肿瘤微环境中相关细胞的研究进展

肿瘤的微环境对肿瘤的发生,发展具有重要的意义。实体瘤中除肿瘤细胞外存在大量的非肿瘤细胞,如肿瘤闻质细胞、成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞、免疫细胞、脂肪细胞等等,这一系列的细胞与肿瘤细胞相互作用,通过一系列的因子分泌而促使肿瘤的进一步的恶化,目前传统的抗肿瘤药物研究往往局限于肿瘤细胞本身而忽略了肿瘤周围的细胞作用,使得肿瘤久治不愈。将来的药物开发应该围绕肿瘤细胞为主体的同时,兼顾微环境中的其他细胞,多靶点治疗肿瘤,真正实现肿瘤的治愈。     

肿瘤微环境中相关细胞的研究进展

肿瘤的微环境对肿瘤的发生,发展具有重要的意义。实体瘤中除肿瘤细胞外存在大量的非肿瘤细胞,如肿瘤间质细胞、成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞、免疫细胞、脂肪细胞等等,这一系列的细胞与肿瘤细胞相互作用,通过一系列的因子分泌而促使肿瘤的进一步的恶化,目前传统的抗肿瘤药物研究往往局限于肿瘤细胞本身而忽略了肿瘤周围的细胞作用,使得肿瘤久治不愈。将来的药物开发应该围绕肿瘤细胞为主体的同时,兼顾微环境中的其他细胞,多靶点治疗肿瘤,真正实现肿瘤的治愈。     

基质力学对肿瘤发生发展及肿瘤细胞生物学行为影响的研究进展

实体瘤的发生发展常伴随着细胞外基质的异常沉积、交联和基质刚度增加.基质刚度增加和肿瘤细胞软化引起肿瘤微环境的力学异质性.基质力学通过影响肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、转移、上皮间质转换、肿瘤干细胞特性和耐药性等调控肿瘤的发生、恶性转变和转移.研究基质力学对肿瘤发生发展的影响不仅可深化对肿瘤发展的认识,也可为研究新的诊治方法提供理论基础.本文论述了细胞外基质力学特性对肿瘤发生发展及肿瘤细胞生物学行为影响的研究进展,并展望了其发展前景.     

The Tumor Cell and Telomerase

Imbalanced activity of the mechanism that controls cell division is a prerequisite for malignant transformation of a normal cell. The present review considers this multi-step mechanism, which is usually called the G1-S checkpoint. Besides, tumor cells are characterized by the presence of telomerase, an enzyme responsible for restoration of chromosome ends after replication and thus providing for unlimited cell division. The main point of the present article is to find out whether the activation of telomerase is controlled by the G1-S checkpoint or does not depend on it. The principal components of the G1-S checkpoint, such as cyclin-dependent kinases, retinoblastoma and E2F proteins, control the activity of telomerase. In their turn, they accumulate and transmit signals from various sources inside and outside the cell. Thus, various changes in tumor cells can activate telomerase through the G1-S checkpoint. Such are the suggested effects on telomerase of Myc, p53, Waf1, protein kinases B and C, Wnt5A, TGFbeta, WT1, and estrogens. However, Myc, p53, WT1, estrogens, protein kinases B and C, and TGFbeta can also directly influence telomerase independently of the G1-S checkpoint mechanism. Moreover, in 30% of human tumors the gene of the key subunit of telomerase (hTERT) is amplified, possibly due to chromosomal rearrangements unassociated with the activity of the G1-S checkpoint. Thus, telomerase seems to be activated not by a single agent but due to combined action of various factors, both with involvement of the G1-S checkpoint mechanism and independently of it.     

黏附分子在肿瘤发生及发展中的作用

细胞黏附分子是以配体和受体相结合的形式,介导细胞与细胞间或细胞与基质间相互作用的一类分子,参与机体的多种重要生理和病理过程.近年来,在对肿瘤发生和发展的研究中发现,黏附分子可通过多种途径影响肿瘤的生长、浸润及转移过程.因此.对黏附分子在肿瘤发生和发展中作用及机制的深入研究,可为肿瘤早期诊断提供重要的分子指标和发现新的治疗靶标.并为进而形成临床诊疗新策略提供重要理论支持.现就几种重要黏附分子在肿瘤生长与转移中的作用进行综述.     

