基于光合参数探讨四种藓类作水族箱植物的应用潜力

水生藓类植物适宜作为水簇箱植物,许多半水生藓类植物同样能够生长于水体环境中。中国东部地区的水生藓类植物种类不多,陆生藓类植物能否应用于水族箱中?为了回答这一问题,需要阐明陆生藓类植物对水体环境的适应能力。该研究测定了匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens),弯叶灰藓(Hypnum hamulosum)、 白发藓(Leucobryum glaucum)和虎尾藓(Hedwigia ciliata)在与它们的自然生境相似条件下以及沉水环境下的光合参数,并应用直角双曲线模型拟合了它们的光-光合响应曲线。结果表明:这四种藓类植物在最大净光合速率(Pn)、光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)上存在很大差异。它们的最大净光合速率、光饱和点和光补偿点的变异范围分别为122.575～19.099 μmol CO₂·kg^-1 DW·s^-1、1 166.00～670.030 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和85.000～5.3 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。在沉水环境中生长30 d后,匐枝青藓、弯叶灰藓和白发藓的最大净光合速率分别是对照的110.78%、80.84%和109.63%,说明在实验周期里这三种藓类植物能够在水体环境中生存,而虎尾藓在水体中浸泡20 d后,其最大净光合速率仅为对照的5.25%,反映出该种植物并不适应水体环境。综上可知,四种藓类植物的光合速率与其形态结构和原生境条件有很大的关系,虽然匐枝青藓、弯叶灰藓和白发藓主要分布于陆生环境,但作为水族箱植物也具有一定的应用潜力。     

藓类植物孢子生活力的快速检测方法初探

通过对温度和光照条件的实验探索,筛选出金发藓（Polytrichum commune）和细叶小羽藓（Haplocladium microphyllum）2种藓类孢子萌发的最适条件。采用碘-碘化钾染色法、TTC染色法、红墨水染色法、亚甲基蓝染色法对6种藓类植物孢子的生活力进行测定,并将测得的生活力结果与孢子萌发率进行了比较分析。结果表明,亚甲基蓝染色法测定的藓类植物孢子平均生活力百分率与孢子平均萌发率最为接近,且染色效果明显,可用于苔藓植物孢子生活力的快速测定。亚甲基蓝染色法测得的孢子生活力（x）与其离体萌发率（y）的相关性达到极显著水平（r=0.976）,其回归方程为y=-8.547+1.069x(P<0.01),可通过孢子生活力方便预测萌发率。     

梨蒴珠藓孢子萌发与原丝体发育特征研究

为了解梨蒴珠藓（Bartramia pomiformis）孢子萌发和原丝体发育特征,在显微镜下观察室内人工培养的梨蒴珠藓单倍配子体发育过程。结果表明,梨蒴珠藓孢子吸水膨胀5 d后,开始破壁萌发,原丝体系统以丝状绿丝体为主,轴丝体在绿丝体上分化产生。培养22 d后,配子体在轴丝体细胞上分化产生。参照Nishida的标准,梨蒴珠藓孢子萌发类型为真藓型（Bryum-type）。这为梨蒴珠藓的人工扩繁提供了发育学基础资料。     

中国青藓科植物分类学修订（一）：异叶藓属

在对世界异叶藓属（Kindbergia Ochyra）植物进行系统研究基础上,作者对中国分布的该属植物进行了分类学修订。结果表明：（1）中国分布的“树状异叶藓”［K.arbuscula(Broth.)Ochyra］、“异叶藓”［K.praelonga(Hedw.)Ochyra］和密枝燕尾藓［Bryhnia serricuspis(Müll Hal.)Y.F.Wang & R.L.Hu］为K.dumosa(Mitt.)Ignatov & Huttunen的错误鉴定;（2）因树状分枝的植物体、异形的茎枝叶、近及顶的强壮中肋和明显下延的叶基等特征不同于青藓科现存任一类群,故将中国分布的“异叶藓属”植物移入新建属——拟异叶藓属（Pseudokindbergia M.Li,Y.F.Wang,Ignatov & B.C.Tan）中;（3）拟异叶藓属区别于异叶藓属的主要形态特征为：假鳞毛半圆形至三角状半圆形,先端钝或平截;孢蒴倾立至水平;蒴盖圆锥形。（4）到目前为止,中国尚未发现异叶藓属植物的分布。     

