非限制翻译后修饰鉴定方法的研究进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰在真核生物细胞内广泛存在,对蛋白质的结构和功能有着十分重要的影响.串联质谱技术的快速发展为翻译后修饰鉴定提供了高通量、高灵敏度和高分辨率的分析平台,但传统搜索引擎鉴定修饰的方法无法满足数据分析的需求,非限制翻译后修饰鉴定已成为目前蛋白质组修饰分析的重要手段之一.非限制翻译后修饰鉴定不需要在分析前指定修饰类型,可以直接从样品中找出大量已知或未知的修饰,对提高质谱图谱解析率以及揭示蛋白质的生物学功能具有十分重要的意义.本文首先介绍了非限制翻译后修饰鉴定的定义和发展历程,然后从序列匹配和谱图匹配两个方面详细综述了目前非限制翻译后修饰鉴定的主流算法,分析了非限制翻译后修饰鉴定的质量控制问题,最后结合非限制翻译后修饰鉴定的实际应用讨论了修饰鉴定算法的不足和发展方向.     

蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

蛋白质是执行细胞功能的基本功能单元,其表达受基因组和表观遗传学的调控。通常,蛋白质在表达以后还需要经过不同程度的修饰才能发挥所需要的功能。这种翻译后修饰过程受到一系列修饰酶和去修饰酶的严格调控,使得在某一瞬间细胞中蛋白质表现出某种稳定或动态的特定功能。最新的研究表明,真核细胞中存在着各种各样的蛋白质修饰过程,其中大约70%目前还无法解释。有理由认为,这种经过了特定修饰的蛋白质,更客观地反映了细胞的各种生理以及病理过程。因此,除了基因组所编码的＂裸＂蛋白质组的表达以外,更需要对经过翻译后修饰的蛋白质及蛋白质组的调控过程进行深入的研究。该文对常见翻译后修饰以及研究方法进行了综述。     

组蛋白翻译后修饰技术研究进展

翻译后修饰调控着真核生物大部分蛋白质的活性,这些修饰的解读对研究生物功能是必不可少的。组蛋白翻译后修饰是蛋白质翻译后修饰中研究的较好一类小分子碱性蛋白,易被各种生物大分子修饰,尤其易发生在N-末端的尾部。不同组合式修饰构成了"组蛋白密码",在细胞的发育、生长、分化和动态平衡中,组蛋白密码影响着染色体的结构状态,进而调控基因的表达状态。组蛋白翻译后修饰的研究可作为一种模式来解析蛋白质复杂的修饰状态及研究其分子功能。翻译后修饰分析技术的发展对组蛋白密码的解析是至关重要的。重点讨论组蛋白修饰分析技术的发展和应用。     

超氧化物歧化酶翻译后修饰的研究进展

超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)是生物体内存在的一种抗氧化金属酶,它能够催化超氧阴离子自由基歧化生成氧(O₂)和过氧化氢(H₂O₂),在机体氧化与抗氧化平衡中起到至关重要的作用,且与很多疾病的发生、发展密不可分。对SOD的活性调节一直是研究热点,大多数研究都集中在转录水平(基因表达)和翻译水平(酶蛋白合成)两个方面。随着研究的深入,发现蛋白质翻译后修饰(PTM)对SOD的酶活性有重要影响。近年来,研究蛋白质翻译后修饰对SOD的酶活性的影响越来越受到重视。总结了硝基化、磷酸化、S-谷胱甘肽化、糖基化、乙酰化、次磺酸化、亚磺酸化、SUMO化等几种SOD翻译后的修饰方式,讨论了修饰后对SOD酶活性的影响和生理意义,并对SOD翻译后修饰的发展及面临的挑战进行了展望,为相关疾病的研究、治疗及靶向药物的研制提供了理论基础。     

蓝藻的蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰系统几乎参与了细胞所有的正常生命活动过程,并发挥着重要的调控作用。目前,基于生物质谱技术进行蛋白质翻译后修饰的规模化分析鉴定,已经成为蛋白质组学研究的核心内容之一。近年来的研究表明,蓝藻细胞中存在着复杂的蛋白质翻译后修饰系统,如磷酸化,乙酰化,甲基化,糖基化,氧化等,这些翻译后修饰在蓝藻细胞的代谢过程中可能发挥着重要的调控作用。本文主要针对蓝藻细胞中蛋白质翻译后修饰的发现与鉴定,以及翻译后修饰潜在的生物学功能展开简要综述。     

毛细管电泳技术在蛋白质翻译后修饰中的应用

蛋白质中翻译后修饰蛋白的鉴定是蛋白质组学研究的主要内容之一。毛细管电泳技术由于其高分辨能力、低样品上样量、易操作性和较少的分析时间等特点,迅速发展成为一种重要的分离技术。通过毛细管电泳与质谱连用,可以得到许多关于蛋白质鉴定、纯化和结构改变方面的十分有价值的信息。对毛细管电泳技术进行了简单介绍,并且就其在蛋白质磷酸化和蛋白质糖基化研究中的应用进行了综述。     

蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

翻译后修饰在蛋白质加工、成熟的过程中发挥着重要的作用,它可以改变蛋白质的物理、化学性质,影响蛋白质的空间构象、立体位阻及其稳定性,进而对蛋白质的生物学活性产生作用,引起蛋白质的功能改变。修饰基团自身的结构特性对蛋白质的性质、功能也会产生深远的影响。在已有的研究基础上,综述蛋白质翻译后修饰的主要类型以及各修饰作用潜在的生物学功能。     

预测和鉴定蛋白质翻译后修饰的生物信息方法

蛋白质翻译后修饰对蛋白质成熟、结构和功能多样性有决定性的作用。但蛋白质翻译后修饰的多样性、普遍性、动态性,使传统的生物化学方法在全局水平上理解翻译后修饰非常有限,对它们的研究、特别是大规模的研究长期发展缓慢。现在,在实验研究基础上,借助多方面的生物信息学方法,可以快速高通量的预测和鉴定蛋白质翻译后修饰。一方面,可以从序列角度出发,基于酶识别底物的特异性,用位点权重矩阵、支持向量机等算法,从底物蛋白质序列提取修饰相关的保守序列,并用于预测翻译后修饰位点。这种方法相对成熟,能够取得较理想的预测准确性,但不能反映不同时间不同细胞的翻译后修饰状态。另一方面,可从质谱数据分析出发,有望捕获细胞内翻译后修饰的动态特性。质谱分析的高灵敏度、高准确度和高通量的能力已使建立在质谱基础上的蛋白质组学成为研究翻译后修饰的重要工具,生物信息学方法和质谱蛋白质组学的结合则更可以加速研究翻译后修饰的进程。本文从序列和质谱分析两个角度总结评价了各种翻译后修饰相关生物信息学方法的研究近况,重点讨论利用质谱数据鉴定翻译后修饰的新思路。     

组蛋白翻译后修饰在卵巢功能调控中的作用

卵巢是雌性哺乳动物的生殖器官,担负着产生成熟卵子和分泌性激素的功能。卵巢的功能调控涉及细胞生长和分化相关基因的有序激活和抑制。近年研究发现组蛋白翻译后修饰因可影响DNA复制、损伤修复及基因转录活性,且一些调节组蛋白修饰的酶为转录因子相关的共激活因子或共抑制因子,在卵巢功能调控和相关疾病发生和发展中起重要作用。本文以卵泡发育和性激素分泌与作用的机制为主线,概括常见组蛋白修饰(主要是乙酰化和甲基化)在生殖周期中的动态变化规律及其对重要分子事件的基因表达调控,如组蛋白乙酰化的特殊动态变化对卵母细胞减数分裂的阻滞与恢复意义重大,而组蛋白(尤其是H3K4)甲基化通过调控卵母细胞的染色质转录活性与减数分裂进程影响其成熟,排卵前组蛋白乙酰化或甲基化亦可促进类固醇激素的合成与分泌等。最后简述了异常组蛋白翻译后修饰在两种常见卵泡发育障碍性疾病(早发性卵巢功能不全、多囊卵巢综合征)发生和发展中的作用。本综述将为理解卵巢功能的复杂调控机制和探索相关疾病的潜在治疗靶点提供有益参考。     

蛋白质翻译后修饰在肝癌免疫治疗中的作用机制

蛋白质翻译后修饰（PTM）是蛋白质活性调节、定位、表达以及与其他细胞分子相互作用的调节机制,能引起蛋白质性质和功能的变化,其传统形式包括磷酸化、糖基化、甲基化、泛素化等。越来越多的研究表明,PTMs不仅调节肝癌的发生和发展,而且在抗癌免疫反应中起着至关重要的作用。本文综述了目前几种传统类型的PTMs在肝癌免疫治疗中的作用机制,为肝癌治疗提供新的见解和未来研究方向。     

ABRF-PRG04: differentiation of protein isoforms.

Accurate protein identification sometimes requires careful discrimination between closely related protein isoforms that may differ by as little as a single amino acid substitution or post-translational modification. The ABRF Proteomics Research Group sent a mixture of three picomoles each of three closely related proteins to laboratories who requested it in the form of intact proteins, and participating laboratories were asked to identify the proteins and report their results. The primary goal of the ABRF-PRG04 Study was to give participating laboratories a chance to evaluate their capabilities and practices with regards to sample fractionation (1D- or 2D-PAGE, HPLC, or none), protein digestion methods (in-solution, in-gel, enzyme choice), and approaches to protein identification (instrumentation, use of software, and/or manual techniques to facilitate interpretation), as well as determination of amino acid or post-translational modifications. Of the 42 laboratories that responded, 8 (19%) correctly identified all three isoforms and N-terminal acetylation of each, 16 (38%) labs correctly identified two isoforms, 9 (21%) correctly identified two isoforms but also made at least one incorrect identification, and 9 (21%) made no correct protein identifications. All but one lab used mass spectrometry, and data submitted enabled a comparison of strategies and methods used.     