干细胞、肿瘤干细胞与肿瘤

干细胞是一种具有自我更新、无限增殖和多向分化能力的细胞.而多数肿瘤是由不同增殖潜能的不均一性细胞构成.随着对干细胞的研究不断深入,使人们对肿瘤的发生机制重新进行了审视,并在造血系统、脑、肺、乳腺等部位肿瘤中发现极少量的具有与干细胞非常类似生物学特性的细胞,称之为肿瘤干细胞,它们很可能是肿瘤细胞的起源.肿瘤干细胞的提出.使得靶向性杀伤肿瘤干细胞从而使根治肿瘤和防止肿瘤复发和转移成为可能.所以研究肿瘤干细胞的起源及其与肿瘤的发生关系,成为当前研究和治疗肿瘤领域的新热点.本文就肿瘤干细胞的存在证据、干细胞与肿瘤干细胞的异同点及它们与肿瘤发生之间的关系作简要的综述.     

Filter Characteristics Influencing Circulating Tumor Cell Enrichment from Whole Blood

A variety of filters assays have been described to enrich circulating tumor cells (CTC) based on differences in physical characteristics of blood cells and CTC. In this study we evaluate different filter types to derive the properties of the ideal filter for CTC enrichment. Between 0.1 and 10 mL of whole blood spiked with cells from tumor cell lines were passed through silicon nitride microsieves, polymer track-etched filters and metal TEM grids with various pore sizes. The recovery and size of 9 different culture cell lines was determined and compared to the size of EpCAM+CK+CD45−DNA+ CTC from patients with metastatic breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. The 8 µm track-etched filter and the 5 µm microsieve had the best performance on MDA-231, PC3-9 and SKBR-3 cells, enriching >80% of cells from whole blood. TEM grids had poor recovery of ∼25%. Median diameter of cell lines ranged from 10.9–19.0 µm, compared to 13.1, 10.7, and 11.0 µm for breast, prostate and colorectal CTC, respectively. The 11.4 µm COLO-320 cell line had the lowest recovery of 17%. The ideal filter for CTC enrichment is constructed of a stiff, flat material, is inert to blood cells, has at least 100,000 regularly spaced 5 µm pores for 1 ml of blood with a ≤10% porosity. While cell size is an important factor in determining recovery, other factors must be involved as well. To evaluate a filtration procedure, cell lines with a median size of 11–13 µm should be used to challenge the system.     

The Nucleolus and Parachromatin of the Ascites Tumor Cell

1. A method is described for distinguishing the ribonucleoproteins of the nucleolus and parachromatin of ascitic tumor cells of the mouse. 2. In these cells the transfer of ribonucleoprotein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm can occur in two ways. (a) At the end of prophase the nucleolus separates from the chromosomes and nucleolar fragments are released into the cytoplasm. (b) During prophase the parachromatin is aggregated to form parachromatin bodies which are discharged into the cytoplasm, where they can be detected during metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. 3. A metachromatic form of RNA is demonstrable, and may be synthesized, in close relation to the chromosomes during prophase, metaphase, and anaphase. During telophase the distribution of metachromatic RNA changes, the chromatin loses its metachromasia, and intranuclear metachromatic parachromatin becomes evident.     