新疆真藓科（Bryaceae）植物新记录

采用经典分类学方法,对1987~2015年采自新疆地区的400余份真藓科植物标本进行了整理和鉴定。结果发现：新疆分布有真藓科植物5属37种,其中3种为新记录种,即尖叶短月藓（Brachymenium acuminatum Harv.）、拟纤枝真藓（Bryum petelotii Thér. & Henr.）和下延真藓（Bryum weigelii Biehler）。该文对此3个新记录种的重点识别特征、生境、地理分布及其与相近种的特征比较作了阐述,并绘制了基本形态特征墨线图。凭证标本存放于河北师范大学植物标本室（HBNU）。     

40种植物丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒杀活性

为推动植物源杀螨剂的研发进程,采用玻片浸渍法测定40种植物丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨（Tetranychus cinnabrinus）雌成螨的毒杀活性,以期发现具开发潜力的植物资源。结果表明,沙茴香（Ferula bungeana）、盐肤木（Rhus chinensis）、黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、紫丁香（Syringa oblata）和南方六道木（Abelia dielsii）等5种植物丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒杀活性较好;毒力测定表明,沙茴香和盐肤木丙酮提取物对朱砂叶螨的毒杀活性最好,LC₅₀分别为0.08 g·mL^-1和0.09 g·mL^-1。可见,沙茴香和盐肤木可作为植物源杀螨剂研发的候选材料,值得进一步研究。     

贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物及其基质中重金属元素分析

通过对贵州木油厂汞矿区4种藓类植物(真藓、卵蒴真藓、羽枝青藓和圆枝粗枝藓)及其生长基质中的Cu、Zn、Ca、Mg、Cd、Pb、Hg、As 8种元素进行测定分析,以揭示藓类植物与生长基质中重金属元素及其污染程度的关系.结果表明:(1)贵州木油厂汞矿区藓类植物生长基质中Cu、Hg和As元素的平均含量分别是相应国标值的1.29倍、300倍和1.69倍,说明该矿区已受到Cu、Hg和As的污染,且Hg污染特别严重.(2)羽枝青藓的As、Zn、Cd和Pb含量均最高,圆枝粗枝藓的Cu、Ca、Mg和Hg含量均最高,对重金属具有较强的耐受性.(3)羽枝青藓和圆枝粗枝藓对Zn均强烈富集,其富集系数分别为6.14和3.364;羽枝青藓、卵蒴真藓和真藓对Pb均强烈富集,其富集系数分别为13.769、9.547和3.004;表明羽枝青藓对Zn和Pb的富集能力最强,可用于土壤Zn和Pb的污染治理.(4)4种藓类植物对Cu 的富集系数为0.915～1.184,卵蒴真藓和圆枝粗枝藓对Hg的富集系数分别为0.542和0.682,圆枝粗枝藓对As的富集系数为0.74,均为同一水平,表明4种藓类植物可指示其生长基质中Cu、Hg和As的含量.(5)元素间的相关分析显示,木油厂汞矿的Cd和As之间呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),表明两元素间有拮抗作用.     

喀斯特天坑内孔雀藓属蒴齿亚显微结构研究

喀斯特天坑微环境对植物结构特征有显著的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜，探究孔雀藓属蒴齿在喀斯特天坑内的亚显微结构，旨在为微环境下藓类植物蒴齿结构特征研究提供参考。研究结果表明：①基于蒴齿的亚显微形态研究，孔雀藓属两个种，即黄边孔雀藓（Hypopterygium flavo-limbatum C.Muell）、东亚孔雀藓（Hypopterygium japonicum Mitt）蒴齿双齿层，内外齿层数均为16枚，外齿层背面均具"Z"字形的中脊，齿片形态、曲向、外齿层背侧脊纹、齿条腹侧横纹以及是否具节瘤具有明显的差异，属于稳定性特征，可作为系统分类的依据；而齿片长度、宽度、节片数、横脊数、中脊数，属于可变性特征，受环境因子的影响，在运用藓类植物蒴齿作为系统分类依据时应作性状的筛选。②光照度、空气温度、空气湿度以及海拔是影响天坑内黄边孔雀藓（H.flavo-limbatum）蒴齿形态结构发育生长的主要环境因子，空气湿度、光照度以及人为干扰度是影响天坑内东亚孔雀藓（H.japonicum）蒴齿形态结构发育生长的主要环境因子。两种孔雀藓属植物蒴齿结构受湿度的影响最大，其生境多为湿度大、土壤含水量丰富的环境。     

超氧化物歧化酶模拟化合物的生物活性研究

根据天然超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性部位结构合成了含苯并咪唑的5种配体及其32种分别含Cu（Ⅱ）、Fe（Ⅲ）、Mn（Ⅱ）、Co（Ⅱ）的模拟化合物.经光谱、电化学测试证明这些化合物具有拟S3D活性,其50％抑制率浓度（IC50）为10-6～10-8mol·L-1,催化超氧离子自由基（O-·2）歧化的反应速率常数kq为106～108mol-1·L·s-1.同时观察到几种模拟化合物有抗肿瘤活性或增强水稻抗寒性.     

