胰岛素信号通路、炎症信号通路与泛素-蛋白酶体系统的交互作用

胰岛素抵抗是肥胖和2型糖尿病的主要表征。胰岛素信号通路根据是否需要胰岛素受体底物（insulin receptor substrate, IRS）介导可分为IRS介导和非IRS介导的信号通路,其中以IRS介导的信号通路为主。肥胖可增强炎性细胞因子表达并活化IKKβ/NF κB和JNK等炎症信号通路,抑制IRS酪氨酸磷酸化,从而阻止胰岛素的信号转导,降低胰岛素的敏感性,表现为胰岛素抵抗。泛素 蛋白酶体系统作为机体蛋白降解的主要途径,与胰岛素和炎症信号通路联系密切,一方面胰岛素信号通路的阻断可活化泛素依赖的蛋白降解,另一方面,泛素依赖的蛋白降解系统也可直接降解胰岛素和炎症信号通路的关键蛋白,影响胰岛素的作用。本文拟综述肥胖时,胰岛素信号通路、炎症相关信号通路和泛素 蛋白酶体系统之间的交互作用,在分子水平上探讨胰岛素抵抗的发生机制。     

Signals and systems

A report on the 2006 Keystone Conference on Signaling Networks, Vancouver, Canada, 30 January-4 February 2006.     

植物细胞中钙信号的时空多样性与信号转导

近年来,对钙信号的研究,包括对钙信号的产生,传导及最终靶蛋白的研究,越来越受到人们的重视,植物生长发育过程的信息传递,包括对各种内外刺激的反应都涉及到钙信号,钙信号的产生及传导是通过胞质自由钙离子的浓度变化来实现的,本文综述了胞质自由钙离子的测定,钙信号的时空多样性及钙信号的靶蛋白如CaM,Ca^2 依赖的蛋白激酶,钙调磷酸酶,磷脂酰肌醇－磷脂酶C等方面的一些最新进展,展望了今后钙信号研究的方向所用到的一些技术方法等。     

植物细胞中钙信号的时空多样性与信号转导

近年来,对钙信号的研究,包括对钙信号的产生、传导及最终靶蛋白的研究,越来越受到人们的重视。植物生长发育许多过程的信息传递,包括对各种内外刺激的反应都涉及到钙信号。钙信号的产生及传导是通过胞质自由钙离子的浓度变化来实现的。本文综述了胞质自由钙离子的测定、钙信号的时空多样性及钙信号的靶蛋白如CaM、Ca2+依赖的蛋白激酶、钙调磷酸酶、磷脂酰肌醇_磷脂酶C 等方面的一些最新进展,展望了今后钙信号研究的方向及所用到的一些技术方法等。     

Control of plant development: Signals from without—Signals from within

The powerful technology for transferring functional foreign genes into plants can only express its potential to the extent that our knowledge about signals and signal transmission in plants improves. In higher plants gene expression is regulated by ‘signals from within’ and ‘signals from without’ (e.g., light). Since light-mediated changes provide the basis for much of plant development, photocontrol of gene expression will mainly be considered. The recently discovered ‘plastidic factor’ will serve as the prototype of an intracellular ‘signal from within’. Particular emphasis will be laid on rapid interorgan signal transmission since these novel observations suggest a revision of the presently held concepts about the means of communication within a plant. It will be concluded in the end that the prevailing views about the nature of plants underestimate the degree of sophistication actually exhibited by higher plants.     

植物多肽激素

近几年研究表明,植物体内存在类似动物和酵母的多肽信号分子,调控植物生长发育以及调节植物对环境的响应。本文介绍了植物中的系统素,RALF,ENOD40,PSK,SCR,SLV3的特点和功能研究进展。     

植物激素信号之间的相互作用

植物激素问的相互作用对植物的正常发育来说非常重要。不同植物激素之间存在相互协同、对抗和因果等关系,以精细调控植物的发育和对环境的反应等,植物激素信号之间的相互作用已成为植物细胞中不同信号间相互作用机制研究的模式系统。现对不同植物激素在生物合成、代谢、运输和信号转导途径等层次上的相互作用进行综述,并对这一领域的研究进行了总结和展望。     

Signals in Stochastically Generated Neurons

To incorporate variation of neuron shape in neural models, we developed a method of generating a population of realistically shaped neurons. Parameters that characterize a neuron include soma diameters, distances to branch points, fiber diameters, and overall dendritic tree shape and size. Experimentally measured distributions provide a means of treating these morphological parameters as stochastic variables in an algorithm for production of neurons. Stochastically generated neurons shapes were used in a model of hippocampal dentate gyrus granule cells. A large part of the variation of whole neuron input resistance RN is due to variation in shape. Membrane resistivity Rm computed from RN varies accordingly. Statistics of responses to synaptic activation were computed for different dendritic shapes. Magnitude of response variation depended on synapse location, measurement site, and attribute of response.     

Intra-Cluster Percolation of Calcium Signals

Calcium signals are involved in a large variety of physiological processes. Their versatility relies on the diversity of spatio-temporal behaviors that the calcium concentration can display. Calcium entry through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP) receptors (IPR''s) is a key component that participates in both local signals such as “puffs” and in global waves. IPR''s are usually organized in clusters on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and their spatial distribution has important effects on the resulting signal. Recent high resolution observations [1] of Ca puffs offer a window to study intra-cluster organization. The experiments give the distribution of the number of IPR''s that open during each puff without much processing. Here we present a simple model with which we interpret the experimental distribution in terms of two stochastic processes: IP binding and unbinding and Ca-mediated inter-channel coupling. Depending on the parameters of the system, the distribution may be dominated by one or the other process. The transition between both extreme cases is similar to a percolation process. We show how, from an analysis of the experimental distribution, information can be obtained on the relative weight of the two processes. The largest distance over which Ca-mediated coupling acts and the density of IP-bound IPR''s of the cluster can also be estimated. The approach allows us to infer properties of the interactions among the channels of the cluster from statistical information on their emergent collective behavior.