequency of chemotypic differences within many species and populations can lead to costly errors in industry. Terpene diversity in Myrtaceae is driven by variation in the terpene synthase enzymes, which catalyse the conversion a few common substrates into thousands of terpene structures. We review terpene diversity within and between species of Myrtaceae and relate this to variation in the terpene synthase enzymes to reconstruct the evolution of foliar terpene diversity in Myrtaceae. We found that (1) high inter- and intra-species variation exists in terpene profile and that α-pinene the most likely ancestral foliar terpene, and (2) that high concentration of 1,8-cineole (a compound which is regarded as the signature compound of Myrtaceae) is limited to just four Myrtaceae sub-families. We suggest that the terpene synthase enzymes do not limit terpene diversity in this family and variation in these enzymes suggests a mode of enzymatic evolution that could lead to high 1,8-cineole production. Our analysis highlights the need to standardise methods for collecting and reporting foliar terpene data, and we discuss some methods and issues here. Although there are many gaps in the published data, our large scale analysis using the results of many studies, shows the value of a family wide analysis for understanding both the evolution and industrial potential of terpene-producing plants. 相似文献
17.
Chen F Tholl D Bohlmann J Pichersky E 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2011,66(1):212-229
Some plant terpenes such as sterols and carotenes are part of primary metabolism and found essentially in all plants. However, the majority of the terpenes found in plants are classified as 'secondary' compounds, those chemicals whose synthesis has evolved in plants as a result of selection for increased fitness via better adaptation to the local ecological niche of each species. Thousands of such terpenes have been found in the plant kingdom, but each species is capable of synthesizing only a small fraction of this total. In plants, a family of terpene synthases (TPSs) is responsible for the synthesis of the various terpene molecules from two isomeric 5-carbon precursor 'building blocks', leading to 5-carbon isoprene, 10-carbon monoterpenes, 15-carbon sesquiterpenes and 20-carbon diterpenes. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has a single TPS gene, copalyl synthase/kaurene synthase (CPS/KS), encoding a bifunctional enzyme producing ent-kaurene, which is a precursor of gibberellins. The genome of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii contains 18 TPS genes, and the genomes of some model angiosperms and gymnosperms contain 40-152 TPS genes, not all of them functional and most of the functional ones having lost activity in either the CPS- or KS-type domains. TPS genes are generally divided into seven clades, with some plant lineages having a majority of their TPS genes in one or two clades, indicating lineage-specific expansion of specific types of genes. Evolutionary plasticity is evident in the TPS family, with closely related enzymes differing in their product profiles, subcellular localization, or the in planta substrates they use. 相似文献
18.
M. CENTRITTO P. NASCETTI L. PETRILLI A. RASCHI F. LORETO 《Plant, cell & environment》2004,27(4):403-412
Poplar (Populus × euroamericana) saplings were grown in the field to study the changes of photosynthesis and isoprene emission with leaf ontogeny in response to free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) and soil nutrient availability. Plants growing in elevated [CO2] produced more leaves than those in ambient [CO2]. The rate of leaf expansion was measured by comparing leaves along the plant profile. Leaf expansion and nitrogen concentration per unit of leaf area was similar between nutrient treatment, and this led to similar source–sink functional balance. Consequently, soil nutrient availability did not cause downward acclimation of photosynthetic capacity in elevated [CO2] and did not affect isoprene synthesis. Photosynthesis assessed in growth [CO2] was higher in plants growing in elevated than in ambient [CO2]. After normalizing for the different number of leaves over the profile, maximal photosynthesis was reached and started to decline earlier in elevated than in ambient [CO2]. This may indicate a [CO2]‐driven acceleration of leaf maturity and senescence. Isoprene emission was adversely affected by elevated [CO2]. When measured on the different leaves of the profile, isoprene peak emission was higher and was reached earlier in ambient than in elevated [CO2]. However, a larger number of leaves was emitting isoprene in plant growing in elevated [CO2]. When integrating over the plant profile, emissions in the two [CO2] levels were not different. Normalization as for photosynthesis showed that profiles of isoprene emission were remarkably similar in the two [CO2] levels, with peak emissions at the centre of the profile. Only the rate of increase of the emission of young leaves may have been faster in elevated than in ambient [CO2]. Our results indicate that elevated [CO2] may overall have a limited effect on isoprene emission from young seedlings and that plants generally regulate the emission to reach the maximum at the centre of the leaf profile, irrespective of the total leaf number. In comparison with leaf expansion and photosynthesis, isoprene showed marked and repeatable differences among leaves of the profile and may therefore be a useful trait to accurately monitor changes of leaf ontogeny as a consequence of elevated [CO2]. 相似文献
19.
Attracting friends to feast on foes: engineering terpene emission to make crop plants more attractive to herbivore enemies 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
When attacked by herbivorous insects or mites, some plant species call on other arthropods for help. They emit mixtures of volatile compounds, dominated by terpenes, to attract carnivorous arthropods that prey on or parasitise herbivores and so reduce further damage. This fascinating defence strategy offers a new, environmentally friendly approach to crop protection. Using recent advances in the biochemistry and molecular genetics of terpene biosynthesis, it should now be possible to engineer crop plants that release terpenes for attracting herbivore enemies. By introducing or selectively altering the existing rate of terpene emission and composition, plant breeders could enable attacked plants to attract enemies and reduce additional herbivory, without compromising the effectiveness of other modes of defence. 相似文献