植物干细胞决定基因WUS的研究进展

WUS(WUSCHEL)基因编码一转录因子,它的存在使周围细胞具有干细胞的特征,与之相关的信号系统近年逐步被阐明.在茎尖分生组织内WUS和CLV(CLAVATA)之间形成一个反馈调节环,使得干细胞保持自我更新,维持茎尖的顶端优势.在胚胎分生组织内,CLV3的表达只依赖于WUS的存在,然而在胚以后的发育中,CLV3的表达受到WUS和STM(SHOOTMERISTEMLESS)的双重调节,启动器官发生.在花分生组织中,WUS和LFY(LEAFY)共同激活AG(AGAMOUS)基因的表达,WUS受AG的反馈抑制.由WUS建立的信号体系还参与胚珠的发育.当WUS蛋白和生长素共存时,可以高效启动体细胞胚的发生.细胞对WUS信号的感应性与细胞所处的微环境有关,WUS在不同环境条件下可以启动不同的下游基因表达.     

生长素与植物根尖干细胞巢的维持

干细胞巢的维持与后代细胞的分化是多细胞高等生物个体发育的基础。生长素对植物茎尖和根尖分生组织的形态建成, 尤其是对位于植物这2个末端的分生组织中心的干细胞巢的活性维持起着至关重要的作用。该文综述了近几年在植物根尖干细胞发育领域的研究进展, 主要阐释了PLT蛋白途径、SCR-SHR蛋白途径以及环境因子多信号调控模块维持植物根尖分生组织中干细胞巢稳定的机制, 揭示了生长素可以通过就近合成、极性运输以及信号转导3种方式参与这些信号模块的调控, 从而维持生长素在根尖静止中心细胞附近干细胞巢的浓度梯度, 精确地平衡植物干细胞巢中细胞的增殖与分化。     

植物茎端分生组织中的茎干细胞调控机制

介绍了高等植物茎端分生组织茎干细胞维持自我更新和产生分化细胞之问平衡的分子机制研究进展.     

植物茎尖分生组织分化调控机制研究进展

茎尖分生组织是位于植物顶端具有持续分化能力的组织,通过细胞分裂、分化产生茎、叶和花等器官,形成植株地上部分。茎尖分生组织在分化过程中受外界环境因素、内源激素水平和分子调控等影响,表现出明显变化。该文综合国内外近年来有关茎尖分生组织分化调控的研究进展,从茎尖分生组织的形态结构和环境影响因素,以及激素调控和分子调控等方面,对茎尖分生组织分化活动的研究进行综述,并对目前研究现状存在问题及未来研究方向进行了分析和展望。     

植物原生质体培养研究进展

自从Ｃｏｃｋｉｎｇ(196 0 )用酶法首次分离出有活性的原生质体 ,1971年Ｔａｋｅｂｅ等首次从烟草叶片分离原生质体 ,经培养获得再生植株 ,原生质体的研究和应用进入了一个新阶段。1　原生质体培养影响因子的研究1 1　培养基种类及成分不同植物原生质体培养的基本培养基不尽相同。培养基种类影响到原生质体的分裂频率、植板率以及小愈伤组织的出现等[1,2 ] 。潘增光[3 ] 等比较了 4种培养基 (ＭＳ、ＭＴ、改良ＭＴ、ＢＨ3)对苹果叶肉原生质体培养的影响 ,结果表明 ,只有在改良ＭＴ培养基中能观察到多细胞团形成 ,而在ＭＳ、ＭＴ、ＢＨ3作为…     

猪神经干细胞分离培养研究进展

神经干细胞用于神经学临床修复和基础理论研究的前提是首先完成神经干细胞的体外分离、培养、纯化并大量扩增。鼠、人、猪中都已成功分离出神经干细胞并已尝试用于动物神经系统损伤等疾病的治疗,尽管在鼠和人上的研究很多,相对于鼠神经干细胞在神经学临床应用上的局限和人神经干细胞在材料来源上的不便,猪作为神经干细胞临床应用和基础研究的模式动物有很大的潜力。但关于猪神经干细胞体外分离培养的研究非常少,本文对这方面的研究进展做一综述。     

植物发育研究进展及前景

在植物一生中,分生组织不断产生根、茎、叶和花等器官。植物的发育,是基因型与环境因子相互作用的结果。最近,已鉴定出几种参与植物器官发育的基因。利用基因工程,调节植物激素的表达,可有效地控制植物器官的发育。不久,人们可以控制、改良植物发育的任何方面,赋予其理想的性状。     

植物干细胞的形成与维持最新综述

植物干细胞是一群具有自我更新能力并能够不断产生各种分化细胞的原始细胞,是植物各种组织和器官的细胞来源。植物干细胞研究不仅是植物发育生物学核心研究命题,也是作物分子遗传改良和植物生物技术产业化的重要基础。植物干细胞主要位于根尖和茎尖的分生组织以及形成层,在植物整个生命周期中保持其多能状态,并控制着植物的生长和发育。     