深圳市建成区入侵植物对草本植物种类及功能多样性的影响

入侵植物对城市生态系统形成潜在威胁,有待引起足够的关注。为探究城市入侵植物对草本植物种类及功能多样性的影响,以深圳市建成区入侵植物鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）和南美蟛蜞菊（Sphagneticola trilobata）为例,分析了不同绿地类型中不同程度的单独入侵和共同入侵对草本植物群落物种多样性和功能多样性的影响规律。结果显示：①Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均与入侵植物盖度呈显著负相关（P<0.05,0.5865 < R² < 0.9356）。②功能丰富度指数（FRic）、功能均匀度指数（FEve）和Rao二次熵指数（FD_Q）与入侵植物盖度有一定的相关关系（0.0000 < R² < 0.2211）。③群落的特征加权平均株高（CWM_H）与入侵植物盖度有一定的正相关关系（0.0716 < R² < 0.2262）。④与未入侵的样方相比,鬼针草轻度入侵显著提高了物种多样性（P<0.05）,鬼针草和南美蟛蜞菊单独重度入侵均显著降低物种多样性（P<0.05）,二者各种程度的分别单独入侵及共同入侵都显著提高了群落加权平均株高（CWM_H）（P<0.05）。⑤对不同的绿地类型分开计算发现,鬼针草单独入侵和二者共同入侵都显著提高了各种绿地类型的物种多样性（P<0.05）,南美蟛蜞菊单独入侵只对部分绿地类型的群落物种多样性影响显著。⑥鬼针草和南美蟛蜞菊之间的生态效应可能为拮抗作用。研究结果为进一步揭示植物入侵对城市草本植物群落的影响规律提供参考,为有效防治城市外来植物入侵提供一定的依据。     

Effect of storage time on the physiological characteristics and vegetative regeneration of desiccation‐tolerant mosses on the Loess Plateau,China

The artificial cultivation of moss biocrusts can accelerate the recovery of degraded arid lands and is closely related to moss productivity. Understanding the properties of inoculation materials on the regenerative capacity of mosses, in particular the effect of time limits on storage, has the potential to benefit the cultivation of artificial moss biocrusts. We investigated the vegetative regeneration and physiological characteristics of three desiccation‐tolerant mosses (Barbula unguiculata, Didymodon vinealis, and Didymodon tectorum) upon rehydration after periods of desiccation storage for 40, 89, 127, and 197 days. Regenerative capacity, represented by gametophyte vigor index, decreased with increased storage time. The greatest change in vegetative regeneration among storage times was observed in B. unguiculata, where the gametophyte vigor index decreased by 95.74% after 197 days of storage. Over the same period, there were smaller decreases in gametophyte vigor index of D. vinealis and D. tectorum of 42.17% and 13.30%, respectively. Malondialdehyde and soluble sugar increased with longer periods of storage time, while soluble protein content first increased, then decreased. Oxidation levels are important factors influencing the recovery of desiccation‐tolerant mosses. All three moss species regenerated after 197 days of storage, but regenerative capacity is dependent on species. For land managers, biocrust restoration can be facilitated by careful screening of suitable moss species, based on their capacity to regenerate new growth after extended periods of storage and selection of species based on variations in physiological characteristics.     

Improved,scalable techniques to cultivate fire mosses for rehabilitation

As wildfires increase in extent and severity in the western United States, land managers need new tools to stabilize and rehabilitate impacted hillslopes. One potential tool is the use of three disturbance‐adapted mosses Ceratodon purpureus (Redshank), Funaria hygrometrica (Cord moss), and Bryum argenteum (Silvergreen moss), collectively known as fire mosses. By growing and adding vegetative propagules in the form of gametophyte fragments to burned hillslopes, land managers could potentially increase the rate of moss colonization and stabilize soils. A first step in developing a native plant materials rehabilitation technique is overcoming propagule limitations using ex situ cultivation. We focused on greenhouse cultivation of moss gametophyte fragments allowing us to grow vegetative propagules with control over atmospheric, edaphic, and hydrologic conditions. In this experiment, we grew fire mosses using an easily scalable technique and commercially available materials. We demonstrated repeated success growing these species in the greenhouse and fine‐tuned harvesting techniques to increase productivity. We found that fire moss achieved high cover in 2 months when grown on organic substrate with constant wicking hydration and a protective shade covering, but growth was not favored by addition of burned materials. We successfully upscaled our growing technique, and developed efficient harvest methods. This success overcomes an initial barrier to testing and developing fire mosses as a novel rehabilitation technique.     