肿瘤细胞外泌体对肿瘤血管新生的调控作用

外泌体可将其内容物蛋白质、脂类、RNA、循环DNA等生物活性分子由供体细胞转运至受体细胞,对细胞与细胞间的通讯发挥重要调控作用。肿瘤细胞可以主动释放包括外泌体在内的胞外囊泡进入周围微环境。血管为肿瘤的生长提供氧气和营养物质,因此血管新生是肿瘤生长所必需的。研究发现,蛋白或非编码RNA在不同肿瘤细胞衍生的外泌体中存在特异性表达的现象。肿瘤外泌体将其内含的非编码RNA以及蛋白转运至内皮细胞,上调促血管新生因子的表达,进而提高内皮细胞的活性,促进其增殖、迁移和管腔形成。     

Role of SOCS-1 Gene on Melanoma Cell Growth and Tumor Development

Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, and its incidence has increased dramatically over the years. The murine B16F10 melanoma in syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice has been used as a highly aggressive model to investigate tumor development. Presently, we demonstrate in the B16F10-Nex2 subclone that silencing of SOCS-1, a negative regulator of Jak/Stat pathway, leads to reversal of the tumorigenic phenotype and inhibition of melanoma cell metastasis. SOCS-1 silencing with short hairpin RNA affected tumor growth and cell cycle regulation with arrest at the S phase with large-sized nuclei, reduced cell motility, and decreased melanoma cell invasion through Matrigel. A clonogenic assay showed that SOCS-1 acted as a modulator of resistance to anoikis. In addition, downregulation of SOCS-1 decreased the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (mainly the phosphorylated-R), Ins-Rα, and fibroblast growth factor receptor. In vivo, silencing of SOCS-1 inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth and metastatic development in the lungs. Because SOCS-1 is expressed in most melanoma cell lines and bears a relation with tumor invasion, thickness, and stage of disease, the present results on the effects of SOCS-1 silencing in melanoma suggest that this regulating protein can be a target of cancer therapy.     

Neuronatin在人体常见肿瘤中的表达及对肿瘤细胞增殖的影响

目的:研究印记基因Neuronatin(NNAT)在人体常见肿瘤中的表达情况及其两种编码产物NNATα和NNATβ对肿瘤细胞增殖的影响。方法:运用组织芯片免疫组化技术对一些人体常见肿瘤及其对应正常组织中NNAT的表达进行系统检测;同时利用腺病毒载体技术,将NNATα和NNATβ分别导入人结肠癌细胞系SW620,并用实时细胞分析仪和平板克隆实验分析细胞增殖能力的变化。结果:①免疫组化结果显示:NNAT在食道鳞癌,结肠腺癌,直肠腺癌,胰腺腺癌,乳腺非特殊性浸润性导管癌,宫颈鳞癌,子宫内膜癌,膀胱移行上皮癌,肺鳞癌,皮肤鳞癌以及前列腺腺癌11种肿瘤组织,肾上腺,皮肤,睾丸,脑,骨骼肌,胰腺6种正常人体组织,以及慢性结肠黏膜炎与慢性肝炎2种炎性组织中呈阳性。②体外细胞增殖实验结果显示,NNATα对人结肠癌肿瘤细胞增殖有一定的抑制作用。结论:NNAT基因在多种人体肿瘤组织中表达,其α片段的表达对于结肠癌细胞系SW620增殖具有轻微抑制作用。     

Circulating Tumor Cell Composition in Renal Cell Carcinoma

PurposeDue to their minimal-invasive yet potentially current character circulating tumor cells (CTC) might be useful as a “liquid biopsy” in solid tumors. However, successful application in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has been very limited so far. High plasticity and heterogeneity of CTC morphology challenges currently available enrichment and detection techniques with EpCAM as the usual surface marker being underrepresented in mRCC. We recently described a method that enables us to identify and characterize non-hematopoietic cells in the peripheral blood stream with varying characteristics and define CTC subgroups that distinctly associate to clinical parameters. With this pilot study we wanted to scrutinize feasibility of this approach and its potential usage in clinical studies.ResultsWe detected CTC with epithelial, mesenchymal, stem cell-like or mixed-cell characteristics at different time-points during anti-angiogenic therapy. The presence and quantity of N-cadherin-positive or CD133-positive CTC was associated with inferior PFS. There was an inverse correlation between high expression of HIF1A, VEGFA, VEGFR and FGFR and the presence of N-cadherin-positive and CD133-positive CTC.ConclusionsPatients with mRCC exhibit distinct CTC profiles that may implicate differences in therapeutic outcome. Prospective evaluation of phenotypic and genetic CTC profiling as prognostic and predictive biomarker in mRCC is warranted.     