接骨木的茎尖培养和快速繁殖

<正> 前言 接骨木属忍冬科接骨木属植物,枝、叶入药,主治骨折、跌打损伤,风湿性关节炎等,嫩叶可食,种子可榨油,供肥皂及工业用,髓部甚大可做生物学手切片的支持物,又是庭园观赏树种。 现在生产上用种子繁殖,繁殖系数低,品种混杂,病害严重。为了加快繁殖,采用组织培养的方法,进行无性繁殖,是去病害,提高纯度的有效途径。植物的茎尖,有非常活跃的顶端分生组织,易于发挥细胞的全能性而诱导再生植株。同时茎尖很少病毒感染,可以从茎尖     

Plant stem cells and their regulations in shoot apical meristems

Stem cells in plants, established during embryogenesis, are located in the centers of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the root apical meristem (RAM). Stem cells in SAM have a capacity to renew themselves and to produce new organs and tissues indefinitely. Although fully differentiated organs such as leaves do not contain stem cells, cells in such organs do have the capacity to re-establish new stem cells, especially under the induction of phytohormones in vitro. Cytokinin and auxin are critical in creating position signals in the SAM to maintain the stem cell organizing center and to position the new organ primordia, respectively. This review addresses the distinct features of plant stem cells and focuses on how stem cell renewal and differentiation are regulated in SAMs.     

Automated tracking of stem cell lineages of Arabidopsis shoot apex using local graph matching

Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of higher plants harbor stem‐cell niches. The cells of the stem‐cell niche are organized into spatial domains of distinct function and cell behaviors. A coordinated interplay between cell growth dynamics and changes in gene expression is critical to ensure stem‐cell homeostasis and organ differentiation. Exploring the causal relationships between cell growth patterns and gene expression dynamics requires quantitative methods to analyze cell behaviors from time‐lapse imagery. Although technical breakthroughs in live‐imaging methods have revealed spatio‐temporal dynamics of SAM‐cell growth patterns, robust computational methods for cell segmentation and automated tracking of cells have not been developed. Here we present a local graph matching‐based method for automated‐tracking of cells and cell divisions of SAMs of Arabidopsis thaliana. The cells of the SAM are tightly clustered in space which poses a unique challenge in computing spatio‐temporal correspondences of cells. The local graph‐matching principle efficiently exploits the geometric structure and topology of the relative positions of cells in obtaining spatio‐temporal correspondences. The tracker integrates information across multiple slices in which a cell may be properly imaged, thus providing robustness to cell tracking in noisy live‐imaging datasets. By relying on the local geometry and topology, the method is able to track cells in areas of high curvature such as regions of primordial outgrowth. The cell tracker not only computes the correspondences of cells across spatio‐temporal scale, but it also detects cell division events, and identifies daughter cells upon divisions, thus allowing automated estimation of cell lineages from images captured over a period of 72 h. The method presented here should enable quantitative analysis of cell growth patterns and thus facilitating the development of in silico models for SAM growth.     

CENTRORADIALIS maintains shoot meristem indeterminacy by antagonizing THORN IDENTITY1 in Citrus

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Auxin-induced WUS expression is essential for embryonic stem cell renewal during somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis

Somatic embryogenesis requires auxin and establishment of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). WUSCHEL ( WUS ) is critical for stem cell fate determination in the SAM of higher plants. However, regulation of WUS expression by auxin during somatic embryogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we show that expression of several regulatory genes important in zygotic embryogenesis were up-regulated during somatic embryogenesis of Arabidopsis. Interestingly, WUS expression was induced within the embryonic callus at a time when somatic embryos could not be identified morphologically or molecularly. Correct WUS expression, regulated by a defined critical level of exogenous auxin, is essential for somatic embryo induction. Furthermore, it was found that auxin gradients were established in specific regions that could then give rise to somatic embryos. The establishment of auxin gradients was correlated with the induced WUS expression. Moreover, the auxin gradients appear to activate PIN1 polar localization within the embryonic callus. Polarized PIN1 is probably responsible for the observed polar auxin transport and auxin accumulation in the SAM and somatic embryo. Suppression of WUS and PIN1 indicated that both genes are necessary for embryo induction through their regulation of downstream gene expression. Our results reveal that establishment of auxin gradients and PIN1-mediated polar auxin transport are essential for WUS induction and somatic embryogenesis. This study sheds new light on how auxin regulates stem cell formation during somatic embryogenesis.     

Stem Cell Signalling Networks in Plants

The essential nature of meristematic tissues is addressed with reference to conceptual frameworks that have been developed to explain the behaviour of animal stem cells. Comparisons are made between different types of plant meristems with the objective of highlighting common themes that might illuminate underlying mechanisms. A more in depth comparison of the root and shoot apical meristems is made which suggests a common mechanism for maintaining stem cells. The relevance of organogenesis to stem cell maintenance is discussed, along with the nature of underlying mechanisms which help ensure that stem cell production is balanced with the depletion of cells through differentiation. Mechanisms that integrate stem cell behaviour in the whole plant are considered, with a focus on the roles of auxin and cytokinin. The review concludes with a brief discussion of epigenetic mechanisms that act to stabilise and maintain stem cell populations.