New Vice-County Records

Abstract

Bryophytes and vascular plants used in traditional home-made nativity sets were studied in an area of the Asturian Region, northern Spain. The results revealed a surprising plant diversity, with 66 bryophytes, three ferns and 37 flowering plants utilized. Most species, collected among more attractive mosses, were used only occasionally or accidentally, whereas only four large pleurocarpous mosses, Thuidium tamariscinum, Eurhynchium striatum, Hypnum cupressiforme and Pseudoscleropodium purum, were widely used, providing the moss base of all the sets. Additionally, eleven mosses and four native flowering plants were frequently selected. The diversity of the bryophytes used in nativity sets of different sizes is analysed, and the deliberate selection of moss species during the collecting is discussed. Finally, it is verified that the collection of certain showy mosses from forests and peat bogs could affect local populations of these mosses and entails the accidental removal of rare or endangered species.     

Characteristics of spore germination and protonemal development in Hypnum pacleseens

The spore germination, protonemal development, and gametophyte differentiation of Hypnum pacleseens were observed in cultivation. Photomicrographs showed that spore germination of Hypnum pacleseens occured within the exospore. Its protonema is massive with filamentous chloronema formed inside. The terminal part of the chloronema differentiated into filamentous caulonema and its rhizoid was derived from the apical cell of the filamentous chloronema. The initial cell of gametophyte differentiated from chloronema and caulonema. Sporeling-type of Hypnum pacleseens is developmentally similar to Glyphmitrium-type.     

Intraspecific genetic variation in selected mosses of Scandinavian interglacial refugia suggests contrasting distribution history patterns

Three pleurocarpous mosses were studied to explore the haplotype diversity patterns in a Scandinavian system of interglacial refugia in which low‐competitive species of calcareous or base‐rich habitats occur. Hypnum bambergeri and H. vaucheri displayed little variation across Scandinavia. For the third species, Drepanocladus turgescens, an analysis of molecular variance showed that two S Scandinavian lowland regional populations were significantly different from each other and differed or almost differed (Gotland vs. Jämtland, according to pair‐wise Φ_PT) from the populations of the Scandinavian mountain range and Svalbard. Haplotype diversity displayed little variation among regional populations, and did not reflect the higher frequency of sexual reproduction in southern than in mountain populations. A coalescent‐based analysis (LAMARC) indicated immigration into the population now found in the lowlands from that represented in the mountains. This is contrary to that found in Rhytidium rugosum in an earlier study and, together with the fact that sporophytes are produced almost exclusively in the lowlands, speaks against this direction of post‐glacial migration. Therefore, if the LAMARC results reflect migration patterns, these most probably reflect events that occurred earlier. Taken together with the results on R. rugosum, this study emphasizes the fact that moss species having similar distribution patterns reached these distributions in partly different ways. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176 , 295–310.     

Permian bryophytes of Western Gondwanaland from the Paraná Basin in Brazil

Abstract: This study involves bryophyte fossils from the Teresina Formation (Permian–Guadalupian) collected in the Rio Preto Quarry in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Two new genera are proposed, with two new species: Capimirinus riopretensis sp. nov. and Yguajemanus yucapirus sp. nov. C. riopretensis sp. nov. included a lateral sporophyte that was organically attached to a gametophyte and is thus one of the oldest pleurocarpous fossils known today. This discovery provides clear evidence of the evolution of mosses during the Permian, because an acrocarpous moss from this period was also found in India. The preservation of such a fragile structure demonstrates that no prefossilization displacement took place and that the sediments accumulated in a low‐energy, fresh‐water environment, similar to a lake fed by rain, and isolated from the direct influence of the sea. Campimirinus riopretensis may be placed within the earlier pleurocarps, and Yguajemanus yucapirus sp. nov. may belong to the Bryalean families. However, we were not able to place neither of these species in any existing family today.     