钙调蛋白结合蛋白及其磷酸化对癌细胞迁移能力的影响研究

轻链钙调蛋白结合蛋白(light-chain caldesmon,l-CaD)是一种肌动蛋白结合蛋白,它通过与肌动蛋白结合而稳定胞内微丝结构,在磷酸化作用下则能从微丝上脱离.在众多非转移性癌细胞以及永生化的正常细胞系中,l-CaD的表达量很低甚至没有,但在高迁移活性的转移性癌细胞中,l-CaD表达量显著上升,因此l-CaD可能是维持转移性癌细胞高迁移能力的重要因素.为了探索l-CaD如何调节转移性癌细胞迁移活性及其所处地位,以人源转移性乳腺癌细胞MDAMB-231作为载体,一方面,在胞内高表达外源野生型l-CaD及其磷酸化突变株,干扰胞内l-CaD的磷酸化进程,从而考察l-CaD磷酸化对细胞迁移的调节,另一方面,利用siRNA技术,抑制l-CaD在MDAMB-231细胞内的表达量,检测l-CaD对转移性癌细胞迁移活性的总体影响.通过细胞骨架荧光染色、细胞迁移小室、单细胞层次上的牵张力测定以及细胞基底脱黏附能力测定,结果显示:a.阻断MDAMB-231胞内l-CaD的磷酸化进程将显著抑制细胞的迁移能力,细胞骨架调整受阻,基底牵张力增加,细胞基底脱附能力下降;b.l-CaD表达抑制的MDAMB-231细胞失去了完...     

Proteolysis during Tumor Cell Extravasation In Vitro: Metalloproteinase Involvement across Tumor Cell Types

To test if proteolysis is involved in tumor cell extravasation, we developed an in vitro model where tumor cells cross an endothelial monolayer cultured on a basement membrane. Using this model we classified the ability of the cells to transmigrate through the endothelial cell barrier onto the underlying matrix, and scored this invasion according to the stage of passage through the endothelium. Metalloproteinase inhibitors reduced tumor cell extravasation by at least 35%. Visualization of protease and cell adhesion molecules by confocal microscopy demonstrated the cell surface localization of MMP-2, MMP-9, MT1-MMP, furin, CD44 and α_vβ₃, during the process of transendothelial migration. By the addition of inhibitors and bio-modulators we assessed the functional requirement of the aforementioned molecules for efficient migration. Proteolytic digestion occurred at the cell-matrix interface and was most evident during the migratory stage. All of the inhibitors and biomodulators affected the transition of the tumor cells into the migratory stage, highlighting the most prevalent use of proteolysis at this particular step of tumor cell extravasation. These data suggest that a proteolytic interface operates at the tumor cell surface within the tumor-endothelial cell microenvironment.     

NEDD化修饰系统及其在肿瘤发展中的作用

目前已经鉴定出17种类泛素蛋白（ubiquitin like proteins,UBLs）,这些蛋白与底物的结合方式与泛素相似．根据进化特征,可将UBLs分为9类,分别为：NEDD8、SUMO、ISG15、FUB1、FAT10、Atg8、Atg12、Urm1和UFM1．NEDD8是目前研究最多的UBLs之一,与泛素的氨基酸序列具有高度相似性．NEDD化修饰是一种动态的可逆蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,可以将NEDD8共价结合到靶蛋白之上,也可以将NEDD8从靶蛋白上去除．NEDD化修饰对蛋白功能具有重要的调节作用,如改变蛋白质的空间构象、阻碍底物与其它蛋白质的相互作用和招募与NEDD8相互作用的蛋白等．最新研究表明,NEDD化与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,但具体的机制还不清楚．本文将就NEDD化修饰在肿瘤发展过程中的作用机制做一综述．     