Synthesis of Homoserine Phospho-, H-Phosphono- and Methylphosphonopeptides

Summary Phosphopeptides and mimics thereof are useful tools for the investigation of phosphorylation, an important posttranslational modification of peptides and proteins. In order to investigate different aspects of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes, homoserine phospho-, H-phosphono- and methylphosphonopeptides were synthesized. The tetrapeptide H-Gly-Gly-Hse-Ala-OH was used as a model sequence; further, the heptapeptide H-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Hse-Leu-Gly-OH and the octapeptide H-Glu-Ser-Leu-Hse-Ser-Ser-Glu-Glu-OH were synthesized and modified. After selective deprotection of the trityl-protected homoserine residue, phosphorylation or phosphonylation was performed on resin by the global phosphorylation approach using different phosphoamidites. Peptides were analysed by analytical RP-HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry. All compounds were obtained in yields over 75%. The byproducts observed were both the unmodified peptide and the H-phosphonopeptide in the case of the phosphopeptides, the phosphorylated and the unmodified peptide in the case of the H-phosphonopeptides, and the unmodified peptide in the case of the methylphosphonopeptides. Due to simple purification by RP-HPLC, the method presented gives access to a new class of phosphopeptides and mimics.     

Synthesis of Homoserine Phospho-, H-Phosphono- and Methylphosphonopeptides

Phosphopeptides and mimics thereof are useful tools for the investigation of phosphorylation, an important post-translational modification of peptides and proteins. In order to investigate different aspects of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes, homoserine phospho-, H-phosphono- and methylphosphonopeptides were synthesized. The tetrapeptide H-Gly-Gly-Hse-Ala-OH was used as a model sequence; further, the heptapeptide H-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Hse-Leu-Gly-OH and the octapeptide H-Glu-Ser-Leu-Hse-Ser-Ser-Glu-Glu-OH were synthesized and modified. After selective deprotection of the trityl-protected homoserine residue, phosphorylation or phosphonylation was performed on resin by the global phosphorylation approach using different phosphoamidites. Peptides were analysed by analytical RP-HPLC and electrospray mass spectrometry. All compounds were obtained in yields over 75%. The byproducts observed were both the unmodified peptide and the H-phosphonopeptide in the case of the phosphopeptides, the phosphorylated and the unmodified peptide in the case of the H-phosphonopeptides, and the unmodified peptide in the case of the methylphosphonopeptides. Due to simple purification by RP-HPLC, the method presented gives access to a new class of phosphopeptides and mimics.     

Synthesis of Bis (1, 2, 4-triazoles, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles) and Related Compounds

Reaction of malonylhydrazide with different isothiocyanates yields corresponding bisthiosemicarbazides which are transformed into bis[5-mercapto-4-aryl-l,2,4-triazol-3-yl] methane, bis[5-arylamino-l,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]methane and bis[5-arylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]methane under different reaction conditions. Mercapto compounds react with alkyl halides, and give the corresponding sulphides, some of the sulphides are converted into sulphones with aqueous potassium permanganate. Some of the compounds are evaluated as pesticides.     

Epigenetic regulators and histone modification.

Epigenetic inheritance is a key element in the adaptation of organisms to a rapidly changing environment without stably changing their DNA sequence. The necessary changes in its gene expression profiles are frequently associated with variations in chromatin structure. The conformation of chromatin is profoundly influenced by the post-translational modification of the histone proteins, the incorporation of histone variants, the activity of nucleosome remodelling factors and the association of non-histone chromatin proteins. Although the hierarchy of these factors is still not fully understood, genetic experiments suggest that histone-modifying enzymes play a major causal role in setting up a particular chromatin structure. In this article, the recent progress that was made to understand the molecular mechanisms of the targeting and regulation of histone modifiers and its implication for epigenetic inheritance are reviewed.     

Analytical comparability study of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics

Process changes are inevitable in the life cycle of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Products made using pre- and post-change processes are required to be comparable as demonstrated by comparability studies to qualify for continuous development and commercial supply. Establishment of comparability is a systematic process of gathering and evaluating data based on scientific understanding and clinical experience of the relationship between product quality attributes and their impact on safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the current understanding of various modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. It further outlines the critical steps in designing and executing successful comparability studies to support process changes at different stages of a product's lifecycle.