Lead adsorption capacity of some moss species used for heavy metal analysis

Mosses, covering about 23,000 species of all land plants in the world, have been widely used as an indicator of heavy metal pollution in many studies. A crucial part in these researches is to regularize the adsorption capacities of different moss species obtained from different regions to objectively compare the pollution levels. In this study, we have first analyzed the lead adsorption capacities of six different moss species by means of using column filled with Amberlite XAD-2000 resin method. The adsorption capacities of the studied six mosses are found in descending order as Eurhynchium striatum, Hypnum cupressiforme, Pleurozium schreberi, Eurhynchium striatulum, Homalothecium sericeum and Thuidium tamariscinum. Then, we have regularized the Pb adsorption levels for the moss species obtained from different regions along one of the important coast highway in Turkey, namely Sarp-Samsun highway, with respect to the determined adsorption capacities.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal structure and fungi associated with mosses

We investigated the colonization and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with 24 moss species belonging to 16 families in China. AM fungal structures, i.e. spores, vesicles, hyphal coils (including intracellular hyphae), or intercellular nonseptate hyphae, were found in 21 moss species. AM fungal structures (vesicles, hyphal coils, and intercellular nonseptate hyphae) were present in tissues of 14 moss species, and spores and nonseptate hyphae on the surface of gametophytes occurred in 15 species. AM fungal structures were present in 11 of the 12 saxicolous moss species and in six of the ten terricolous moss species, but absent in two epixylous moss species. AM fungal structures were only observed in moss stem and leaf tissues, but not in rhizoids. A total of 15 AM fungal taxa were isolated based on trap culture with clover, using 13 moss species as inocula. Of these AM fungi, 11 belonged to Glomus, two to Acaulospora, one to Gigaspora, and one to Paraglomus. Our results suggest that AM fungal structures commonly occur in most mosses and that diverse AM fungi, particularly Glomus species, are associated with mosses.     

Population dynamics of the coprophilous moss Tayloria tenuis in a Pyrenean forest

Three populations of Tayloria tenuis (Splachnaceae) growing on three isolated cattle droppings in coniferous forests of the Eastern Pyrenees were sampled by permanent grids through three years. Each population was initially in a different stage of the dung colonization process. At first, T. tenuis developed a conspicuous protonema on the dropping surface. After one or two years, the moss completed development and fruited abundantly. Eventually, the populations were covered by larger pleurocarpous mosses, which were common on the forest soil.
There were important differences between the two stages of development of the T. tenuis gametophyte: the protonema stage exhibited high mortality but rapidly covered nearly all the free surface of the dropping. Afterwards, the gametophore stage established more permanently.
Pleurocarpous mosses growing over Tayloria tenuis gametophores produced changes in the vegetative and reproductive pattern of this species. Tayloria tenuis disappeared gradually from the places covered by pleurocarps, although these larger species exhibited high rates of mortality at a micro-scale level.     

Production of greenhouse‐grown biocrust mosses and associated cyanobacteria to rehabilitate dryland soil function

Mosses are an often‐overlooked component of dryland ecosystems, yet they are common members of biological soil crust communities (biocrusts) and provide key ecosystem services, including soil stabilization, water retention, carbon fixation, and housing of N₂ fixing cyanobacteria. Mosses are able to survive long dry periods, respond rapidly to precipitation, and reproduce vegetatively. With these qualities, dryland mosses have the potential to be an excellent dryland restoration material. Unfortunately, dryland mosses are often slow growing in nature, and ex situ cultivation methods are needed to enhance their utility. Our goal was to determine how to rapidly produce, vegetatively, Syntrichia caninervis and S. ruralis, common and abundant moss species in drylands of North America and elsewhere, in a greenhouse. We manipulated the length of hydration on a weekly schedule (5, 4, 3, or 2 days continuous hydration per week), crossed with fertilization (once at the beginning, monthly, biweekly, or not at all). Moss biomass increased sixfold for both species in 4 months, an increase that would require years under dryland field conditions. Both moss species preferred short hydration and monthly fertilizer. Remarkably, we also unintentionally cultured a variety of other important biocrust organisms, including cyanobacteria and lichens. In only 6 months, we produced functionally mature biocrusts, as evidenced by high productivity and ecosystem‐relevant levels of N₂ fixation. Our results suggest that biocrust mosses might be the ideal candidate for biocrust cultivation for restoration purposes. With optimization, these methods are the first step in developing a moss‐based biocrust rehabilitation technology.