SDHA与肿瘤细胞代谢

细胞之间的营养竞争可以影响细胞的生长、生存和功能,不同的细胞对营养摄取条件不同,能量代谢表型各有差异,因此,细胞的状态与能量代谢是密切相关的.琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)位于线粒体内膜,是三羧酸循环的本质.SDH基因的突变与多种肿瘤有关.线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶复合体是由多个亚基构成,包括SDHA、SDHB、SDHC、SDHD.其中SDHA扮演着重要的角色,SDHA突变可以引起SDH肿瘤组织中的酶活性丢失.免疫组织化学和转录组分析表明,SDHA突变会引起假性缺氧,导致血管生成增加,及其他SDHx基因突变.线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶复合体亚单位A(SDHA)同时为线粒体电子传递链提供电子.SDHA的异常表达在肿瘤发生的过程中起到关键作用.本文从SDHA影响肿瘤细胞中能量代谢出发,对SDHA进行综述.     

Apoptin与肿瘤细胞凋亡

Apoptin是一种能够特异性地诱导肿瘤细胞和转化细胞凋亡的小蛋白质。简要综述了Apoptin的来源及其分子生物学特性、Apoptin诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的特点和分子机制、Apoptin在肿瘤治疗方面的研究进展,以及Apoptin作为一种抗肿瘤制剂的应用前景。     

Multiparametric Classification Links Tumor Microenvironments with Tumor Cell Phenotype

While it has been established that a number of microenvironment components can affect the likelihood of metastasis, the link between microenvironment and tumor cell phenotypes is poorly understood. Here we have examined microenvironment control over two different tumor cell motility phenotypes required for metastasis. By high-resolution multiphoton microscopy of mammary carcinoma in mice, we detected two phenotypes of motile tumor cells, different in locomotion speed. Only slower tumor cells exhibited protrusions with molecular, morphological, and functional characteristics associated with invadopodia. Each region in the primary tumor exhibited either fast- or slow-locomotion. To understand how the tumor microenvironment controls invadopodium formation and tumor cell locomotion, we systematically analyzed components of the microenvironment previously associated with cell invasion and migration. No single microenvironmental property was able to predict the locations of tumor cell phenotypes in the tumor if used in isolation or combined linearly. To solve this, we utilized the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm to classify phenotypes in a nonlinear fashion. This approach identified conditions that promoted either motility phenotype. We then demonstrated that varying one of the conditions may change tumor cell behavior only in a context-dependent manner. In addition, to establish the link between phenotypes and cell fates, we photoconverted and monitored the fate of tumor cells in different microenvironments, finding that only tumor cells in the invadopodium-rich microenvironments degraded extracellular matrix (ECM) and disseminated. The number of invadopodia positively correlated with degradation, while the inhibiting metalloproteases eliminated degradation and lung metastasis, consistent with a direct link among invadopodia, ECM degradation, and metastasis. We have detected and characterized two phenotypes of motile tumor cells in vivo, which occurred in spatially distinct microenvironments of primary tumors. We show how machine-learning analysis can classify heterogeneous microenvironments in vivo to enable prediction of motility phenotypes and tumor cell fate. The ability to predict the locations of tumor cell behavior leading to metastasis in breast cancer models may lead towards understanding the heterogeneity of response to treatment.     

Binase-Induced Changes of Tumor Cell Membranes

Exogenous ribonucleases of Bacilli can selectively induce apoptosis of malignant cells. The ability of Bacillus pumilus ribonuclease, binase, to induce processes leading to a dynamic disruption of the integrity of A549 human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell membranes was analyzed. The influence of different enzyme concentrations on the state of the cytoplasmic membrane of cells and mitochondrial membranes was characterized. Using the methods of flow cytofluorometry and fluorescence microscopy, it has been established that binase leads to disruption in normal functioning of both types of membranes, with mitochondrial membranes affected first. The study made it possible to identify and visualize the effects of binase on the membrane structures of target cells and to confirm that bacterial RNase induces apoptosis of target cells mainly through the “internal” (mitochondrial) pathway.